There are four views on the historical origin of Hani nationality in ethnology and historiography: ① the East; (2) The theory of multicultural integration of two ethnic origins; (3) The local theory on both sides of the Red River; ④ The theory of "Qiang clan" moving southward. In the East, some Hani people in southern Yunnan trace their genealogy with their father and son names back to Yingtianfu, Liushuwan in Nanjing, or Shanxi, Henan, Jiangxi, Guizhou and other places. On this basis, it is considered that the origin of Hani nationality and Han nationality is the same. According to the theory of multicultural integration of two ethnic sources, the Hani people engaged in mountain farming today are "a new type of rice-growing people, which is composed of nomadic tribes in the south of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and rice-growing people in the south of Yunnan Plateau-Yi and Yue". On the origin of nationalities, "it should be a two-way compound, that is, the cross-integration of indigenous peoples in the south and nomadic peoples in the north." As far as culture is concerned, it is a kind of "integration of southern Yiyue coastal culture and northern nomadic plateau culture." (Shi Junchao's Hani Nationality and "Shi Qiang System", Yunnan National Culture, No.5, 1987). Based on the unearthed cultural relics, the theory of aborigines on both sides of the Red River holds that the Hani people are aborigines in the Red River region and have nothing to do with the nationalities in the northwest plateau. (Sun, On the Red River Basin as One of the Important Areas of Early Human Development, published in the 3rd issue of Red River Cultural Relics, 1986. It is a popular view that "Qiang clan" moved south. It is considered that the Hani nationality and more than a dozen Yi language branches in Yunnan Province today have the same mainstream as the ancient Qiang nationality. According to historical records such as Historical Records, Hanshu and Houhanshu, the Qiang people first nomadic on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the Qin Xiangong period (384-362 BC), the influence of the Qin Dynasty expanded rapidly, and the Qiang people were forced to migrate everywhere. In the process of migration, the Qiang people who moved south continued to multiply, forming a number of tribes, such as the cattle-consuming species, the Yue Qiang, the White Horse species, the Guanghan Qiang and so on, living in the vast areas of southwest Sichuan, northwest Yunnan and northeast Yunnan. Historians call these Qiang people who migrated to the south "He Yi". Although He Yi's name not only refers to a nation, it undoubtedly includes the ancestors of the Hani nationality. This record is basically consistent with the folklore of Hani nationality in Ailaoshan area. According to legend, the ancestors of Hani people once lived in a place called "Numa Ami" in the far north, and then gradually moved south, living in the vast areas of "Guha" and "Bua" (referring to Dianchi Lake and Erhai Lake) and living together with "Kunming people". Later, due to foreign invasion, it moved south in two routes: one was that "He Yi" moved from southwest Sichuan to Kunming in Dianchi Lake, and then moved south to the mountainous area of Liu Zhao in southeast Yunnan; One moved from northwest Yunnan to Pingba Lake in Dali, and then went south to Ailao Mountain, Jingdong, Jinggu, Zhenyuan and Xinping to Shiping, Jianshui, Mengzi and Kaiyuan, and then to Yuanjiang, Mojiang, Honghe, Yuanyang, Lvchun, Jiangcheng and Xishuangbanna. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the ancestors of Hani and Yi people were both called "Wuman". At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the Hani people began to gradually differentiate from the barbarians, and the Hani people scattered in the vast areas of Ailao Mountain and Wuliangshan Mountain were called "Harmony Mud". The "Heman" tribe, which appeared in the mountainous area of Liu Zhao in the southeast of Yunnan, paid tribute to the Tang Dynasty many times and began political and economic ties with the Central Plains. After the rise of Nanzhao, Hani people all over the country directly belonged to Nanzhao, and together with Yi people in Northeast China and South Yunnan, they were called Thirty-seven Yi people. Among them, Yuan Yin (Yuanjiang), Situo (Honghe), Xichu (Jinping Yuanyang), Robbie (Lvchun), Mo Wei (Qiubei, Luxi and Guangnan) and Qiang County (Wenshan, Yanshan and Xichou) are mostly Hani, and they are ruled by Nanzhao slavery regime. /kloc-in the middle of the 20th century, Duan Siping led 37 barbarians to join forces in Shicheng (Qujing) and drove directly to Erhai Lake. In 937, he destroyed Yang's slavery regime and established the feudal lords regime in Dali, Yunnan. Hani tribe, because of Duan's enfeoffment in Dali, began to establish the system of lords. Qiang County is the most powerful among the Hani people in the mountainous areas of Liu Zhao. Its owner, Long Haiji, was "often impressed by the barbarians" (see "New Edition of Yunnan Annals", Volume 174, "Tusi Kao Hua Kai Mansion"). ), unified the size of the Lord. During the reign of Emperor Youdi of the Song Dynasty, Yang, the leader of the Song Dynasty, was named a mountain area by the Song Dynasty, and the generation was the Emperor Tai Shang of Southeast Yunnan. The Hani nationality in southeast Yunnan has a close relationship with the Central Plains. /kloc-In the middle of 0/3rd century, the Yuan Dynasty destroyed Dali regime, unified ministries and established Yunnan Province. In the sixth year of Yuan Xianzong (1256), Awan House was established (changed to Lin 'an House in the thirteenth year of Zhiyuan), and now it governs most of Honghe Prefecture and one of Wenshan Prefecture. Long Jianneng, the ninth Long Haiji, was appointed as the general manager of Awanfu, which strengthened his ties with the mainland. The Hani people in Ailaoshan area began to enter the feudal lords society in the middle of 10 century. 1256 years later, John Wan, Situo, Tulu, Robbie and Xixi were established in the Yuan Dynasty, with Hani leaders as local officials, which were respectively assigned to Yunnan provinces. Later, John Wan House was changed to Yuanjiang Military and Civilian House and Yuanjiang Road, which governed the ministries of Hani nationality in Ailao Mountain area and strengthened direct rule. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming army invaded Yunnan, and Sun Ning of 16 rose up against the Yuan Dynasty, making the Ming army directly attack Liang, quickly destroying the last rule of the Yuan Dynasty in Yunnan and changing Yunnan into the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Minister lawsuits have been set up in the Hani area of Ailaoshan, and most of them are filled by Hani local officials. Local officials of Hani ethnic groups around the country are closer to the Central Plains dynasty. Local officials, such as Si Tuo Zhe Bi, En, Luo Afreyou and Waza Aying, respectively accepted the Han surnames given by the Ming Dynasty, such as Li, Zhao, Chen and Qian. In the early Ming Dynasty, Yunnan implemented military camps, private enterprises and water conservancy projects to develop production. Many Han people have entered Hani areas, bringing advanced production tools and technologies, promoting the economic development of Hani society and changing the economic structure. At that time, Liu Zhaoshan's "fertile land and rich crops" (Hua Kai Prefecture Records of Qianlong, Volume 9, Custom Education). /kloc-After the middle of the 4th century, the Hani people in Xinping, Yuanjiang, Mojiang, Pu 'er and Zhenyuan gradually transformed into feudal landlord economy. Li Dingguo, the remnant of the peasant uprising army in the late Ming Dynasty, established an anti-Qing base area in Yunnan with the support of Hani and other nationalities. After the Qing troops entered Yunnan, Long Tao, the leader of the Hani nationality, united with the Hani nationality in Liuzhaoshan and Ailaoshan, and elected Lu Changxian, the local official of Ningzhou (Huaning), as the leader. 1665, an anti-Qing uprising swept the whole south-central Yunnan. After the failure of the uprising, the Qing government abolished the territory of all local officials in the mountainous areas of Liu Zhao, and changed the land into streams, belonging to Hua Kai and Guangxi, thus ending the nearly 500-year rule of the Long family of Hani nationality in southeastern Yunnan. Hani residents gradually merged with other ethnic groups, while others moved to Ailaoshan area on the south bank of Honghe River. At this point, the Hani nationality in the mountainous area of Liu Zhao in southeastern Yunnan has basically disappeared. At the same time, the Qing government also implemented the policy of returning farmland to streams in Ailaoshan area, and abolished the long lawsuit of Luobidian, which was under the jurisdiction of Yuanjiang government. The long lawsuit of Malone's Tanlang Hall and the long lawsuit of Niu Wu were changed to Tanlang Ding (Mojiang), which belongs to Pu 'er House. The toast system of Situo, Xixichu and Luofu will remain unchanged. (Yunnan Institute of History, Yunnan Ethnic Minorities, Yunnan People's Publishing House, 1996, pp. 82-86. ) 18 17, a new landlord in Zongha (now Panzhihua Township, Yuanyang County), gathered more than 700 people to rebel and called himself "King Winnie". The rebels once conquered Mali Village, Xinjie, Bajiaoling, Fengchunling, Xixi, Waza and other chieftain territories, which dealt a heavy blow to chieftain. After the failure of the uprising, Gao Luoyi was captured and killed. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/853, under the leadership of Tian Shiro (real name Tian Yizheng, Mojiang Hanikado), all ethnic groups in Zhenyuan, Mojiang and Xinping in the middle of Ailao Mountain rallied more than 3,000 people to revolt and once captured Ailao Mountain in zhenyuan county and southwest China. 1856, the rebel army formed an alliance with the peasant rebel army led by Li, and Tian Shiro was elected as the "Deputy Marshal of Yijia Military Forces" to lead the peasant rebel army in the middle and lower sections of Ailao Mountain respectively. The rebels once captured many places, effectively attacking feudal lords and the dark rule of the Qing Dynasty. 1870 12, Tian Shiro was captured and killed by the Qing soldiers the following year. 19 17, the Bajiaohe Miao people under the jurisdiction of Jinping Tusi District, led by the female "Miao Wang" horse, launched an uprising. Rumeibei, a young woman from Duosha Village in Yuanyang County, took the lead and led the local Hani rebels to fight bravely. She was named a general by Miao Wang. At the end of the year, the insurgents assembled in Maoshan, elected Rumeibei as the commander-in-chief of the allied forces, swept through the chieftain forces in various places, and dealt heavy blows to the loyalists many times. /kloc-in the spring of 0/920, the insurgents were defeated in Malutang-Maoshan area, and Lumeibei survived under the cover of the masses. The Hani people praised her heroic struggle for the people of all ethnic groups and called her "Duosha Abo" (meaning "grandpa" in Duosha village).