Ancient times: the characters originated from sacrificial symbols are much more advanced than knotting notes. At first, they were relatively simple, and the recorded contents were mostly important events of the royal family, which could not reflect the overall characteristics of the times and the whole society.
Since modern times, the continuous inflow of western culture has made the cultural exchanges between the East and the West close and promote each other, and the content has gradually shifted from the upper class to the life of ordinary people in society, outlining the overall track of the development of the times. The recording language has gradually changed from a proprietary written language to a written language similar to spoken language. The disadvantage is that it is too broad to form a unified standard, which affects communication.
In modern times, wireless telegrams and wired telephones have become popular, providing new recording and transmission channels and further strengthening the information exchange and transmission between people. However, the scope, content and speed of information dissemination are still limited.
The popularization and application of contemporary network technology has improved the efficiency and standardization of information recording and transmission, completely got rid of the way of relying solely on written records, and the scope has obviously extended to all aspects of social life. The disadvantage is that the source and content of information are too complicated, and the reliability of true feelings is more prominent.
The earliest communication records in China came from Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins. Yin is the Shang Dynasty, also known as Yin Shang. The capital of Yin is now Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, tortoise shells and animal bones were dug up here and engraved with words, which were later called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, during the Pan Geng period of Shang Dynasty (about 1400 BC), Xu bian reported the military situation to the emperor, and there were two houses of "playing drums". After textual research, "Laigu" is similar to today's reconnaissance signal soldiers. There is also a record of "simplified books" in the ancient book "Waiting for Classics", which is an official emergency document engraved with animal bones and passed by signal soldiers. "Jian Shu" originated in the late Yin Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty (BC12nd century-BC 1 1 century), which is the predecessor of postal service.
The communication between post office and beacon tower originated from the political and military needs of slave countries. According to historical records, in the era of Zhou Youwang 2700 years ago, there was a method of communication by using beacon towers. There is a story about beacon communication called Daughter Laughs. The central idea of the story is that Zhou Youwang has a lovely princess who praises her. Although she is beautiful, she refuses to smile easily. To this end, Zhou Youwang made a reward: "Whoever can make the empress laugh will be rewarded with one thousand Jin of gold" (copper was called gold at that time). So someone came up with a way to light a bonfire, hoping to get a smile from the queen. One night, Zhou Youwang boarded the tower with a lovely princess and ordered bonfires to be lit everywhere. When the neighboring governors saw the bonfire, they thought that Xirong (a tribe in the west at that time) was attacking, so they led the troops to the city gate to rescue them, but they saw bright lights and loud drums. I didn't know it was a funny thing that Zhou Youwang made fun of the queen until I asked. Every Norhou dared to be angry and dare not speak, so he had to retreat back to camp in anger. Big sister saw it and really smiled indifferently. But not long after, Xirong really attacked. Although the bonfire was lit, no reinforcements arrived. As it turns out, the governors think that Zhou Youwang is doing the same thing again. As a result, Xirong captured the castle and killed Zhou Youwang, thus destroying the surrounding area. This historical story not only vividly depicts the use of beacon communication at that time, but also warns future generations not to take communication seriously no matter who and when the enterprise is.
Using beacon towers to transmit information is faster, but it can only play the role of alarm, which is difficult to meet the needs of grasping the enemy's situation and commanding operations. Therefore, with the development of society and the needs of politics and military affairs, from "Laigu" in Shang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty, a relatively strict postal system for delivering government documents was gradually formed, and it complemented and cooperated with beacon towers.
After Qin Shihuang unified China (22 BC1year), he practiced Chidao all over the country, "cars are on the same track, books are in the same language", established a network of post stations centered on Xianyang, the capital of China, and formulated post laws, such as how to bind bamboo slips, seal them with ink, seal them for confidentiality, etc. How to supply food and grass for postal personnel; How to receive past officials and servants. By 1960, postal service had formed the earliest postal law in China.
The postal service in Han Dynasty inherited the system of Qin Dynasty, and its unified name was "Postal Service". It is stipulated that five miles is one, ten miles is a pavilion, and three miles is set. With the formation of the "Silk Road", postal services have also reached India, Myanmar, Persia and other countries. By the Tang Dynasty, postal services had developed greatly. There are more than 65,438+0,600 land post offices, water post offices and land post offices in China. It also stipulates the itinerary and has a performance appraisal and inspection system. When performing tasks, the postal department carries with it "mail roll" or "letter card" and other identity documents.
In the Song Dynasty, due to frequent wars, there were a large number of military emergency official documents, which required fast and safe. As a result, the postman served by the civilian worker was changed to a soldier, and an "express delivery shop" was added, with three kinds of gold, silver and bronze medals. The gold medal travels 500 Li a day, the silver medal 400 Li and the bronze spleen 300 Li. Carry out the relay of changing people and horses at each station. In the Yuan Dynasty, due to the expansion of military scope and territory, there were 1496 post stations in the whole country, and the post stations were renamed as post stations.
In the Ming Dynasty, on the basis of following the old system, due to the increasingly developed maritime traffic, the headquarters and seven voyages to the West were established, and a maritime post office was also opened. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 0/600 official post stations/KLOC-,with more than 70,000 postmen and more than 40,000 post horses, which were under the charge of the Ministry of War. /kloc-after the middle of the 0/9th century, the funds of the post office were mostly filled by officials' corruption, and the post office administration was abandoned. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, modern postal services were gradually emerging, and the role of post stations was gradually disappearing. Therefore, in 19 13, 1, Beiyang government announced the cancellation of all post stations.
Postal system originated from slave countries, prevailed in feudal society, and ended with the decline of feudal system. Although the communication between post and beacon tower was the imperial tool of feudal dynasty, it was also the beginning of organized communication in China. It not only occupies a certain position in the history of postal communication in China, but also makes an important contribution to promoting social progress and human civilization.
Second, China ancient folk communication organizations
The post office is the government's communication agency, which only delivers official documents. Ordinary people can only convey information by asking people to convey it, but it is slow and easy to delay and lose. There are many stories about "Hongyan's Biography" in China ancient books, which shows how difficult it is for ancient people to communicate. Today, people still regard Hongyan as a symbol of postal communication, which shows that the people have high hopes for postal communication.
The formation of folk communication organizations began in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, it was mainly due to the development of social economy, especially the needs of commerce and trade. First of all, between Chang 'an and Luoyang, there is a "post donkey" serving folk businessmen. At that time, there was another method called "flying money", that is, businessmen from all over the world deposited the money from selling goods in Chang 'an in the office of Chang 'an local government, and then returned it to the local government with a receipt. This is the bud of today's remittance business. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that the People's Information Bureau appeared. In the southwestern provinces, there has also been a "horse meeting" to visit relatives with letters. According to legend, the farmers who moved to Xiaogan Township, Macheng County, Hubei Province, missed their hometown and made an appointment to send representatives back to their hometown every year to bring some local products and letters back and forth. Later, a people's letter bureau was gradually formed.
The Human Resources and Social Security Bureau began to appear in coastal cities with convenient transportation and developed trade, and then gradually developed to the mainland. The People's Information Bureau is a profit-making private organization. On the one hand, they do it in favorable places, and no one cares in remote areas; On the other hand, in order to attract business, they compete with each other to provide convenience for customers, such as sending people to collect letters and remit money, which can also be charged, which has promoted the rapid development of the Human Resources and Social Security Bureau. During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty (182 1 to 1874), the People's Information Bureau reached its peak, and there were thousands of People's Information Bureaus throughout the country. Some set up their headquarters in Shanghai, a commercial center, and set up branches and offices in various places. The People's Information Bureau is interrelated and forms a non-governmental exchange network.
Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, some poor people in coastal areas such as Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang have been trafficked abroad to work as coolies in order to make a living. These overseas Chinese who live overseas have to correspond with their relatives and friends in the motherland, or send goods and remittances back to the motherland, and the "Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau" came into being. In fact, the Overseas Chinese Information Bureau is the Overseas Chinese Information Bureau. Because Fujian dialect calls "letter" as "batch", it is called Overseas Chinese Information Bureau, which serves overseas Chinese communication. Due to its thoughtful service to overseas Chinese and outstanding reputation, the Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau almost monopolized the business of sending letters and remittances by overseas Chinese.
Since foreign capitalism invaded China, the feudal ruling class allowed the invaders to seize the postal rights of China, and colluded with foreigners, using their special rights of being an official and a foreigner, forcing the People's Information Bureau to register, accepting the leadership of the Customs and Postal Service, restricting the People's Information Bureau from sending mail to ships, and adopting capitalist competition means, which made most People's Information Bureaus in an inoperable position. By 1935, the People's Information Bureau had been forcibly closed by the Kuomintang, and until the eve of liberation, there were more than 100 overseas Chinese approval bureaus.
Third, the semi-feudal and semi-colonial postal service.
From the Opium War in 1840 to the eve of national liberation in 1949, during the semi-feudal and semi-colonial years of 100, China lost its postal rights at the same time, resulting in a chaotic situation in which the postal route, the People's Information Bureau, the Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau, the passenger station, the customs and the Daqing Station coexisted one after another.
(1) "Guest Mail"
Since 1840, the closed door of China feudal dynasty was opened by capitalist invaders, and China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. First, Britain set up a British post office in China, and then France, the United States, Germany, Russia, Japan and other countries also set up their own post offices in China. The Qing government called these foreign post offices that robbed China of postal rights "guest post". These so-called "guest mails" are almost all over the country, from coastal areas to inland areas, and even to remote areas such as Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia. The purpose of setting up "guest post" in China by imperialist powers is not to facilitate the use of postal services by our people, but to serve our political, military, economic and cultural aggression. Some countries also use "guest mail" to traffic opium, morphine and other drugs in large quantities, and smuggle and evade taxes. "Postal accommodation" is actually a place that plunders our wealth and poisons our people. It was not until 192 1 that the "China Passenger Mail Case" was cancelled at the nine-nation Pacific Conference and the arms limitation conference held in the United States. Japan's "guest mail" in Northeast China and Britain's "guest mail" in Tibet depend on it. After India's independence, it inherited Britain's "tolerance mail" in Tibet until 1 April 19541.
Beacon tower is one of the most important components of the Wan Li Great Wall defense project. Its function is to serve as a facility for transmitting military information. Beacon, a tool for transmitting information, has a long history. When the Great Wall was first built, it was well used and gradually improved, which became the best way to transmit military information in ancient times. The way to spread is to burn smoke during the day and raise fire at night, because the sun is very strong during the day and the fire is not easy to see, and it can be seen far away at night. This is a very scientific and fast way of information transmission. In order to report the number of invading enemy soldiers, the number of smoke and fire is used to distinguish. In the Ming Dynasty, the number of cigarettes and torches was also increased, so as to enhance the effect of alarm and make military information transmit thousands of miles in an instant. In the absence of telephone and radio communication in ancient times, this method of transmitting military information can be said to be very rapid. The layout of the beacon tower is also very important. It is important to arrange it in a place where mountains are dangerous, or where peaks turn, and it must be that all three stations can see each other for easy viewing and transmission. Beacon Tower used to be called Pavilion, Pavilion Tunnel and Beacon Tower in Han Dynasty, and Yandun in Ming Dynasty. In addition to transmitting military information, it also protects the safety of diplomatic envoys, provides accommodation, supplies horses and other services. In some sections of the Great Wall, there are only beacon towers and pavilions without walls, which shows the importance of beacon towers in the Great Wall defense system.
Information technology, in the last two or three decades, is the fastest stage of scientific and technological development in history, and all kinds of high-tech have mushroomed, among which information technology is the most prominent and has become the most active field of contemporary new technological revolution. Information technology is a comprehensive high-tech consisting of computer technology, communication technology, information processing technology and control technology. It is the foundation and core of all high technologies. Its development is based on the progress of electronic technology, especially microelectronics technology. Information technology plays a leading role in the development of other high-tech, which in turn promotes the faster development of information technology. Generally speaking, other technologies act on energy and matter, while information technology has changed people's understanding of space, time and knowledge. The extensive application of information technology will fully tap human intellectual resources and play a catalytic and multiplier role in the performance of various production factors, including energy and material resources.
Since there is no unified and accepted definition of information so far, it is impossible to have a unified and accepted definition of information technology. It is generally believed that the so-called information technology is the sum total of all means for human beings to develop and utilize information resources.
Information technology includes not only the generation, collection, representation, detection, processing and storage of information, but also the transmission, transformation, display, identification, extraction, control and utilization of information. Visible, as a general sense of information technology, its history is almost as long as information, because as long as there is information, it will play a role, and information that cannot play a role is meaningless. And various technologies that make information work are not only available in modern times, but also in ancient times. In terms of information transmission, it is an important part of information technology. In ancient times, it was done by gestures; In ancient times, it was carried out with beacon towers and post stations; In modern times, it is realized by telephone, telegraph, television, fax, microwave and communication satellite. Although the functions and efficiency of the three eras are not the same, their purpose is the same, that is, to transmit information as accurately and quickly as possible. This is the case with information transmission technology, and so are other components of information technology. Although the embryonic form of information technology has existed for a long time, it is only in recent decades that people really pay attention to it as a technology and systematically study, develop and utilize it. The development of information technology is almost the same as that of information. Before the 1960s, computer technology was mainly used in the military. Since the early 1960s, computer technology has been gradually used in information processing. After 1970s, especially in 1990s, with the rapid development of computer technology, database technology, communication technology and network technology, information processing technology seems to have inserted powerful wings and entered a new stage of rapid development. Therefore, in a sense, a history of human civilization is a history of information technology development.
Ancient information management thought
The main purpose of the Great Wall in Wan Li is to defend against the enemy's invasion, so it is very important to transmit information in time and master the enemy's situation, and its information dissemination technology and methods are amazing. The beacon tower on the Great Wall plays the role of "information source", using smoke during the day and fire as the medium to transmit information at night. According to the Ming dynasty, the enemy came 100 people, and it was shown with a smoke and a shot; 500 people, two cigarettes and two cannons; More than 1000 people, three cigarettes and three guns; More than five thousand people, five cigarettes and five cannons. This kind of information transmission is fixed (the enemy will attack) and quantitative (the number of enemies coming). With the cooperation of bong, light and sound simultaneously, military information can be accurately transmitted to command organs thousands of miles away in a few hours. Sun Wu, a famous strategist in ancient China, attached great importance to the role of information and intelligence. Sun Tzu's art of war includes: "know yourself and know yourself, and you will be invincible;" Know yourself and yourself, one wins and one loses; I don't know if he doesn't know himself, and he will lose every battle. "Not only in the military, but also in economic management. During the Tang Dynasty, Ada established a national information network to quickly grasp the economic information and price situation of all parts of the country. He sent the official documents to the court by express mail, set up court officials, collected information on the quality of various crops, changes in market prices, and the shortage of materials from all directions, and sent them to the recruited "catch the feet" and passed them station by station. Within a few days, information from all over the country can be quickly transmitted to Ada, and then Ada and others will synthesize the information from all over the country and make decisions. Because of the flexible information and many channels, the market has remained stable for many years, and the country has mastered enough funds. Despite decades of war, it still ensured the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty and the safety of the people. It can be seen that information management plays an important role in national political and economic development. First, the ancient post stations in China used beacon towers for communication.
The earliest communication records in China came from Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins. Yin is the Shang Dynasty, also known as Yin Shang. The capital of Yin is now Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, tortoise shells and animal bones were dug up here and engraved with words, which were later called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, during the Pan Geng period of Shang Dynasty (about 1400 BC), Xu bian reported the military situation to the emperor, and there were two houses of "playing drums". After textual research, "Laigu" is similar to today's reconnaissance signal soldiers. There is also a record of "simplified books" in the ancient book "Waiting for Classics", which is an official emergency document engraved with animal bones and passed by signal soldiers. "Jian Shu" originated in the late Yin Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty (BC12nd century-BC 1 1 century), which is the predecessor of postal service.
The communication between post office and beacon tower originated from the political and military needs of slave countries. According to historical records, in the era of Zhou Youwang 2700 years ago, there was a method of communication by using beacon towers. There is a story about beacon communication called Daughter Laughs. The central idea of the story is that Zhou Youwang has a lovely princess who praises her. Although she is beautiful, she refuses to smile easily. To this end, Zhou Youwang made a reward: "Whoever can make the empress laugh will be rewarded with one thousand Jin of gold" (copper was called gold at that time). So someone came up with a way to light a bonfire, hoping to get a smile from the queen. One night, Zhou Youwang boarded the tower with a lovely princess and ordered bonfires to be lit everywhere. When the neighboring governors saw the bonfire, they thought that Xirong (a tribe in the west at that time) was attacking, so they led the troops to the city gate to rescue them, but they saw bright lights and loud drums. I didn't know it was a funny thing that Zhou Youwang made fun of the queen until I asked. Every Norhou dared to be angry and dare not speak, so he had to retreat back to camp angrily. Big sister saw it and really smiled indifferently. But not long after, Xirong really attacked. Although the bonfire was lit, no reinforcements arrived. As it turns out, the governors think that Zhou Youwang is doing the same thing again. As a result, Xirong captured the castle and killed Zhou Youwang, thus destroying the surrounding area. This historical story not only vividly depicts the use of beacon communication at that time, but also warns future generations not to take communication seriously no matter who and when the enterprise is.
Using beacon towers to transmit information is faster, but it can only play the role of alarm, which is difficult to meet the needs of grasping the enemy's situation and commanding operations. Therefore, with the development of society and the needs of politics and military affairs, from "Laigu" in Shang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty, a relatively strict postal system for delivering government documents was gradually formed, and it complemented and cooperated with beacon towers.
After Qin Shihuang unified China (22 BC1year), he practiced Chidao all over the country, "cars are on the same track, books are in the same language", established a network of post stations centered on Xianyang, the capital of China, and formulated post laws, such as how to bind bamboo slips, seal them with ink, seal them for confidentiality, etc. How to supply food and grass for postal personnel; How to receive past officials and servants. By 1960, postal service had formed the earliest postal law in China.
The postal service in Han Dynasty inherited the system of Qin Dynasty, and its unified name was "Postal Service". It is stipulated that five miles is one, ten miles is a pavilion, and three miles is set. With the formation of the "Silk Road", postal services have also reached India, Myanmar, Persia and other countries. By the Tang Dynasty, postal services had developed greatly. There are more than 65,438+0,600 land post offices, water post offices and land post offices in China. It also stipulates the itinerary and has a performance appraisal and inspection system. When performing tasks, the postal department carries with it "mail roll" or "letter card" and other identity documents.
In the Song Dynasty, due to frequent wars, there were a large number of military emergency official documents, which required fast and safe. As a result, the postman served by the civilian worker was changed to a soldier, and an "express delivery shop" was added, with three kinds of gold, silver and bronze medals. The gold medal travels 500 Li a day, the silver medal 400 Li and the bronze spleen 300 Li. Carry out the relay of changing people and horses at each station. In the Yuan Dynasty, due to the expansion of military scope and territory, there were 1496 post stations in the whole country, and the post stations were renamed as post stations.
In the Ming Dynasty, on the basis of following the old system, due to the increasingly developed maritime traffic, the headquarters and seven voyages to the West were established, and a maritime post office was also opened. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 0/600 official post stations/KLOC-,with more than 70,000 postmen and more than 40,000 post horses, which were under the charge of the Ministry of War. /kloc-after the middle of the 0/9th century, the funds of the post office were mostly filled by officials' corruption, and the post office administration was abandoned. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, modern postal services were gradually emerging, and the role of post stations was gradually disappearing. Therefore, in 19 13, 1, Beiyang government announced the cancellation of all post stations.
Postal system originated from slave countries, prevailed in feudal society, and ended with the decline of feudal system. Although the communication between post and beacon tower was the imperial tool of feudal dynasty, it was also the beginning of organized communication in China. It not only occupies a certain position in the history of postal communication in China, but also makes an important contribution to promoting social progress and human civilization.
Second, China ancient folk communication organizations
The post office is the government's communication agency, which only delivers official documents. Ordinary people can only convey information by asking people to convey it, but it is slow and easy to delay and lose. There are many stories about "Hongyan's Biography" in China ancient books, which shows how difficult it is for ancient people to communicate. Today, people still regard Hongyan as a symbol of postal communication, which shows that the people have high hopes for postal communication.
The formation of folk communication organizations began in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, it was mainly due to the development of social economy, especially the needs of commerce and trade. First of all, between Chang 'an and Luoyang, there is a "post donkey" serving folk businessmen. At that time, there was another method called "flying money", that is, businessmen from all over the world deposited the money from selling goods in Chang 'an in the office of Chang 'an local government, and then returned it to the local government with a receipt. This is the bud of today's remittance business. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that the People's Information Bureau appeared. In the southwestern provinces, there has also been a "horse meeting" to visit relatives with letters. According to legend, the farmers who moved to Xiaogan Township, Macheng County, Hubei Province, missed their hometown and made an appointment to send representatives back to their hometown every year to bring some local products and letters back and forth. Later, a people's letter bureau was gradually formed.
The Human Resources and Social Security Bureau began to appear in coastal cities with convenient transportation and developed trade, and then gradually developed to the mainland. The People's Information Bureau is a profit-making private organization. On the one hand, they do it in favorable places, and no one cares in remote areas; On the other hand, in order to attract business, they compete with each other to provide convenience for customers, such as sending people to collect letters and remit money, which can also be charged, which has promoted the rapid development of the Human Resources and Social Security Bureau. During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty (182 1 to 1874), the People's Information Bureau reached its peak, and there were thousands of People's Information Bureaus throughout the country. Some set up their headquarters in Shanghai, a commercial center, and set up branches and offices in various places. The People's Information Bureau is interrelated and forms a non-governmental exchange network.
Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, some poor people in coastal areas such as Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang have been trafficked abroad to work as coolies in order to make a living. These overseas Chinese who live overseas have to correspond with their relatives and friends in the motherland, or send goods and remittances back to the motherland, and the "Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau" came into being. In fact, the Overseas Chinese Information Bureau is the Overseas Chinese Information Bureau. Because Fujian dialect calls "letter" as "batch", it is called Overseas Chinese Information Bureau, which serves overseas Chinese communication. Due to its thoughtful service to overseas Chinese and outstanding reputation, the Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau almost monopolized the business of sending letters and remittances by overseas Chinese.
Since foreign capitalism invaded China, the feudal ruling class allowed the invaders to seize the postal rights of China, and colluded with foreigners, using their special rights of being an official and a foreigner, forcing the People's Information Bureau to register, accepting the leadership of the Customs and Postal Service, restricting the People's Information Bureau from sending mail to ships, and adopting capitalist competition means, which made most People's Information Bureaus in an inoperable position. By 1935, the People's Information Bureau had been forcibly closed by the Kuomintang, and until the eve of liberation, there were more than 100 overseas Chinese approval bureaus.
Third, the semi-feudal and semi-colonial postal service.
From the Opium War in 1840 to the eve of national liberation in 1949, during the semi-feudal and semi-colonial years of 100, China lost its postal rights at the same time, resulting in a chaotic situation in which the postal route, the People's Information Bureau, the Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau, the passenger station, the customs and the Daqing Station coexisted one after another.
(1) "Guest Mail"
Since 1840, the closed door of China feudal dynasty was opened by capitalist invaders, and China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. First, Britain set up a British post office in China, and then France, the United States, Germany, Russia, Japan and other countries also set up their own post offices in China. The Qing government called these foreign post offices that robbed China of postal rights "guest post". These so-called "guest mails" are almost all over the country, from coastal areas to inland areas, and even to remote areas such as Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia. The purpose of setting up "guest post" in China by imperialist powers is not to facilitate the use of postal services by our people, but to serve our political, military, economic and cultural aggression. Some countries also use "guest mail" to traffic opium, morphine and other drugs in large quantities, and smuggle and evade taxes. "Postal accommodation" is actually a place that plunders our wealth and poisons our people. It was not until 192 1 that the "China Passenger Mail Case" was cancelled at the nine-nation Pacific Conference and the arms limitation conference held in the United States. Japan's "guest mail" in Northeast China and Britain's "guest mail" in Tibet depend on it. After India's independence, it inherited Britain's "tolerance mail" in Tibet until 1 April 19541.
Beacon tower is one of the most important components of the Wan Li Great Wall defense project. Its function is to serve as a facility for transmitting military information. Beacon, a tool for transmitting information, has a long history. When the Great Wall was first built, it was well used and gradually improved, which became the best way to transmit military information in ancient times. The way to spread is to burn smoke during the day and raise fire at night, because the sun is very strong during the day and the fire is not easy to see, and it can be seen far away at night. This is a very scientific and fast way of information transmission. In order to report the number of invading enemy soldiers, the number of smoke and fire is used to distinguish. In the Ming Dynasty, the number of cigarettes and torches was also increased, so as to enhance the effect of alarm and make military information transmit thousands of miles in an instant. In the absence of telephone and radio communication in ancient times, this method of transmitting military information can be said to be very rapid. The layout of the beacon tower is also very important. It is important to arrange it in a place where mountains are dangerous, or where peaks turn, and it must be that all three stations can see each other for easy viewing and transmission. Beacon Tower used to be called Pavilion, Pavilion Tunnel and Beacon Tower in Han Dynasty, and Yandun in Ming Dynasty. In addition to transmitting military information, it also protects the safety of diplomatic envoys, provides accommodation, supplies horses and other services. In some sections of the Great Wall, there are only beacon towers and pavilions without walls, which shows the importance of beacon towers in the Great Wall defense system.
Information technology, in the last two or three decades, is the fastest stage of scientific and technological development in history, and all kinds of high-tech have mushroomed, among which information technology is the most prominent and has become the most active field of contemporary new technological revolution. Information technology is a comprehensive high-tech consisting of computer technology, communication technology, information processing technology and control technology. It is the foundation and core of all high technologies. Its development is based on the progress of electronic technology, especially microelectronics technology. Information technology plays a leading role in the development of other high-tech, which in turn promotes the faster development of information technology. Generally speaking, other technologies act on energy and matter, while information technology has changed people's understanding of space, time and knowledge. The extensive application of information technology will fully tap human intellectual resources and play a catalytic and multiplier role in the performance of various production factors, including energy and material resources.
Since there is no unified and accepted definition of information so far, it is impossible to have a unified and accepted definition of information technology. It is generally believed that the so-called information technology is the sum total of all means for human beings to develop and utilize information resources.
Information technology includes not only the generation, collection, representation, detection, processing and storage of information, but also the transmission, transformation, display, identification, extraction, control and utilization of information. Visible, as a general sense of information technology, its history is almost as long as information, because as long as there is information, it will play a role, and information that cannot play a role is meaningless. And various technologies that make information work are not only available in modern times, but also in ancient times. In terms of information transmission, it is an important part of information technology. In ancient times, it was done by gestures; In ancient times, it was carried out with beacon towers and post stations; In modern times, it is realized by telephone, telegraph, television, fax, microwave and communication satellite. Although the functions and efficiency of the three eras are not the same, their purpose is the same, that is, to transmit information as accurately and quickly as possible. This is the case with information transmission technology, and so are other components of information technology. Although the embryonic form of information technology has existed for a long time, it is only in recent decades that people really pay attention to it as a technology and systematically study, develop and utilize it. The development of information technology is almost the same as that of information. Before the 1960s, computer technology was mainly used in the military. Since the early 1960s, computer technology has been gradually used in information processing. After 1970s, especially in 1990s, with the rapid development of computer technology, database technology, communication technology and network technology, information processing technology seems to have inserted powerful wings and entered a new stage of rapid development. Therefore, in a sense, a history of human civilization is a history of information technology development.