1. The rise of Fujian merchants, who were also engaged in theft and trade, was in direct opposition to the feudal government's official tributary trade and maritime ban policy from the beginning. They smuggle for commercial trade and rob when they can't trade. They have the dual personalities of pirates and businessmen. Internal and external collusion is the most common way for Fujian maritime businessmen to do business. They have extensive contacts with coastal residents and set up many strongholds, which are used to buy goods at sea and hoard smuggled goods from abroad to facilitate sales. Not only do they go to the sea to do business, but many of them are "land merchants" and "land merchants". They also do maritime trade and land trade. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Fujian merchants closely combined with domestic and foreign trade, worked hard and carried out various forms of trade, forming an influential local business gang in the late feudal society of China. Comments: With the demise of feudal society, Fujian merchants opened up new business places in overseas Southeast Asia, Taiwan Province Province and other places. As free businessmen, many merchants in the Fujian Merchants Group boldly explored overseas markets, and finally opened new branches on the dead trees of the Fujian Merchants Group, which enabled the business spirit of the Fujian Merchants Group to continue among overseas Chinese and Fujian nationals in Taiwan Province Province. 2. Guangdong business gangs are rich in connotation. In the ten years of Daoguang, the British Parliament conducted a survey of British businessmen doing business in China, and finally concluded: "Most people who do business in Guangzhou unanimously claim that doing business in Guangzhou is more convenient and easier than almost all other places in the world." There is a saying circulating overseas: "The sun shines on Guangdong society all the time." The glorious period of Guangdong businessmen is still near and modern. In modern times, due to the invasion of foreign economic forces and the slow pace of China's modern times, Shanxi merchants and Huizhou merchants gradually declined because of their adherence to tradition, while Guangdong merchants rose with the expansion of modern commodity circulation and the development of commodity economy, and they made a fortune in Southeast Asia, Hong Kong and Chaoshan areas. During World War II, Guangdong businessmen were once silent, but after years of hard struggle, they finally rose in South China, Hong Kong and Southeast Asia after the 1970s. Comments: Modern Guangdong businessmen carried forward the independent business spirit of ancient Guangdong businessmen. In the process of participating in international business trade, modern Chaozhou businessmen had a certain open mind. In modern Guangdong businessmen, we can see the effective combination and integration of some traditional cultures and modern business cultures. It is the development and integration of this culture that may be the reason why Guangdong merchants can still develop and further grow after the decline of Shanxi merchants and Huizhou merchants. There are many business gangs in Shaanxi. In the business circles of Ming Dynasty, Shanxi-Shaanxi merchants used the advantages of neighboring provinces to combine with each other in order to meet the needs of Huizhou merchants and other businessmen. People usually call them "western businessmen" or "Shanxi-Shaanxi business gangs". Western businessmen had a great influence in the early Ming Dynasty, and they made a lot of profits from salt industry management. Unfortunately, because of the interests, they began to split inside. Shaanxi salt merchants parted ways with Shanxi salt merchants, and finally Shaanxi salt merchants went to Sichuan to develop independently, which laid the foundation for the final formation of Shaanxi business gangs. Shaanxi business gangs have many ways to make money, which is similar to Jiangxi business gangs in this respect. Shaanxi business gang is a comprehensive business gang, and their pursuit of wealth is the same as that of ordinary business gangs: to pursue huge profits as much as possible, and if not, to settle for the second best. Salt merchants are the most famous business gangs in Shaanxi, and dealing in cloth, tea and leather goods is also an important way for Shaanxi business gangs to make profits. Comments: Although Guangxi is one of the top ten business gangs in China, and its folk customs are similar to those of Shanxi business gangs, in the eyes of outsiders, Shaanxi business gangs are "short-sighted" and cannot compare with Shanxi business gangs in all aspects. In the use of commercial capital, Shaanxi businessmen adopt the way of local rich households, and few people invest in handicrafts, which is in sharp contrast with the situation that Jiangnan businessmen actively develop handicrafts. Shandong businessmen help the whole people to do business. Shandong businessmen are from Shandong and naturally have the characteristics of Shandong people: straightforward and simple, straightforward and honest. Because of this, compared with other business gangs, Shandong business gangs' road to wealth is simple and straightforward. To sum up, the way for Shandong commercial gangs to get rich is the business operation mode of selling land in different places, the commodity morality of stressing credit and the standardized business behavior. At the same time, Shandong business gangs mainly include big bureaucrats, big landlords and big businessmen, so most of them are feudal businessmen, which also determines that the road taken by Shandong businessmen and the flow of commercial capital are "rich at the end, keep at the end". Although the road to wealth of Shandong business gangs is really not brilliant compared with other business gangs, their experience and management methods are very practical and their business is also very practical. Comments: Shandong people do business. People in good areas want to do business, and people in bad areas also want to do business. People in a province have different motives and conditions for doing business, which seems to be a comprehensive epitome of the top ten business gangs in China. This is unique in China. 5. The predecessor of Ningbo Commercial Gang is Ningbo Commercial Gang, and it is a rising star in China Commercial Gang. From the time it was formed, it showed its extraordinary knowledge and Excellence. Ningbo business gang refers to a business group formed by Ningbo businessmen with blood ties and geographical friendship as the link. It is a very popular business gang at home and abroad. Ningbo businessmen have a long history of going out to do business, but it is too late to do business on a large scale and form a business gang. After the Opium War, especially during the period of the Republic of China, a new generation of commercial capitalists in Ningbo commercial gangs stood out, closely combining business with financial industry, thus making Ningbo commercial gangs, as a new modern merchant group, rank among the famous commercial gangs in China. The jewelry industry, medicinal materials industry, clothing industry, seafood industry and insurance industry they run are also very famous. Comments: Ningbo business gang was formed late, but it developed rapidly. Their field of activities has been expanding, and finally a situation of "going out to the sea and traveling all over the world" has been formed. Ningbo commercial gangs are not only good at developing activity areas, but also good at developing business projects in a timely manner. Their road to wealth is very characteristic and practical: relying on traditional industries to settle down, relying on pillar industries to operate, and taking emerging industries as the direction, but often a company operates several industries and complements each other, making its business operation in an advantageous position in the national business community. 6. Shanxi merchants are the first among the top ten business gangs to rise. Historically, Shanxi merchants were called Jingang. Shanxi merchants were the largest business groups in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and they were active in the business circles for more than 500 years. Their footprints not only spread all over China, but also appeared in Europe, Japan, Southeast Asia and Arab countries, which can be compared with the world-famous Venetian businessmen and Jewish businessmen. Although the history of Shanxi merchants can be traced back to the Jin and Tang Dynasties of the Zhou Dynasty; But it really rose in the Ming Dynasty (1368- 1398) and reached its peak in the Qing Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang periods. By the middle of Qing Dynasty, Shanxi merchants gradually adapted to the needs of financial exchange business and developed from commerce to finance. During the period of Xian Tong (185 1- 1874), Shanxi Bank almost monopolized the foreign exchange business of the whole country and became a powerful commercial and financial capital group with the national financial ear. And the formation of Shanxi "North (Bank) Nanzhuang (Qianzhuang)" two major Shanxi businessmen. What is the basis for the large scale, long duration and wide business scope of Shanxi merchants? Jingang has its own management secrets: on the one hand, it takes the region and blood relationship as the link to unite the centripetal force of its businessmen; The act of doing business with traditional morality; Seek political support and shelter for our business activities. Another aspect, which is also the most important, is one of the important traditions of the Shanxi merchant family. "Learning well is good." It is said that the first-rate and second-rate children of Shanxi merchants go into business, and the third-rate and fourth-rate children take the imperial examination. There have even been literati who went into business without being an official after becoming famous. Comments: There are not many written records about the thought of "learning to be an official" of Shanxi merchants, but it is deeply hidden in their hearts and dissolved in their blood. Because of this, the cultural level of Shanxi merchants is relatively high compared with other business gangs, and their business model is also the most advanced. Modern management methods such as joint-stock system and capital operation sprout on them. From the success or failure of Shanxi merchants, we have tasted their cultural philosophy. The reason why a business family is enduring is that these Shanxi businessmen are not only businessmen, but also men of insight, who teach by example and govern the country well, and form an atmosphere of attaching importance to education within the family. 7. Huizhou merchants are no worse than Shanxi merchants. As a powerful commercial force in China, Huizhou merchants have been active in the north and south of the Yangtze River, on both sides of the Yellow River, and even in Japan, Siam, Southeast Asian countries, Portugal and other places. "No emblem, no business" is known all over the world. Its huge commercial capital, numerous followers, wide activity area, numerous businesses and strong management ability are unmatched by other commercial groups, and it has dominated the business circles in China for hundreds of years. Huizhou people are experts in business, good at analyzing and judging the economic situation, and profiteering in the unequal exchange of buying cheap and selling expensive. Large-scale long-distance commodity trafficking is an important way for Huizhou merchants to get rich. In addition, hoarding, privilege and profit-seeking, tooth control and usury are also the means for many Huizhou merchants to get rich. The biggest difference between Huizhou merchants and other merchants is the word "Confucianism". Huizhou is the hometown of Zhu, a great Confucian scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, and is known as the "wind of Confucianism alone". Therefore, most merchants in Huizhou show the characteristics of "being good at Confucianism", and their business ethics have a strong Confucian flavor. Huizhou merchants take the Confucian moral preaching of "honesty", "faithfulness" and "righteousness" as the basis of their business ethics, so that they can win credibility in the business world and promote the development of commercial capital, which is the secret of their business success. Comments: A man who is called a Confucian businessman is of course a wise man. On them, they are not only full of the brand of excellent traditional culture, but also have the moral level and cultural quality to adapt (or advance) the development of the times. They understand the operating rules of the market economy and have the ability to control market changes. They combine traditional culture with modern culture and follow the principle of being a man before doing business. Businessmen's pragmatism and shrewdness, coupled with their heavy sense of historical mission and responsibility, make them embody the charm of Confucian ideal personality everywhere. In short, Confucian businessmen belong to people with knowledge, morality, strategy and money. 8. Longyou Businessmen Help All Rivers Reach Hainan When Huizhou Businessmen and Shanxi Businessmen competed for hegemony in shopping malls, an influential Longyou Businessmen Group sprang up in southwest Zhejiang. Longyou business group in history is actually Quzhou official business group, in which Longyou county has the largest number of businessmen and the most sophisticated means of doing business, so it is named Longyou business group. Although Longyou Business Group is located in a remote place, it is open-minded and relatively trendy. It is mainly manifested in two aspects, namely, the spirit of "the best in the world" in investment and the generosity of "all rivers run into the sea". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, many businessmen used the money they got from their business to buy land or engage in pawn and loan business in order to obtain stable income. Longyou businessmen are keenly aware that in order to get more profits, they must turn to handicraft production and industrial mining. They decisively invested in the production of commodities such as papermaking and mining, or directly participated in commodity production, which transformed commercial capital into industrial capital and injected new production relations with employment relations into the feudal society at that time. Longyou businessmen did not exclude the infiltration of foreign businessmen into their hometown. They got along well with each other and absorbed foreign businessmen to help themselves, which promoted the development of Longyou businessmen. Comments: The spirit of "Dare to be the first in the world" and the magnanimity of "All rivers run into the sea" of Longyou businessmen reflect their good business mentality. Although they came from a remote place, without the support of the government and strong clan power, they were able to rise in the powerful business gangs and set up their own homes. 9. Dongting business gang is good at sizing up the situation. Almost at the same time as the rise of Longyou business gang, another business gang unconsciously rose on Dongting Lake in China-Dongting business gang. At that time, Fan Yi was rich and colorful, boating in five lakes, which aroused the envy of many people. His success in business must have left a deep impression on people in Taihu Lake and Dongting Lake Basin. Dongting business gang was initially formed in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty. Assess the situation and seize the opportunity, which is the practice of smart businessmen, and Dongting businessmen are such smart business gangs. In the salt industry and pawn business, Dongting merchants did not compete with Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants for the market, but used Dongting Lake's unique commercial conditions to traffic rice and silk. They are also constantly updating their concepts, opening up new business situations and developing outward. Especially after the Opium War, in Shanghai, as a financial center, Dongting businessmen used their skills of "drilling the sky" to open up comprador, bank, money house, silk and cotton industry and other financial entities. In the new historical background, they are engaged in business activities different from those in the past. As a result, Dongting Commercial Group has produced a number of national capitalists and embarked on the road of development from commercial capital to industrial capital. Comments: Dongting businessmen are very particular about specific business methods, which seem to meet the requirements of modern commerce. Dongting businessmen pay great attention to market information and often predict the market. In the process of doing business, Dongting businessmen will change their business strategies according to the changes in market conditions and commodity exchange, regardless of prejudice, as long as they are beneficial. Dongting merchants will also adopt unique management methods according to the local actual situation, such as merchant funds, folk customs and so on. 10, Jiangxi businessmen pay attention to "Guardian". Most businessmen in Jiangxi are forced by family circumstances to do business. Therefore, small-scale operation and starting with loans are their characteristics. Their business activities generally start from selling local native products. It is the unique background of Jiangxi businessmen that makes Jiangyou business gangs have the characteristics of scattered capital and many small businessmen. Except for a few industries such as porcelain, other industries are dwarfed by commercial groups such as Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants, and the accumulation of commercial capital is extremely limited. Shen Congwen, a famous contemporary writer, once described Jiangxi cloth merchants as "carrying one umbrella and going to Hunan as a boss" in his works. In addition, Jiangxi businessmen's strong traditional ideas and small-scale farmers' consciousness also affected their capital investment, only seeking breadth, not depth. Therefore, although there are a large number of businessmen in Jiangxi, involving a wide range of industries and flexible management, they are often easy to lose the market in the competition. Comments: Jiangxi businessmen pay attention to "virtue" and honesty, which is the external manifestation of Jiangxi people's simple and earnest character, and also the natural expression of China's traditional Confucianism in Jiangxi people's minds. Jiangxi businessmen are also good at trying to figure out the psychology of consumers and cater to the requirements of different customers.