(1) The first industrial revolution: it was a leap from workshop handicraft industry to machine mass production. It is not only a revolution in production technology, but also a profound social revolution, which has caused great changes in production relations.
(2) The second industrial revolution:19th century, with the development of capitalist economy, natural science research has made great progress. Around 1870, various new technologies and inventions emerged one after another, which were quickly applied to industrial production and promoted economic development.
(3) The third scientific and technological revolution: it is another great leap in the field of science and technology after the steam technology revolution and the electric power technology revolution in the history of human civilization. It not only greatly promotes the changes in the economic, political and cultural fields of human society, but also affects the way of life and thinking of human beings, and makes human social life and human modernization develop to a higher level. This is by far the largest and most far-reaching scientific and technological revolution in human history.
2. The conditions and development characteristics of the rise of the three industrial revolutions (scientific and technological revolutions)
(1) The preconditions of the first industrial revolution: ① the establishment of British bourgeois rule. ② The enclosure movement made a large number of farmers become paid workers. (3) Slave trade and colonial plunder brought a lot of capital. (4) accumulated production technology and scientific knowledge in handicraft industry period. ⑤ The largest colonial country was formed and the foreign market expanded. Development characteristics: ① Starting from Britain. ② It happened in England (1mid-8th century) and spread to France, America, Germany, Italy, Russia, Austria and Japan. (3) From the point of view of the invention and use of the machine, it was mainly done by workers and technicians with practical experience. ④ Human society has entered the "age of steam".
(2) Prerequisites for the second industrial revolution: ① 65438+The establishment of the capitalist system in the 1960s and 1970s in 2009 provided political guarantee for the second industrial revolution. Since the first industrial revolution, the continuous progress of science and technology has accumulated experience for the second industrial revolution. ③ The capitalist world system was initially formed, and the capitalist world market was formed. (4) the accumulation of capital, the development of capital and the plunder of colonies have accumulated a lot of capital. ⑤ Great development of natural science. Development characteristics: ① The second industrial revolution occurred almost simultaneously in several developed capitalist countries. ② The new development of natural science began to be closely combined with industrial production, and science and technology played an important role. In some countries, two industrial revolutions were carried out simultaneously. The application of scientific and technological achievements in industry has had a great impact in three aspects: a, the development and utilization of new energy; B. Creation of new machines and products; C, long-distance communication; Five, people have entered the "electrical age" from "age of steam", and a new traffic age has arrived.
(3) Prerequisites for the third scientific and technological revolution: ① The world situation is relatively stable after World War II. (2) There has been a breakthrough in the theory of electronic science, and the development of science and technology has a certain material and technical foundation. (3) Social needs, especially during and after World War II, countries urgently need science and technology. Development characteristics: ① Science and technology play an increasingly important role in promoting the development of productive forces, and the speed of transforming science and technology into direct productive forces is accelerated. ② Science and technology are closely combined and mutually promoted, which makes the field of scientific research and exploration open continuously. (3) Science and technology permeate each other. On the one hand, there are more and more disciplines, more and more detailed division of labor, and more and more in-depth research. On the other hand, the relationship between disciplines is getting closer and closer, the degree of mutual penetration is getting deeper and deeper, and scientific research is developing in a comprehensive direction. It is an important feature of the third scientific and technological revolution that military technology takes the lead in breaking through and then drives civilian technology.