The most perfect person in human history.
Ernesto guevara's portrait of Guevara wearing a five-star beret is one of the most copied portraits in today's history. This thin and handsome man is printed on T-shirts, coffee cups, posters and key chains. Guevara, with a hippie hairstyle and moustache, caused a sensation in rock music, opera houses and art exhibitions. Guevara appeared on the flags of famous football teams, in front of taxi drivers and on the electronic big screen of rock concerts. His deified image has become the most fashionable symbol in the world today.
Life summary
Ernesto 'Che' Guevara was born in Rosario. He is the eldest son of Ernesto Guevara Lynch and Celia de la sellner de la Lusa.
1947- 1953, studying in the Department of Medicine of Buenos Aires National University.
1950, a sailor in an oil shipyard, roaming Trinidad and British Guiana.
1951June 65438+February-65438+August 0952, traveling around Latin America with Alvito granados. Visited Chile, Peru, Colombia and Venezuela, and then flew back to Buenos Aires from Venezuela via Miami, USA.
1March, 953, graduated from the university and roamed Latin American countries for the second time. Visited Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Barama, Costa Rica and El Salvador. In Guatemala, he took part in the struggle to defend the government of President Abenz, and moved to Mexico after Abenz's government was overthrown.
1954-1956, practicing medicine in Mexico, and then doing part-time cardiology research.
1955, I met Fidel Castro. Join his revolutionary team and take part in the preparations for the expedition to Granma.
1from June to August, 956, he was arrested for joining Fidel Castro's expeditionary force and was detained in Mexico city prison. 165438+1On October 25th, as one of 82 insurgents led by Fidel Castro, he set out for Cuba on the yacht Granma from the mouth of Tuspan.
On February 2, 65438, Granma arrived in Cuba.
1956-1958 At the end of the year, he participated in the armed struggle of Mesra Mountain in Cuba and was injured twice in the battle.
1On May 27th and 28th, 957, he participated in the battle of Uviro. On June 5, he was promoted to major and was appointed commander of the fourth column.
On August 2 1 65438, he was ordered to lead the eighth column of "Siro Lei Dongduo" into Las villars Province and was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the urban and rural uprising forces in Las villars Province.
10 10 16, the train's column arrived in Yi Shan, cambra.
65438+ attacked Santa Clara in February.
1 959 65438+1October1,Santa Clara was liberated.
On October 2nd, 65438/KLOC-0, the column of cars entered Havana and occupied the fortress of cavagna.
On February 9, the President issued a decree declaring that Che is a Cuban citizen and enjoys the same rights as a person born in Cuba.
On June 2nd, Aleida Marcy and I got married.
12 Visit Egypt, Sudan, Pakistan, India, Myanmar, Indonesia, Ceylon, Japan, Morocco, Yugoslavia and Spain from June to September 5.
654381October 7 was appointed as the director of the Industry Department of the State Land Reform Commission.
1 1 In June, he was appointed as the governor of the National Bank of Cuba.
1960 On February 5th, I attended the opening ceremony of the exhibition of scientific and cultural achievements of the Soviet Union held in Havana, and met mikoyan for the first time.
In May, Che's book Guerrilla War was published in Havana.
From October 22nd to February 9th, 65438, he led a Cuban economic delegation to visit China, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
1 65438+1October18-65438+February1During his visit to China, he was received by President Mao Zedong of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Prime Minister Zhou Enlai of the State Council and Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Chen Yi.
196 1 On February 23rd, he was appointed Minister of Industry and member of the Central Planning Commission, which was also led by him soon.
On April 17, mercenaries invaded Geelong Beach. Responsible for commanding troops stationed in pinar del rio province.
On June 2, an economic agreement was signed with the Soviet Union.
In August, he represented Cuba at the special session of the Pan-American Social and Economic Council held in Punta del Este, Uruguay. At the meeting, the purpose of establishing the "progressive alliance" in the United States was revealed. He visited Argentina and Brazil and held talks with President Frondizi and President Cuadros.
1962 was appointed as a leading member of the state on March 8, and 12 was appointed as the secretary of the Secretariat of the Revolutionary Unity Organization and a member of the Economic Committee on March 2. On April 15, he spoke at the meeting of the Cuban Workers' Union in Havana, calling for a socialist labor competition. From August 27th to September 3rd, he led a Cuban party and government delegation to visit Moscow. After visiting Moscow, I visited Czechoslovakia. From the second half of 10 to the beginning of10, he was responsible for leading the troops in pinar del rio province.
1963 In May, due to the reorganization of the Revolutionary Unity Organization into the Cuban Socialist Revolutionary Unity Party, Che was appointed as a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, a member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and a secretary of the Secretariat. In July, he led a government delegation to visit Algeria to celebrate the first anniversary of its independence.
1964 65438+1October 16, and signed the technical assistance protocol of gusu. From February 20th to April 13, he led the Cuban delegation to attend the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in Geneva, Switzerland. April 15-17, visited France, Algeria and Czechoslovakia. 165438+1October 5-19, led a Cuban delegation to the Soviet union to participate in the celebration of the anniversary of the socialist revolution in1October. 17 February 9-17, led the Cuban delegation to attend the 19 session of the United Nations General Assembly in new york. 65438+Visit Algeria in late February.
196565438+1October-March, visited China, Mali, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Ghana, Dahomey, Tanzania, Egypt and Algeria. Participated in the second session of the Asian-African Solidarity Organization in Algeria.
On February 3rd, the delegation of Cuban Socialist Revolutionary Unity Party arrived in Beijing and was warmly welcomed by General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee Deng Xiaoping and Beijing Mayor Peng Zhen.
On February 9, after his visit to China, Deng Xiaoping and Peng Zhen saw him off at the airport again.
Return to Havana on March 14. On March 15, he reported his trip abroad to the staff of the Ministry of Industry, which was his last public speech in Cuba.
1 In April, I wrote a farewell letter to Fidel Castro.
654381October 3, Castro read Ernesto Guevara's farewell letter at the inaugural meeting of the Central Committee in communist party, Cuba.
1966165438+17 October, arrived at the guerrilla camp on the Su River in Acava, Bolivia.
1On March 22nd, 967, Ernesto Guevara led the guerrilla (Bolivian People's Liberation Army) to start military operations under the pseudonym Ramon.
On April 17, Ernesto Guevara's letter to the people of the world through a conference on three continents was published in Havana.
On July 29th, the inaugural meeting of the Latin American Solidarity Organization opened in Havana. At the suggestion of many delegations, the Presidium of the General Assembly declared the symbolic establishment of "Latin America" and declared "the beloved guerrilla major Ernesto 'Che' Guevara as an honorary citizen of our motherland-Latin America".
6543818, Ernesto Guevara was wounded and captured in the Battle of Juro Canyon.
10/0 On October 9th, Ernesto Guevara was killed by "commandos" in Higuera village at the age of 39.
1968 In June, the first edition of Ernesto Guevara's Diary of Bolivia was published in Havana.
one's early years
Guevara was born in Rosario, Argentina, the eldest son of this Spanish and Irish family. The date on his birth certificate is 1928 June 14, but it is believed that he was actually born in May of 14. His birth certificate was deliberately modified to cover up the fact that his mother was pregnant when she got married. Guevara's father, Ernesto Guevara Lynch, has lived in Argentina for 12 generations, which is a prestigious family. His ancestor Patrick Lynch1715 was born in Ireland, and later came to Argentina by the Spanish. /kloc-at the end of 0/8, he became the governor of parana river. His mother's family celia de la sellner Lue Sa has lived in Argentina for seven generations and is also a noble family. The ancestor Yue Se de la sellner was the last Spanish governor of Peru. Guevara's parents 1927 get married.
Guevara's father wrote in his biography "My Son, Che":
"One morning in May (note: 1930), the cold wind was howling, and my wife took our little Ernesto swimming. Go to the club to meet them at noon and prepare to have lunch with them. At this time, I found the child shivering with cold in a wet bathing suit. Celia is still swimming. She is not an experienced mother, and she doesn't realize that it is winter and how dangerous the weather changes are for such a fragile child. "
Guevara suffered from severe asthma. Influenced by this upper-class family with certain left-wing thoughts (especially menstruation, an Argentine party member), Guevara was very enthusiastic about politics since he was a child. Although suffering from asthma, Guevara loves sports very much. 1948 entered the university of Buenos Aires to study medicine, and successfully completed his studies in March 1953.
Travel for pleasure
When he was a student, Guevara often used holidays to travel around Latin America. During the summer holidays from 1950 to 1 and February, he traveled to 12 province in northern Argentina, with a journey of more than 4,000 kilometers. 195 1 year, at the suggestion of his good friend Alberto Granado (Spanish: Alberto Granado), he decided to quit school and travel around South America 1. Their vehicle is a 1939 Norton motorcycle. They set out at 195 1 12/29 and decided to cross south America along the Andes, passing through Argentina, Chile, Peru and Colombia, and reach Venezuela. Their motorcycle broke down in the middle of the road. Guevara also volunteered in a leprosy village in Peru for several months.
During this trip, Guevara began to truly understand the poverty and suffering in Latin America, and his internationalism gradually took shape during this trip. He began to think that the independent countries in Latin America are actually a whole with the same cultural and economic interests, and if there is a revolution, international cooperation is needed. Eight months after he left home,1September, 952, Guevara flew back to Argentina and the whole family met him at the airport. In his diary at this time, he wrote:
"The person who wrote these diaries died when he set foot on the land of Argentina again. I am not me anymore. "
The diary written by Guevara during this trip was later published as a book. Accordingly, the film motorcycle diaries was filmed in Hollywood in 2004. Guevara began to study hard. June 1953, officially graduated from medical college. He could have been a respected doctor, but this trip completely changed Guevara.
Set foot in Guatemala
Because of the dictatorship of Peron government in Argentina at that time, Guevara's mother was worried that her son would be recruited as a military doctor and asked him to flee Argentina. 1On July 7, 953, Guevara began his second trip to Latin America. After the Bolivian revolution, Guevara moved from Ecuador to Guatemala. When passing through Costa Rica, Guevara was deeply moved by the only democracy in Latin America at that time.
1953 65438+On February 24th, Guevara arrived in Guatemala. At that time, Guatemala, under the leadership of young left-wing President Alberts, was carrying out a series of reforms, especially the land reform, which was directed at the United Fruit Company of the United States. In Guatemala, he also has a famous nickname "Che". "Che" is an exclamation in Spanish, which is widely used in Argentina and parts of South America. It is a common language for people to say hello and express surprise, similar to "hello" and "oh" in Chinese.
1on March 28th, 954, the CIA set up a mercenary in Honduras, led by Guatemalan officer Amaz. The Abens regime was quickly overthrown, Amaz became the president of Guatemala and began to brutally suppress the left. Within a few months, about 9000 people were arrested or killed. Since then, Guevara has strengthened his belief in productism, which he believes is the only way to solve the current predicament in Latin America. Later, he took refuge in Mexico, where he met Fidel Castro.
Cuban revolution
1955, Guevara and Castro met in Mexico City, when the Castro brothers were preparing to return to Cuba for an armed struggle to overthrow Batista's dictatorship. Guevara soon joined the military organization "July 26th Movement" organized by Castro (named after the date of a failed revolution: Moncada Incident). 1956165438+1On October 25th, 82 soldiers of the July 26th Movement boarded the small yacht Granma, and set off for Cuba from Tuxtapon, Veracruz, Mexico.
1956, 12 On February 2, two days later than planned, they landed in a swamp in Orientale Province in southern Cuba and were attacked by Batista's army. Only 12 people survived the attack. As a doctor in the army, Guevara carried a bullet box in a battle. At that time, one was a medicine box and the other was a bullet box. From this moment on, Guevara completely changed from a doctor to a soldier.
The remaining guerrilla fighters settled in Maestra mountain area and gradually expanded the revolutionary ranks, gaining the support of some farmers and workers. In the battle, Guevara's superhuman courage and perseverance, superb fighting skills and ruthlessness towards the enemy are appreciated by more and more people, including Castro. He soon became Castro's most effective and trusted assistant. By the beginning of 1958, there were about 280 guerrillas. After a series of battles, by February 27th, 19, the revolutionary army had 8,000 square kilometers of land and 500,000 people. 1959 65438+1On October 2nd, the revolutionary army successfully occupied Havana, the capital of Cuba, and Batista fled. There is evidence that from 1957 to 1958, the CIA secretly provided large sums of money to the July 26th Movement, which was one of the reasons for the success of the revolution. This experience was written by Guevara in Memories of Cuban Revolutionary War (Spanish: Pasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria) published in 1963.
Become a senior government official
After the war, the new Cuban government was established, and Guevara obtained the status of "Cuban citizen". 1959 On May 22nd, Guevara divorced his first Peruvian wife Hilda Gaddia, and their only daughter was raised by Guevara. In June, Guevara married Aleida March, who participated in the Cuban Revolution and shared his interests. After that, they had four children.
First of all, Guevara was appointed as the chief procurator of Fort cavagna Military Prison, responsible for eliminating the war criminals (mainly politicians and policemen) in Batista era. According to some data, Guevara executed 156 people, but it is generally believed that the number may be as high as 600. 1959 10, Guevara, who didn't understand economics, was appointed as the governor of the National Bank, and began to carry out socialist transformation of Cuba's economic system, nationalize enterprises and implement land reform. 196 1 year, Guevara was appointed Minister of Industry.
Guevara helped Castro establish the socialist system in Cuba. After Cuba was blocked by the American economy, Guevara signed a trade agreement with the Soviet Union. During this period, he also gradually became famous in the west because of his tough attitude towards the United States. During the Cuban missile crisis, he was a member of the Cuban delegation to Moscow for negotiations in 1962, and finally signed the Soviet Union's plan to deploy nuclear weapons in Cuba. Guevara believes that the installation of Soviet missiles will defend Cuba's independence and protect Cuba from American aggression.
196419 In February, Guevara represented Cuba at the19 United Nations General Assembly, and then visited eight African countries including Algeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and People's Republic of China (PRC). When Kloc-0/965 returned to Cuba in March, his differences with Castro on issues such as relations with the Soviet Union and assistance to the Third World Revolution became increasingly serious. Soon, he resigned. On April 1, he left Cuba for Congo by plane.
During his tenure as a senior official in Cuba, Guevara resisted bureaucracy, lived frugally and refused to raise his salary. He has never been to nightclubs, cinemas or beaches. Once I was a guest at the home of an official in the Soviet Union. When the official took out extremely expensive porcelain tableware to entertain Guevara, Guevara said to his host, "It's ironic, how can a bumpkin have such advanced tableware?" At the same time, Guevara also actively participated in voluntary labor on weekends, such as working in sugar cane fields or factories.
Escape from Congo
1On April 23rd, 965, Guevara crossed Lake Tanganyika from Tanzania and went to Congo. According to some data, in a secret meeting with Castro before, Guevara persuaded Castro to support the operation. At first, he got help from Laurent-Dé siré Kabila, the leader of the Congolese guerrillas at that time, but Guevara soon rejected his help, thinking it was completely meaningless and wrote: "Now nothing can make me believe that he is a man."
Guevara taught guerrilla tactics to Congolese rebels. His plan is to use the liberated area on the west bank of Lake Tanganyika in Congo as a base to train the revolutionary armed forces of Congo and neighboring countries. At this time, Guevara was 37 years old and had no formal military training experience (his asthma saved him from military service in Argentina). Most of his combat experience came from the Cuban revolution.
CIA personnel, together with Congolese government forces, are constantly monitoring the external communications of Guevara troops, so as to pre-empt and cut off their supply lines before Guevara guerrillas attack. What Guevara expected in this campaign was to instill Cuban revolutionary ideas and guerrilla tactics into the local Simba people and train them into a group of brave guerrillas. Afterwards, Guevara recalled in the Diary of Congo that the rabble organized by the local people was stupid, sloppy and had endless internal disputes, which was the main reason for the failure of the uprising. In the same year, after seven months of suffering in the African jungle, Guevara, who was in poor health, left Congo with his remaining Cuban comrades in frustration (six of them failed to leave alive). Guevara once considered sending injured soldiers back to Cuba and staying in the Congo jungle to fight until the last moment, setting an example for the revolution with his life. However, after several wanderings, Guevara could not stand the entreaties of his comrades and left Congo with them.
Guevara, who left Congo, did not return to his familiar Cuba. In Castro's farewell letter, Guevara declared that he would sever all ties with Cuba and join revolutionary movements in other parts of the world. For this reason, Guevara felt morally wrong to return to Cuba. For the next six months, Guevara wandered very quietly in Dar es Salaam, Prague and East Germany. During this period, Guevara not only recorded his experiences in Congo, but also began to draft two books to discuss economics and philosophy. After knowing Guevara's backwardness, Castro urged his old comrades to return to Cuba. Guevara, on the other hand, made it clear that he would never set foot on this land again unless he wanted to carry out revolutionary activities in Latin American countries and because of his geographical advantages, he would return to Cuba for preparatory work in absolute secrecy.
Come to Bolivia.
From 1966 to 1967, Guevara began to lead guerrilla revolutionary activities in Bolivia. The local Bolivian industrialist bought it? The dense forest area of ancahuazú was handed over to Guevara as a training area. Guevara and his Cuban companions also edited some guerrilla methods. Guevara's 50th Guerrilla named ELN (Ejé rcito de Liberatió n Nacional de Bolivia) has excellent equipment and early experience in fighting Bolivian regular troops in the steep mountainous areas of Camili. However, in September, the army tried to destroy the second guerrilla organization and killed one of its leaders.
When Bolivian President René Barrientos learned of his existence, he threatened to kill Guevara. He ordered the Bolivian army to search for Guevara and his followers everywhere. Guevara, who hoped to provoke the revolution, misjudged Bolivia and later suffered a fiasco. He is only prepared to deal with the national military government and its poorly trained and equipped troops, but he does not care about the United States behind Bolivia.
When the American government learned of his revolutionary activities, it quickly sent CIA personnel into Bolivia to help counter-revolutionaries. Thanks to the assistance of the United States, the Bolivian army was trained by the US Army's special forces consultants, including special teams organized to deal with the jungle war. However, Guevara did not receive the expected assistance from local separatists and Bolivia's production party in guerrilla warfare. At this time, two short-wave transmitters used to communicate with Cuba were damaged, which prevented him from sending messages to Havana, and the tape recorder used by guerrillas to decode short-wave messages from Havana was also lost when crossing the river, which made Guevara completely isolated from the world. Guevara's situation is very bad because of American military assistance to the Bolivian government and lack of allies.
In addition, the CIA also helped Cuban exiles who opposed the Castro regime to set up interrogation rooms and tortured Bolivians who were thought to have helped Guevara. In order to find Guevara's supporters, almost 300 thousand people were persecuted politically.
Suffer a disaster
1967 10 In La Higra, Bolivia, a deserter of Guevara guerrillas revealed the camp of Guevara guerrillas to Bolivian special forces. 654381October 8, when a patrol led by Guevara was patrolling near Lahigula, special forces surrounded the camp and captured him. He surrendered after his leg was injured. There were several versions of the scene when he was arrested. It is said that during the conflict, several soldiers tried to get close to him, and he shouted, "Don't shoot! I am ernesto guevara, and my life is more valuable to you than death. " Another way of saying it is that his identity was unknown when he was captured. He was wearing a Rolex watch that he had just received when he was arrested. As soon as Barrientos knew he was arrested, he ordered his execution. Guevara was imprisoned in a dilapidated school building for one night. The next afternoon, he was shot dead by a Bolivian army sergeant who tied his hands to a board and smoked a short straw. Some people think that the sergeant shot Guevara in the face and throat. It is widely believed that he shot Guevara in the leg to make his face complete to prove his identity, and pretended to be a war wound to hide the fact that he was shot. They bit Guevara's arm to stop him from shouting. They finally saw Guevara in pain and shot him in the chest. Ernesto guevara said to the sergeant before he died, "I know you are going to kill me here. Shoot me! Coward, you want to kill a man! " In another version, before the execution, the executioner was afraid to shoot. Ernesto guevara said to him calmly, "shoot, coward, you just want to kill a man." His body was taken to the local hospital by helicopter and shown to the media. The photos taken at that time became legends, and many people praised him as a saint. After a military doctor cut off his hand, Bolivian army generals moved Guevara's body to a secret place and refused to say whether his body was buried or cremated.
Félix Rodríguez, the head of CIA agents searching for Guevara in Bolivia, heard the news of Guevara's capture and sent it back to the CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia. The main purpose of this practice is to make guerrillas give up their illusions. After the execution, Rodriguez also took Guevara's Rolex watch and several personal items, which were often proudly displayed in front of reporters in the days to come.
Ernesto guevara1On the afternoon of October 91:10 The school building where the death penalty was executed was in La Shigella. Guerrillas were arrested and interrogated about Ré gis Debray, a young French Marxist theorist and writer and close friend of Castro. 1in April, 967, government forces captured Debray and accused him of cooperating with guerrillas. Debray claimed that he was just a reporter, and revealed that Che's mysterious disappearance in his early years was leading guerrillas. Bolivia began the trial of Debray in early October of 10/0, which became an international event at that time. According to official sources, Guevara was killed on June 9th 1 1. 10 On June 5438+05, Castro announced that Cuba would mourn for three days. Ernesto guevara's death is considered as a powerful advocacy of the socialist revolutionary movement at that time and spread to Latin America and other third world countries.
Looking for Guevara's bones
When Guevara died, the guerrillas he led were almost completely annihilated, and only a few people survived.
Guevara's body has been buried for many years, and no one can tell. In the 1990s, South American countries, including Bolivia, successively completed the process of political democracy, and turned the corner to find the remains of Guevara and his comrades.
According to clues provided by the Bolivian military, Guevara and six other guerrillas were buried in a place called Canada del Arroyo, 5 kilometers from the Grand Canyon, which is now an abandoned airport. Several witnesses who participated in the burial at that time recalled that because it was buried at night, it was dark around them, and they could not remember the place of burial at all, only remembering that they were buried in the same grave.
1995165438+1At the end of October, with the support of the Bolivian government, Bolivia, Argentina and Cuba jointly formed an expert group to investigate and find the burial place of Guevara. 1from the end of February 1995 to the middle of March 1996, the team excavated four bodies at a certain place in the abandoned airport, one of which was confirmed as a Bolivian guerrilla. 1in June 1996, the organization unearthed the remains of another Cuban guerrilla. Excited by this breakthrough, the team decided to expand their achievements and try to find more guerrilla bones, especially those of Guevara. The expert group consulted a large number of historical materials and adopted high-tech means to minimize the scope of excavation. Cuba has sent more than 10 top experts to assist in the excavation work. With the strong support of the Bolivian government, the excavation was locked in the range of 6,543,800 square meters.
1at 9: 00 am on June 28, 997, the first body was found; At noon on the 29th, the digger found the second one under the guidance of a piece of green nylon cloth. Another one was found on the 30th. In July 1, the fourth one was found in the morning, and the fifth and sixth ones were found in the afternoon. This afternoon 17, just as the excavation personnel were preparing to call it a day, suddenly someone touched a piece of cotton cloth, next to which was a long skeleton, which was obviously darker than other excavated bones. Could this be the long-awaited Guevara?
Seven bones were sent to a Japanese-run hospital in Santa Cruz. Three Argentine anthropologists, three Cuban forensic doctors and 1 Cuban archaeologist identified and identified the seven bones one by one.
On July 3rd, Grama announced to the world that according to the research of relevant historical materials, seven guerrillas, including Guevara, were buried in the same grave from June 5438+0967 65438+ 10 to June 5438+0 1 day. A few days later, it was reported that after expert identification and screening, "one of the seven bodies has been basically confirmed as Guevara." The other six are four Cubans, namely 1 Bolivian and 1 Peruvian. In particular, this Peruvian is from China, named Juan Chen (Chen Juan or Zhang Juan), and his nickname in the revolutionary ranks is "China".
1 On July 2, 1997, the Cuban government sent a special plane to pick up the remains of Guevara and four other Cuban guerrillas, and the remains of 1 Bolivians and1Peruvians were also given to Cuba at the request of the families of the victims.
1997, ernesto guevara's hand-free skeleton was dug up in Valle Grande and sent back to Cuba after DNA identification. On June 1997 10, 17, his body was buried in a mausoleum built in Santa Clara with the highest military honor to commemorate his victory in the decisive battle of the Cuban revolution in Santa Clara 39 years ago.