1. The earliest known human being in China was Yuanmou, P2 654.38+700,000 years ago.
2. The fundamental difference between humans and animals lies in whether they can make tools P2.
3. Time and place of life of Beijingers and cavemen P 1.3.4
4. In the evolution from ape to human, labor played a decisive role. P2
Beijingers use natural fire, while cavemen know how to make fire by hand, and have mastered polishing and drilling techniques. P4――5
6. Beijingers live in groups, and cavemen belong to the P5 clan.
7. Hemudu people live in the Yangtze River valley, and Banpo people live in the Yellow River valley, and both have used grinding stone tools P7-8.
8. Hemudu people grow rice and Banpo people grow millet. China is the first country in the world to grow rice and millet. P7―8
9. Private property and polarization between the rich and the poor appeared in the late Dawenkou culture. P7―P8
10, Yan Di and Huangdi tribe formed an alliance to form the future Chinese nation, and Yan Di and Huangdi were honored as the ancestors of the Chinese nation. P 12
1 1, known as the "ancestor of humanity" of the Chinese nation is the Yellow Emperor. P 13
12, Yao Shunyu's "abdication": the democratic election method of tribal alliance leaders. P 14
Chapter II Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States (13-40)
14 years, in 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first slavery dynasty in the history of China. P 15
15, the Tang dynasty destroyed the summer and established the Shang dynasty. After Pan Geng moved to Yin, the rule of Shang Dynasty was stable. P2 1
In BC 16 and BC 1046, Zhou Wuwang wiped out the Shang Dynasty, established the Zhou Dynasty and made its capital. P23
17, the western Zhou dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, which strengthened the rule over various places. P23――24 years old
In BC 18 and 77 1 year, the Western Zhou Dynasty perished. P24
19, Simu Wuding in Shang Dynasty is the largest bronze ware found in the world so far, and the unique Siyang Zun P26 was unearthed in Ningxiang, Hunan.
20. The bronze masks, large bronze statues and bronze sacred trees unearthed from Sanxingdui cultural site have attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign people. P27
2 1, the prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce formed the splendid bronze civilization of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China. P27
22. In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved eastward to Luoyang, known as the "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. P30
23. Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King Fu Cha of Wu and King Gou Jian of Yue. P30―32
On 24th, Qi Huangong put forward the slogan of "respect the king". P3 1
25. The battle that decided Jin Wengong to become the overlord of the Central Plains was the battle of Chengpu. P32
26. Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han "The Warring States Situation Map" P33
27. In 260 BC, the State of Qin and the State of Zhao fought in Changping, and Zhao was defeated. Since then, the six eastern countries have been unable to resist Qin Jun's attack. P34
28. During the Spring and Autumn Period, China began to use iron farm tools and Niu Geng and Niu Geng were a revolution in the history of agricultural development in China. P36―37
29. The popularization of iron farm tools and Niu Geng has significantly improved the land utilization rate and crop yield. P37
30. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, China invented pig iron smelting technology, which was 1900 years earlier than Europe. China is also the first country in the world to invent porcelain, which was made as early as Shang Dynasty. P27、P36
3 1 During the Warring States Period, Li Bing presided over the construction of Dujiangyan, a famous water conservancy project, making Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance". P37
32. The main content and significance of Shang Yang's political reform. P38―39
33. The words carved on tortoise shells or animal bones in Shang Dynasty are called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". P4 1
34. The written history of China began in Shang Dynasty P4 1.
35. The characters cast on bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties are called "inscriptions" or "inscriptions". P4 1
36. Records of solar and lunar eclipses and 24 solar terms P43
37. Bian Que was a famous doctor during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. He summed up the "four diagnoses" of traditional Chinese medicine. P43
38. Qu Yuan lived in Chu at the end of the Warring States Period, and his masterpiece Li Sao was P43.
39. The "complete set of bells" unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei Province. P44
40. Confucius's important contribution to ideological education and culture
4 1, Laozi, the founder of Taoist school in the late Spring and Autumn Period, whose theory is recorded in Tao Te Ching; During the Warring States Period, the founder of Mohism was Mozi.
He advocated "universal love" and "non-attack"; The representative figure of Confucianism is Mencius, who asked the rulers to govern the country with "benevolent government"; The representative figure of Taoism is Zhuangzi, who put forward "governing by doing nothing"; Han Fei, a representative of Legalism, advocated reform. The representative of a military strategist is Sun Wu, who wrote Sun Tzu's The Art of War and the military motto "Know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle" from this book.
P47―P49
Chapter III Qin, Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties (4 1-67)
42. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Qin destroyed six countries one after another, completed reunification and made Xianyang its capital. Qin dynasty territory map P60
In order to strengthen ideological control, Qin Shihuang accepted Li Si's suggestion of "burning books to bury Confucianism"
44. Qin Shihuang ordered Meng Tian, the general, to fight back against the Huns and seize the Hetao area.
45. The Great Wall starts from Lintao in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east. The construction of Lingqu connects the Yangtze River water system with the Pearl River water system. P59
46. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu launched an uprising in osawa Township, and established a political power P63 in Chen Jian.
47. In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital, which was called the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu bang is the emperor gaozu. P64
48. In the early Han Dynasty, the rulers learned the lessons from the death of Qin Dynasty, implemented a policy of recuperation, reduced the burden of corvee, military service and taxes on farmers, and attached importance to the development of agricultural production. P67
49. During the Wenjing period, we paid attention to "educating the people with morality", and the society was relatively stable and the people were rich. Historically, the rule of this period was called "the rule of culture and scenery".
50. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Zhu's suggestion and ordered to weaken the power of the vassal state. Accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". P68―69
5 1 In AD 25, Liu Xiu, the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. P69
52. Emperor Hanming of the East ordered Wang Jing, a water conservancy expert, to preside over the management of the Yellow River. P73
53. In the Han Dynasty, rickshaws were used to sow seeds, and the textile industry also had jacquard P73.
54. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Fu-shi invented drainage and used hydraulic blast to smelt iron, which was more than 1000 years earlier than in Europe. P74
55. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the outstanding leaders of Xiongnu took the initiative to unify the Mongolian grassland. P77
56. In BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack Xiongnu P78-79 in the north.
57. Uhaanyehe, the leader of Xiongnu, surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and Wang Zhaojun left the fortress and married Uhaanyehe, the emperor of the Han Dynasty. P79
58. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions. In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the capital of the Western Regions, and Xinjiang began to be under the jurisdiction of the central government. P83
59. Ban Chao governed the Western Regions in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ban Chao once sent his men Gan Ying to Daqin. /kloc-in 0/66, Daqin sent envoys to visit Luoyang, which was the first direct contact between European countries and China. P84―85
60、
Silk Road: China's silk and silk products started from Chang 'an, passed through Hexi Corridor and present-day Xinjiang, transported to West Asia, and then transported to Europe, and imported exotic treasures from western countries into China. This land artery connecting Chinese and western traffic is the famous Silk Road in history.
P83
6 1. China began to use paper as a writing material in the Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. P87
62. Nine Chapters of Arithmetic was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty and is a famous mathematical work. P88
63. The seismograph made by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty is recognized as the earliest seismic instrument P88 in the world.
64. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing, a "medical sage", wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases, while Hua Tuo created Ma Feisan, an anesthetic, and P89, a medical gymnastics "Five Birds Play".
65. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced into the Central Plains of China. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism rose among the people. One of the founders is Zhang Ling, who respects Lao Zi as a leader. P92―9 1
66. Wang Chong, a materialist thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote Lun Heng. P93
67. Sima Qian lived in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and wrote Historical Records, which is the first biographical general history of China. P94
68. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Mausoleum are the largest art treasure house P95 unearthed in the world so far.
Chapter IV The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties (68-84)
In 70 or 200 years, the battle between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao in Guandu laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north. P 102
7 1 In 2008, Cao Cao, who was allied with Sun Liu, attacked Battle of Red Cliffs, laying the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries. P 103― 104
In 72 and 220 AD, Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Wei and Luoyang as its capital. 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, and was known as Shu in history; In 222, Sun Quan became king, with the title of Wu, and later the capital of Jianye, and the situation of the Three Kingdoms was formed.
P 105
73. Sun Quan sent Wei Wen to lead a fleet of 10,000 people to Yizhou (now a province in Taiwan Province Province), which strengthened the ties between Yizhou and the mainland (P 106).
In 74 and 266 AD, Sima Yan established the Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called "Western Jin Dynasty" in history. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu, ending the separatist regime. P 108
75. Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, ethnic minorities such as Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jieertie, Di and Qiang have moved in one after another. P 109
In 76.3 16, the Western Jin Dynasty perished, and in 3 17, Si Marui, the royal family, rebuilt the Jin Dynasty and made its capital Jiankang, which was called "Eastern Jin Dynasty" in history.
In 77.383, the former Qin Dynasty competed with the Eastern Jin Dynasty for water, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty defeated the former Qin Dynasty with fewer victories. P 1 1O
In 78 and 420 AD, Emperor Wu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty established the Song Dynasty. Since then, the South has experienced four dynasties, namely Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, collectively known as the "Southern Dynasties".
79. After the split of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Four Dynasties appeared in the north. The Northern Wei Dynasty and the Four Dynasties are collectively called the Northern Dynasties. P 1 16
80. For the first time in the world, Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties calculated the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point. P 1 18
8 1, Jia Sixie of the Northern Dynasties wrote Qi Yao Min Shu, which is the first complete agricultural science work in China. P 1 19
82. The Notes on Shui Jing written by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty is a comprehensive geographical monograph. P 1 19
83. Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty wrote a famous book "Preface to Lanting", which was called "the sage of books" by later generations.
84. Gu Kaizhi's representative works in the Eastern Jin Dynasty include A History of Women and A Picture of Luoshen (P 123).
85. Fan Zhen, a thinker in the Southern Dynasties, wrote The Theory of Immortals. P 124
86. Famous grottoes in the Southern and Northern Dynasties: Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes P 124.
Questions and answers:
1. What is the content and significance of Shang Yang's reform?
In 356 BC, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to reform. P38―39
Content: The state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free trading. Those who reward ploughing and produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee. According to the size of military service, the title of Tian Zhai was granted, and the privileges of the old nobles who refused to serve in military service were abolished. Establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern.
Significance: Qin was the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States period, with developed economy and constantly strengthened military combat effectiveness.
2. What achievements did Confucius make in thought and education? P46―47
A: Ideologically, Confucius put forward the theory of "benevolence", advocated "loving others", and asked rulers to observe the people's feelings, cherish the people's strength, "govern the country by virtue" and oppose tyranny and arbitrary punishment and killing.
Education: founded a private school, regardless of family background and wealth, recruited disciples and trained 3000 students successively. Pay attention to "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and be good at inspiring students to think. Educate students to have an honest learning attitude and be open-minded and eager to learn. Ask students to review what they have learned from time to time, so as to "review the old and learn the new".
3. Evaluate Qin Shihuang. P57、P62
A: Qin Shihuang made a great contribution to the history of our country: he complied with public opinion and completed reunification. He claimed to be the emperor and was in charge of power; The central government has a Premier A Qiu and an ancient adviser who are in charge of administration, military affairs and supervision, and the final decision is made by the emperor. The local government implements the county system and establishes a centralized autocratic monarchy system. Unifying writing, currency and weights and measures, building the Great Wall and developing southern Xinjiang have consolidated unity and promoted economic and cultural exchanges among ethnic groups in various regions. At the same time, he was a cruel feudal emperor. He built a large number of palaces and tombs, which wasted a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources and affected people's normal production and life. He also enacted a cruel criminal law, which made people live in dire straits; He burned books to bury Confucianism, stifled ideas and destroyed culture. In a word, he is an emperor who has made great and greater contributions.
3. What measures did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty take to achieve reunification? P68、P74、P78
A: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took a series of measures to strengthen centralization.
(1) accepted Zhu Fuyan's suggestion, ordered the kings to distribute their land to their children, and established a smaller vassal state.
(2) Accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" and regard Confucianism as feudal orthodoxy. Set up imperial academy and carry out Confucian education.
(3) Put the local right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron into the central government, and forge five baht in a unified way to achieve economic unity.
(4) Militarily, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack the Huns in the north and seize the Hetao and Hexi Corridor areas.
The Western Han Dynasty achieved great unity in politics, ideology, economy and military affairs and entered its heyday.
5. What was the reason for the development of Jiangnan during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties? P 1 1 1
Answer: ① Jiangnan has abundant rainfall, hot climate and fertile land, which has favorable conditions for developing agriculture.
(2) A large number of people in the north moved to the south, bringing a large number of labor, advanced production technology and drought-resistant and cold-resistant crops.
③ Southern society is relatively stable.
(4) the strengthening of ethnic integration and the hard struggle of people of all ethnic groups.
The rulers attached great importance to economic development and adopted a series of measures.
6. What are the reform measures of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty and what are their historical significance?
A: After Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang, he further carried out reforms.
Content: the court must use Chinese, and Xianbei language is forbidden; Officials and their families must wear Han costumes; The Xianbei nationality was renamed Han nationality, and the royal family was renamed Yuan by Tuoba. Encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles; Adopt the official system and laws of the Han nationality; Learn Chinese etiquette, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly.
Significance: 1, promoting national integration; 2. Carry forward the traditional culture of China.