Instrumental analysis includes scanning electron microscope, electron probe spectroscopy and energy spectrum analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, cathodoluminescence and fluorescence microscope, and determination of inclusions in cold and hot stages.

1) scanning electron microscope, electron probe spectrum and energy spectrum analysis electron beam bombardment can produce various information on the sample, including secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, x-rays, cathodoluminescence and transmission electrons. (Figure 2- 1).

The instrument for receiving secondary electron and backscattered electron imaging is scanning electron microscope (SEM). The instrument that receives X-rays and detects the energy intensity of X-rays is an energy spectrometer. The instrument that receives X-rays and detects the wavelength of X-rays is a spectrometer; The instrument that receives cathodoluminescence for detection is a cathodoluminescence microscope.

The reservoir and diagenesis were studied by scanning electron microscope, electron probe and energy spectrometer.

(1) clastic reservoir. Distribution patterns of various autogenous cements. (Figure 2-2) There are four types of autogenous cement: pore cushion type, pore filling type, mosaic type and enlarged type.

(2) Clastic rock reservoir. Types, characteristics and compositions of authigenic minerals;

① Clay minerals include illite, kaolinite, halloysite, montmorillonite, chlorite, illite/montmorillonite mixed layer and green/montmorillonite mixed layer (see Table 2-5); ② Carbonate authigenic minerals include calcite, dolomite, ankerite, siderite and dawsonite. (3) Siliceous cements, including autogenous time, amorphous opal and chalcedony; ④ Sulfide-pyrite; ⑤ Zeolite cements-including clinoptilolite, flaky zeolite, analcite, sodium zeolite, turbidite, etc.

Figure 2- 1 Interaction between electrons and matter

Figure 2-2 Distribution of Cements in Clastic Rock

Table 2-5 Morphological Characteristics, Crystal Structure and Element Composition of Clay Minerals

Table 2-5 Morphological characteristics, crystal structure and elemental composition of clay minerals (3) Clastic rock reservoirs, secondary quartz and feldspar. Autogenous response time and autogenous stone enlargement can be divided into three stages: ⅰ, ⅱ and ⅲ.

(4) Identification marks of pore types and reservoir properties of clastic rocks:

The pores of clastic rocks can be divided into five types: intergranular pores, extra-large pores, mold pores, intra-component pores and fractured pores, and the identification marks of primary and secondary intergranular pores can be established.

2)X-ray diffractometer X-ray diffraction method is widely used in crystallography and mineralogy research. X-ray diffraction of polycrystalline materials used in reservoir testing requires that the samples are in the state of fine powder or fine polymer.

(1) sample preparation method and analysis flow.

① Clay separation. X-ray analysis method mainly focuses on clay separation. Generally speaking, clay separation includes sampling, sample selection, weighing, crushing, oil washing, soaking in distilled water, wet grinding, preparation and extraction of suspension, centrifugal precipitation drying, grinding, weighing and packaging.

② Sample preparation method. Different methods are adopted according to different minerals, different analysis purposes and sample size.

A. tabletting method: suitable for whole rock analysis.

B directional slicing method: the sample plate is made of glass, with an area of 25×27mm and a sample volume of 40mg.

N tablets 40 mg of clay suspension was evenly spread on a horizontally rotating glass slide.

EG tablets are saturated with ethylene glycol to distinguish whether there are swelling minerals.

550℃ slicing EG slices were heated at 550℃ for 2.5 hours to identify chlorite.

The hydrochloric acid tablets were re-weighed, treated with hydrochloric acid, and then made into oriented tablets to remove chlorite and identify kaolinite.

C. Thin-slice method: diffraction analysis is directly carried out by thin slices, which is generally used for authigenic mineral identification.

(2) that application of X-ray diffraction analysis in the study of sedimentary reservoir.

① Qualitative and quantitative analysis of clay minerals.

For illite/smectite mixed layer (I/S) series. See Table 2-6 for X-ray diffraction identification of chlorite/montmorillonite mixed layer (C/S) series, kaolinite, kaolinite, palygorskite and vermiculite.

② Calculation of mixing layer ratio:

Refers to the proportion of montmorillonite in I/S and C/S, which is used to divide diagenetic stages, estimate ground temperature, predict oil source and reservoir, and judge oil generation threshold.

③ X-ray qualitative and quantitative analysis of the whole rock.

Mainly identify non-clay minerals: a. zeolite minerals, which can be used to determine sedimentary environment and paleotemperature; B salt minerals, such as halite, gypsum, anhydrite, glauberite, anhydrous glauberite, barite, etc. ; C. identification of carbonate minerals; D Other non-clay minerals include pyrite, hematite, quartz and feldspar.

3) Principle of cathodoluminescence microscope (1).

The electron beam bombards the sample and excites the luminescent substance in the sample to produce fluorescence, which is also called cathodoluminescence. There are several reasons why minerals produce cathodoluminescence: a. minerals contain impurity elements or trace elements (called activators) that can emit light; B. minerals have structural defects.

The activators in minerals include metal elements (Eu2+, Sm2+, Dy2+, Tb3+, Ea3+) and transition metal elements (Mn2+, Fe3+, Ca2+, V3+, Ti4+).

Substances corresponding to laser agents that can inhibit the luminescence of minerals are called quenchers, such as (Co2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Ti2+, etc. ).

(2) Application in reservoir research.

① Timely luminous characteristics (Table 2-7).

Zinkernagel's research shows that the luminescence characteristics of various timely particles are obtained during the formation of parent rocks, which represents the temperature conditions during the formation of rocks. Three different types of light just reflect the time of three different sources (Table 2-7).

② Luminescent characteristics of carbonate minerals (Table 2-8), and secondary porosity can also be judged by the distribution of residual carbonate cement.

Table 2-6 X-ray Identification Table of Clay Minerals

sequential

Table 2-7 Relationship between seasonal luminous types and rock types and temperatures (according to Zinkemagel, U., 1978).

③ Other applications: a. Observe the original state and diagenetic changes of detritus, study the crushing and healing of timely particles, and infer diagenetic sequence; B. study the crystal growth zone and the formation of cement; C. restore the original rock structure; D, research on reservoir microfractures.

4) Principle of fluorescence microscope (1).

The fluorescence microscope uses ultraviolet light as the light source, and ultraviolet light excites the hydrocarbon substances in the oil storage rock to produce fluorescence. Observe and analyze the changes of these luminescent substances and their relationship with rock structure, so as to judge a series of petroleum geological problems such as organic matter type, metamorphic degree, effective storage space and oil and gas migration.

(2) Identification contents by fluorescence microscope.

① Quantitative relationship between luminescent color of asphalt and wavelength and its composition.

In order to solve this problem, a standard oil sample is selected to determine the relationship between its luminous color and wavelength, and to determine which kind of asphalt it belongs to (Table 2-9).

Table 2-8 Element composition and other characteristics of various carbonate minerals (2) Quantification of luminous intensity.

The luminous intensity mainly reflects the oil content in rocks. The higher the oil content in rocks, the greater the fluorescence intensity of oil. In fluorescence image processing, brightness value is used to quantitatively represent the luminous intensity of asphalt.

③ Quantitative oil-bearing range.

A. Various asphalt contents (oil, gum and asphaltene).

B the oil-bearing area ratio reflects the oil-bearing range of oil-bearing rocks to some extent. It can approximately replace the pore content, but this value is higher than the pore content, because it also includes the range of oil impregnation.

Table 2-9 Luminescent Color, Wavelength and Composition of Asphalt 5) Determination of Inclusions Inclusions are ore-forming media captured in the process of mineral formation, which are called samples of ore-forming fluids. It records the formation conditions and history of minerals quite completely and is the most important typomorphic feature of minerals.

(1) contains the determination process.

As for the testing technology of mineral fluid inclusions, several projects have been studied, such as polarized light and fluorescence microscope identification, micro-cold stage testing, burst chromatography testing and some combined equipment testing. The homogeneous temperature (Th), salinity (S), pH, redox potential energy (Eh) and organic composition of inclusions (groups) and inclusions (monomers) were obtained.

(2) Significance of inclusion determination.

In the study of fluid inclusions, not only the formation temperature, pressure, salinity, density, pH value and EH value of fluid inclusions were measured by homogenization method and freezing method, but also the composition and isotope of fluid inclusions, especially the composition of hydrocarbons (including liquid hydrocarbons). In addition to determining the composition of inclusion aggregates, laser Raman spectrometer is also used to connect chromatography and mass spectrometer to determine the composition of individual inclusions. Fluid inclusions record the properties, compositions, physical and chemical conditions and geodynamic conditions of hydrocarbon fluids and pore water. Comparative study on the types, characteristics, abundance and composition of fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals of reservoir rocks, understanding the dynamics and relative time of basin fluids (hydrocarbons and water), and determining the time, depth, migration phase, direction and channel of oil and gas migration can provide the most direct and reliable geological information for studying the pore evolution history, oil and gas migration history and tectonic movement history of reservoirs. The analysis of solid hydrocarbons (solid asphalt) in reservoir rocks can provide information on the reconstruction and destruction of oil and gas reservoirs.

See table 2- 10 for the analysis of various instruments.

Table 2- 10 Principles of various instruments and their significance in reservoir research