Shanhaiguan is located in the northeast of Qinhuangdao 15km, which is the eastern end of Hebei Great Wall in Ming Dynasty and an important pass of Zhen Ji Great Wall in Ming Dynasty. Because Yanshan in the north and Bohai in the south, it is called Shanhaiguan because of its natural terrain. Shanhaiguan has seized the throat from North China to Northeast China, and its strategic position is very important. It has always been a battleground for military strategists, and it is known as "the lock and key of the two capitals are unparalleled, and the Great Wall of Wan Li is the first pass".

Shanhaiguan was built by Xu Da, the founding general of Ming Dynasty, in the 14th year of Hongwu (138 1). At that time, the Ming Dynasty was just established. Although the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty retreated to the Great Wall, they were still unwilling to fail and often sent cavalry south to harass them. With extraordinary bearing and foresight, Xu Da will set up a garrison here, mobilize Yanshan and other guards15,000 people, build and repair the Great Wall around Shanhaiguan, and build the first pass in the world-Shanhaiguan.

Shanhaiguan is a magnificent pass. Guancheng is square, with a circumference of more than 4 kilometers. The wall is adobe, with a height of12m and a thickness of 6m.

(2) Huangyaguan

Huangyaguan Great Wall, located at the top of the mountain 28km north of Jixian County, Tianjin, is an important part of the Great Wall in Wan Li, China. It is 4 1km east of Malan Pass in zunhua city and west of Jiangjun Pass in Pinggu County. Built in Tianbao for seven years in Northern Qi Dynasty, it was overhauled in Ming Dynasty. Huangyaguan has beautiful mountains and rivers, pillow mountains and magnificent natural landscapes, which are really rare along the Great Wall in Wan Li. There are many types of fortifications, such as land and water passes, walled castle walls, docks, watchtowers, watchtowers and smoke piers. There are only Shuiguan, Bagua City and Arctic Pavilion along the Great Wall of Wan Li.

(3) Juyongguan

Juyongguan is located in Changping County, more than 50 kilometers away from Beijing. According to legend, when Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall, he moved prisoners, foot soldiers and forced civilian workers here, and later took the meaning of "moving to a mediocre place", hence the name Juyongguan. It was called Xiguan in the Three Kingdoms period of Han Dynasty, and changed to Naikuanguan in the Northern Qi Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, there were names such as Juyongguan, Jimenguan and Junduguan. Since then, every generation has been called Juyongguan, where the flowers and trees on the mountain are lush and green, like blue waves and green waves, so it is called "Juyongdiecui".

Juyongguan has a dangerous terrain and has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. It has two passes, namely "Nankou" in the south and "Badaling" in the north. The mountains on both sides of Juyongguan are majestic, and there is a valley as long as 18 km in the middle, commonly known as' Guangou'. Here, the clear stream lingers, the green peaks overlap, the flowers and trees flourish, and the birds sing, which is listed as one of the' Eight Scenes of Yanjing'.

(4) Zijingguan

Zijingguan is located on the amethyst in the northern section of Taihang Mountain, 45 kilometers northwest of Yixian County, Hebei Province. Because it is connected to Juyongguan and the Great Wall in the north, Yanmenguan and the Loess Plateau in the west and the North China Plain in the east, it has always been a battleground for military strategists. It is the first pass of the Inner Great Wall, and one of the oldest famous passes alongside Shanhaiguan and Jiayuguan. It is one of the main roads for Hebei Plain to enter Taihang Mountain. One person keeps it, and ten thousand people can't.

Zijingguan is one of the nine famous blockades in the world. Qin and Han Dynasties called Shangguguan, Northern Wei Dynasty called Zizhuangguan, Sui and Tang Dynasties called Baibiguan. Later, it was renamed Puyin, and it was renamed Zijingguan from the middle of Song Dynasty. According to legend, there were bauhinia trees everywhere in Guancheng at that time. In midsummer, bauhinia blooms and fragrance wafts in Wan Li. Therefore, observing Zi Qi is regarded as one of the top ten scenic spots in Yizhou by the ancients.

Zijingguan has 9 gates and 4 waters, the inner and outer cities are connected, and the gates are interlocking. Even the enemy soldiers who don't know the structure and layout of Zijingguan, even if they attack Guancheng, are like being in a maze, and they can only be wiped out in the end. Entering Zijingguan City from south to north, the first gate was built in Xishan Gorge of Jinpoxia Village. The closed wall extends from the closed door to the wings and to the top of the cliff. The closed door has now collapsed, destroying the only remaining ruins. After that, closing the door is the Pangu 18th Road leading to Guancheng. The worse gate is built in a valley where two mountains crisscross at the top of the road. The city wall starts from the top of Wan Ren Mountain in the east and passes through the worse gate to reach the top of Qifeng Mountain.

On the west side of the worse gate, there is a closed gate leading to the military camp. The southeast side of the closed gate is titled' Yanghe Gate' and the northeast side is titled' Caochangmen'. The layout of Guancheng is complex and criss-crossed. The original total length of Guancheng is10516m, but now part of it is incomplete. The main city is divided into two parts by a wall. Dongcheng is small, with a civil and military government, and Xicheng is big, which is the place where troops are stationed. There is Huangtuling City outside Yanghe Gate, and there is a small new city on the north bank of Juma River, facing the west city across the water and connected by chains, which is the outpost of Beiguan City.

(5) Daomaguan

Daomaguan Great Wall is one of the three internal passes, also known as Changshan Pass and Hongshangguan Pass. Daomaguan is located 60 kilometers northwest of Tangxian County, Hebei Province. The mountain road is steep and the horse is fooled, hence the name. Daomaguan is located at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain, facing the Inner Great Wall in the north and the Tanghe River in the back. The southeast is dangerous eighteen Pan Ling. Since ancient times, reversing Shimonoseki has been the strategic focus.

Ma Guan is on an ancient road, which is called Lingqiu Road. At that time, it was the main road from the northern Shaanxi Plateau to the North China Plain, and Daomaguan was an important pass on this road.

(6) Pingxingguan

Pingxingguan is located in the east of Yanmenguan, under Xing Ping Ridge at the junction of northeast Fan Shi and Lingqiu County, Shaanxi Province. In ancient times, it was called bottle-shaped village, which was named after the surrounding terrain such as bottles. Jin is a bottle-shaped town, which was called Pingxingguan in Ming and Qing Dynasties and later renamed Pingxingguan. Historically, it has long been a place where troops are stationed. Ming is an important pass of the Inner Great Wall. In the sixth year of Zheng De's reign (15 1 1), Lingkou Castle was built, and it was built in the twenty-fourth year of Jiajing and the ninth year of Wanli, which was later Guancheng.

Xing Ping Guancheng is located at the ridge of Xingping Mountain, with a circumference of 1 km and a height of 6m. Close the door and sit west to east. Doorways are built by alternating coupons. It is 4 meters high, 2.7 meters wide and 2.7 meters thick. Today, this closed building has been destroyed. The plaque in the city reads "Xing Ping Ridge", and the remains of the Ming Great Wall on both sides of the Ridge still exist.

In the north of Pingxingguan, there is a Hengshan mountain like a screen. Wutai Mountain stands tall in the south, all above1500m. There is a graben-type lowland between these two mountains, and Pingling, where Pingxingguan is located, is a part of this belt-shaped lowland uplift, and the terrain is very dangerous. Because Hengshan Mountain and Wutai Mountain are both fault-block mountains, which are very steep and become huge traffic barriers in northern Shanxi, this strip-shaped lowland has become the most convenient tunnel connecting the northern plain of Hebei and Shanxi. An east-west road runs through Guancheng, Xing Ping, starting from Zijingguan in the west of Beijing in the east and reaching Yanmenguan in the west, forming a strict defense line, which is an important fan screen in the west of Beijing. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Gyeonggi relied on this.

In the Ming Dynasty, the national strength was weak, and Mongolian cavalry frequently invaded the border and looted property, especially during the Jiajing period. The most serious one was in the thirty-second year of Jiajing (1553). Mongolian Tatar led a large-scale invasion to the south, from Datong to Hunyuan, attacking Pingxingguan. The Ming army could not resist and fell into the Pingxing Pass. Then go straight to Lingqiu and Guangchang (now Laiyuan, Hebei Province) and advance to Zijingguan. On the way, when Chen Feng led the army to resist, Mongolian soldiers separately plundered Fan Shi, invaded Yuxian and slaughtered Yanqing cities. Later, due to the continuous rain, they led the army back to the north.

Pingxingguan once wrote a brilliant page in the history of modern war. At the beginning of the Japanese militaristic war of aggression against China, in the late September of 1937, after occupying a large area of land in North China, Jizhong went west along the Pingsui line. After the occupation of Datong, the elite corps attacked Yanmenguan and its east-west pass in the south in an attempt to go south to Europe and Taiyuan. At this time, the Eighth Route Army, which had just arrived in Shanxi's anti-Japanese front, decided to use the dangerous terrain of Pingxingguan to deal a devastating blow to the Japanese invaders. The Eighth Route Army ambushed the mountain near the road from Pingxingguan to Donghe South Town (east of Pingxingguan) with three regiments in the rain, and left Pingxingguan 1 regiment 1 cavalry battalion to March in the direction of Lingqiu, Laiyuan and Guangling to contain the enemy and ensure the safety of the flank. When about 4,000 Japanese troops, more than 65,438 military vehicles and more than 20 carts marched westward from Lingqiu, the ambush troops of the Eighth Route Army suddenly launched a storm, quickly dividing the enemy and launching hand-to-hand combat. After a day of fierce fighting, the Eighth Route Army annihilated more than 0/000 Japanese troops and destroyed all enemy vehicles. More than 0/000 guns of all kinds, more than 50 wild guns, machine guns and war horses were seized. The Battle of Pingxingguan was the first great victory of China since the beginning of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, which shattered the myth that the Japanese army was invincible.

(7) Yanmenguan

Yanmenguan (now Daixian County, Shanxi Province) is 0/0 km away from Guangwu City/kloc, Shanyin County, Shanxi Province. This pass is guarded by one person and cannot be forced by ten thousand people. It has always been regarded by military strategists as an important place to defend Kyoto and the Central Plains. It is famous for its fortress, precipitousness and many wars in history, and is listed as one of the nine famous passes of the Great Wall of Wan Li. "Lu Chunqiu" records:' There are nine blocks in the world, so check one'. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Tang Dynasty, it was famous for blocking traffic. Tang began to set customs, and the hook plug was changed to Yanmenguan. Yanmenguan was an important stronghold to defend Qidan in Song Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty cancelled the pass fortification. In the seventh year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1374), the ancient Yanmenguan was abandoned in the Yuan Dynasty, so it was relocated and built here. The ancient Yanmenguan is at the top of Gouzhu Mountain, at the mouth of Daheling in front of the ridge and at the mouth of Baicaokou behind it. There are two completely different ancient and modern Yanmenguan roads: the ancient Yanmenguan road, from Daheling to Baicaokou; Now Yanmenguan Road, from Nankou to Wu Xinguang. The east and west cliffs of Yanmenguan are steep and steep, and the middle roads are vertical and horizontal and rugged. It's called Ximen, also called Yanmenguan. Since the Song Dynasty, the 18 pass, surrounded by mountains and waters, has become a major defense, strengthened external defense, consolidated the key to Taiyuan's internal defense, reached three levels, and controlled the Central Plains, which has important strategic significance and military value. Yanmenguan is closely related to the new and old Guangwu.

(8) Partial removal

Pianguan is located in Pianguan County, Shanxi Province, with Guancen Mountain in the east, Yellow River in the west, Inner Mongolia in the north, Yanmen and Ningwu in Nantong. It has been an important place for military strategists to fight and station troops since ancient times. Pianguan, together with Ning Wuguan and Yanmenguan, is called the "outer three customs", which is the westernmost one of the outer three customs. Because Guancheng City leans to the west and looks like a human head, it is called Piantouguan, and later generations used to refer to it as Piantouguan for short.

From the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, Piantou Village was established here, which was also used in the Jin Dynasty. Piantouguan was first named in the Yuan Dynasty. However, Guancheng at that time was on the Jade Emperor Beam in the west of Pianguan County. The city has been destroyed, leaving only ruins. The Pianguan City that we can see today was built in the Ming Dynasty. In the second year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1369), Taiyuan Wuwei was established, and Pianguan belonged to Zhenxiwei. In the 23rd year of Hongwu (AD 139 0), Zhen Xiwei ordered Zhang Xian to build a new city in Pianguan. In the fourth year of Xuande (A.D. 1429), when the company commanders of Shanxi Town moved from Ning Wuguan to Pianguan, the southern part of Guancheng was expanded. After several expansions in the years of Tianshun, Chenghua and Hongzhi, Pianguan City has finally become the scale we see today, with a height of 1 1.7 meters and a gate on the southwest of Zhou Dong. However, Guancheng at that time was just a tucheng. It was not until the third year of Qin Long in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1569) that soldier Fan Daru wrapped all the old and new Guancheng in blue bricks. Pianguan Guancheng has been demolished year by year since the 1940s. Now only the brick arch hole at the south gate of the city is still there, and only the brick wall of more than 30 meters is left on the west side of the city wall.

(9) Jiayuguan

Jiayuguan is the starting point of the western end of the Great Wall in Wan Li in Ming Dynasty. It is the most spectacular and well-preserved ancient military castle along the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty. It is an important military fortress along the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty and later generations. Known as' the first pass in Hexi'.

Jiayuguan is located in the northwest of Gansu Province, at the junction of the west and the west of Hexi Corridor, with a history of 63 1 year. Jiayuguan means "beautiful valley". It was built nine years before Shanhaiguan. In the early Ming Dynasty, Song Xianggong and General Sheng Feng were on their way to victory. He chose to build a pass at the west foot of Jiayu Plateau, which is located in the middle of Hexi Corridor, bordering Jiuquan in the east, Yumen in the west, Montenegro in the back and Qilian in the south. Guancheng was founded in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1372), lasted for 168, and was completed in A.D. 1540. As the historical material "Qin Bianlue" records: "There was water at the beginning, and then there was closure. With architecture, the Great Wall will be built later. When the Great Wall is built, it can be defended in the future. " Jiayuguan Guancheng has a reasonable layout and excellent architecture. There are three battlements in Guancheng, many lines of defense, one city in the city and one moat outside the city, forming the trend of guarding the city. It consists of: inner city, urn, Luocheng, moat, three-story and three-eaves, high-rise pavilion resting on the top of the mountain, moat, great wall peak platform and so on. The inner city is the main body and center of Guancheng, with a circumference of 640 meters and an area of 25,000 square meters. Outside the inner city and the west gate, there are urn retreats, each with an area of more than 500 square meters. The urn doors all face south, and there is Los Angeles in the west of the urn. The middle of the city wall is closed to the west, and the word "Jiayuguan" is engraved on the lintel. The existing buildings in Guancheng mainly include guerrilla headquarters, Guan Jing, Guandi Temple, stage and Wenchang Pavilion.

Jiayuguan Guancheng is surrounded by mountains and waters, guarding the canyon area about15km wide from north to south, and the Qiu Lai Valley in the south of the canyon constitutes a natural barrier for customs clearance. Jiayuguan has 66 piers and abutments in the east, west, south, north and northeast. Jiayuguan has a natural terrain, both offensive and defensive, and forms a strict military defense system with the nearby Great Wall, city platform, moat, beacon tower and other facilities, and is also known as the first male pass in the world.