I. Animal executions
The history of this execution method may be longer than the history of human clothing and cultural relics. When human beings are still fighting against nature with stones and sticks, it is the simplest means of death to tie up an illegal similar person with rattan ropes and let animals spoil it. The earliest records tell us that in the 7th century BC, King Subani Barr of Assyria threw the convicted prisoner to a giant dog for a meal. Egyptians tend to use crocodiles. Indians, on the other hand, love tigers as "executors". As for China people, they are more inclined to the principle of "injustice will rise and attack", throwing criminals into rats, snakes and ants to verify the interdependence and exchange of opposing concepts such as strength, size, weight and thickness, and using large carnivores to deal with people with their bare hands. China people who despise bullying the weak scoff. It was the Romans who had an imaginary fascination with animal execution. At one time, "blackmail to death" prevailed in Rome, which was actually a punishment of drowning. But before drowning, the prisoner will be put into a leather bag with a monkey, a rooster, a dog, a cat and a snake, and then the mouth of the bag will be sewn tightly. The prisoner treated in this way was covered with colored marks before he was drowned. Throughout the Roman Empire, it was very popular to watch wild animals eat people, which was allowed by the code. All kinds of wild animals are used in this punishment: lions, tigers, leopards, bears, and occasionally wolves and dogs. All animals were starved to death or imprisoned in advance. The audience is a connoisseur, and there is no mistake in order. Generally speaking, tigers are more popular. They can eat all prisoners quickly. Bear style is appreciated by a small number of people with abnormal psychology. It knocked down the prisoner like a storm, but it was slow, slow, and chewed very carefully when eating. In addition to the direct treatment method, there is an indirect method, which is to torture with animal power. This is the case with the dismemberment and ponytail dragging in the history of China. In India, horses are usually replaced by cows or elephants. As for the Middle East or Africa, one-headed snakes are commonly used. Throughout the history of animal execution, the most terrible thing is a kind of punishment prevailing in France, Britain and the Netherlands in the Middle Ages, that is, the prisoner was stripped naked, tied to the bed with his back facing the sky, and only a pot or cage was buckled on his stomach, in which rats, ferrets or Dormice were placed, and then lit and heated. Animals that choose the road to escape panic will scratch and bite, open the prisoners' stomachs and go deep into their five intestines.
Second, laryngectomy
Throat cutting has always been a unique punishment in ancient Rome, so it is called "Roman punishment" and its essence is throat cutting. Different from beheading, in this kind of punishment, the head and trunk are not separated, but the implementation principles of these two punishments are the same, because the prisoner mainly died of suffocation and excessive blood loss, and the direct cause was that the carotid artery and aorta were cut off. Throat cutting is done with a dagger. But in Roman punishment, "laryngectomy" has never been listed as the main means of death penalty.
In the arena of ancient Rome, the injured one of the two gladiators would raise his arm after falling and point his left ring finger at the audience. On the one hand, he will admit defeat through this gesture, on the other hand, he will ask the audience for leniency. At this time, the winner will come to him, make a pattern of kneeling on one leg, control his head, put the knife under his head, hold his head high again, and wait for the verdict of his idea. If the loser tries his best in the fight and is brave and dexterous, they will raise their hands to show their forgiveness. If his performance is not satisfactory, they will point out his thumb and sentence him to death. If so, the president of the arena will drink:
Throat cutting does have some honor and tragic significance.
Throat cutting was also used to punish Rome's ideological opponent, Christians.
Some primitive tribes in Asia, Africa and Latin America also used laryngectomy in ceremonies. In Europe, throat cutting is only for aggravating punishment. Cut your throat, put it in a soldering iron, squeeze out your tongue, cut it off and hang it. In the code drawn up by King Henry IV of England, it is stipulated that the incision must be as high as the neck, so that the executioner can pull out the prisoner's tongue through the incision.
In the 20th century, Khmer people used laryngectomy again. They slowly cut the prisoner's throat with sharp palm leaves and kept cutting back and forth near the carotid artery. "Pull out a very thin incision and then pull it horizontally with all your strength. Blood immediately splashed everywhere and shot far away. " In this way, they executed thousands of people.
Third, the punishment of laparotomy.
The punishment is to pierce the prisoner's stomach with a sharp knife and open his mouth, causing five internal injuries and death. Greece and Rome only stopped killing the dead, while in ancient Persia, six to eight meters long intestines were pulled out and wrapped around the winch after being cut open, while Japan's punishment of cutting open the abdomen was carried out by itself to prove its loyalty and save lost honor. At the same time of caesarean section, a crown with heroic characteristics was put on the head of the deceased. Therefore, not all ordinary people are eligible for caesarean section. They are usually beheaded. In Japan, beheading means not only depriving people of their lives, but also insulting the soul of spiritual luck.
Fourth, throwing punishment.
The key to this punishment is to let the prisoner fall from a height. Of course, it can't be done where there is no height, such as in the desert. ...
From one area to another, the difference between throwing punishment is only where the prisoner finally landed. The Romans threw the prisoners into the karst stone forest, while the Greeks laid some sharp stones on the landing site. Persians like to choose streets with flat slate. On the other hand, Mexico put up an iron hook in the water and then threw people on it. The most flamboyant place in Europe is the pro-religious war, which advocates that soldiers should form a phalanx with spears and halberds in their hands. Then take the prisoner to the top of the tower, the city wall or the church, shout one, two, three and throw it down. Historian Khubbarah? Montelet wrote: "This is one of the most dramatic punishments, and it is very fun.".
In the middle of the twentieth century, French and American troops resumed throwing punishment. In Algeria and Vietnam, criminals who refuse to disclose information are often kicked out of helicopters. The location is not as elegant as in ancient times, but the throwing height is beyond the dreams of the ancients.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) hunger punishment
If the prisoner is simply starved to death, the creativity and intelligence of the torturers will not be reflected. In medieval Europe, the "hunger mask" was the most commonly used. When the mask is buckled on a person's face, an iron tongue is stuffed into the prisoner's mouth, forcing him to breathe. In this way, even if there is food everywhere, prisoners cannot eat until they starve to death. "Genius invention" is a kind of thing called "horror pear", which is made of iron and pear-shaped and can be opened by mechanism. Put it in the prisoner's mouth so that he can't shout, talk or eat. Some "scary pears" contain sharp thorns, which can be slowly extended from the brake opening, clamped up and pierced the throat. ...
In India and Myanmar, people sentenced to starvation will be blocked by molten lead water in their throats and mouths.
In Africa in the19th century, some tribes tied the bodies of murderers and victims together. Hand in hand, lips touching lips, these prisoners were immersed in rotten blood, hungry and thirsty, and died tragically and slowly.
Sometimes, hungry prisoners are allowed to overeat before starving to death, and then the urine is tightened, and then the anus is blocked and let it swell to death. During World War II, the Nazis often did this to criminals in concentration camps.
Sixth, crucify.
This kind of punishment existed in ancient Egypt and was widely used in Mediterranean coastal and Middle Eastern countries. Generally speaking, it is used to punish people with lower social status, such as slaves and beggars. Crucification is sometimes used to humiliate criminals who have committed heinous crimes.
As a torture device, the cross usually consists of two or three wooden stakes-if it is a quadrilateral cross, there are even four, with different shapes. Some are T-shaped, some are X-shaped, and some are Y-shaped. T-shaped crosses are mainly used to punish troublemakers, sometimes upside down, head down and feet up. Saint Pierre was executed in this way, it is said that he asked for it himself, because he felt that he could not be punished like Christ. Long before the prisoners and executioners arrived at the execution site, the straight rod of the cross had been inserted in the ground. The scene of Christ carrying the cross to the "skull" described by later generations is contrary to the facts from the point of view of punishment.
In the execution place, the prisoner is tied to the instrument of torture with a rope, but it is more common to nail directly, first nail the hand and then nail the foot. Nails will never be nailed to the palm of your hand, because the palm can't bear the weight of your body, it will tear and your arm may be liberated. Experienced executioners will nail spikes into a narrow gap between their wrists, which is now anatomically called the Desto's wide gap.
After entering the modern society, crucifixion still has its vitality. In the 1970s, Vietnamese soldiers crucified "traitors"; In 1980s, thieves in some countries were sentenced to this kind of punishment. In the 1990s, seven countries, including Sudan, put prisoners on the cross for public display.
Seven, buried alive
Buried alive is generally used in the holocaust. During the Warring States Period in China, Tian Lei, the general of the State of Qin, buried 400,000 soldiers of the State of Zhao alive, but Qin Shihuang's practice of burying Confucianism was nothing more than a drop in the bucket.
When the Romans punished women who broke the law, they also adopted the method of "burying them alive".
Before buried alive, the ancient Persians would throw prisoners from a height into a large number of deliberately burned ashes. Asphyxia caused by ashes entering prisoners' lungs is far more terrible than simple hypoxia caused by ordinary buried alive.
Gauls and Germans buried traitors and deserters alive. Goths use it specifically to deal with homosexuality. In medieval France, women were not hanged for "decency". After all, it is extremely impolite for a woman to hang in mid-air and shake her legs under everyone's eyes, and she must be buried alive. Records of modern buried alive can be found during the Vietnam War.
Eight, wooden stake punishment
For this kind of punishment, the encyclopedia of19th century defined it as "one of the creations that brought human cruelty to the extreme". The execution method is to insert a stake into the prisoner's body, the most common is to insert it into the anus and let him die.
According to the diameter of the stake, sometimes the anus is opened with a dilator or cut with a knife in advance, and then the executioner inserts the stake and nails it with a hammer. In some areas, after the stake is inserted 50 or 60 centimeters, the executioner will erect the stake and insert it into the copper coins that have been laid in advance, so that the stake will match the prisoner's own weight and go deep bit by bit until it passes through the armpit, chest, back or anus. Under normal circumstances, prisoners who are so "repaired" often have to endure torture for more than three days.
Stake punishment was particularly popular during the pro-Christian war in Europe. 1669 In Piedmont, Italy, Delatour, the daughter of a nobleman, died naked. A group of executioners marched holding her high, claiming that the body was their flag.
1958, king Yvonne's uncle was sentenced to a stake for homosexuality. He chose this punishment because he "likes to stuff his ass".
Nine, skinned alive
Peeling is peeling, which can be partial peeling or complete peeling.
In ancient India, peeling alive was also called "removing fine hair with a small fire", that is, burning the skin with a torch and roasting the body until it is medium-cooked. At this time, the live meat is completely separated from the skin attached to the body. Then, "Ignore the prisoner's cry and completely skin him ... His muscles are completely exposed, and his blood vessels are clearly exposed. You can see five beats inside, the light shines on his chest, and the muscle fibers shine."
This kind of skinning requires skill, which may have represented the highest level of human skinning activities. Because in other regions and countries, many people do not pursue the overall effect, but directly do "artistic processing." Or cut into extremely thin strips, or cut into disks, thin slices and rectangular pieces ... The best masterpiece of treatment is to cut the skin into long and narrow circular details.
As a punishment, peeling has disappeared for centuries, but human skin has always been the object of terrible abnormal collectors. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, a complete tanned human skin was exhibited in the famous Spizner in the history of human anatomy. There are Nazis, who collect not only human skins with beautiful tattoos, but also some human skins as good materials for book covers, lampshades, cardboard cushions or other works of art.
X.segmentation
The punishment is simply cutting off limbs. But after a certain period of development, torturers think that "simple" torture of prisoners is too cheap, so there are many kinds of tricks.
Persian ingenuity is to cut off fingers first, then toes, then hands, arms, ankles, legs, ears and nose. ...
China people's way of playing is to stop bleeding with gold sore medicine after limb amputation, wrap the wound with cloth, put it in a big urn and put it in the toilet. The prisoner will suffer for a long time before he dies. After the Han dynasty, the punishment of dismemberment was replaced by the punishment of year. Perhaps in the executioner's view, in the punishment is more painful and subtle. ...
Now some countries also stipulate that thieves can amputate. Bakistan's code stipulates: "Whoever commits theft for the first time will cut off his right hand from his wrist;" The second violator will be cut off from his left foot. " However, there are few cases in which such punishment deprives prisoners of their lives.
Eleven years old.
Ethnic minorities in Asia and the Middle East especially like this kind of punishment. The key to this punishment is to scatter the human body until death.
The Persian Empire divided the rebels into four parts. The Romans cut their chests first when dealing with female prisoners and cut their genitals first when dealing with male prisoners. When the Greeks cut the meat, they added a boneless procedure to make the prisoner look like a doll filled with sawdust. But compared with China people, other ethnic groups are rough. China people have developed this year to its peak, making it a stunt. At the beginning of the execution, the executioner will skillfully cut out the Adam's apple of the prisoner to prevent him from shouting. Then quickly bleed to dress the wound. The first part is the back, and the meat cut by each knife must be only the size of the fingernail. To kill an adult, you must use 3357 knives, and the knives must bleed and lose meat. It should be glued to it with a large white porcelain plate for the audience to appreciate and get appreciation. If the prisoner dies before the specified number of knives, the executioner will be laughed at by the audience and may lose his job.
Twelve, dismemberment punishment
This is a typical western death penalty, which is closely related to westerners' love of playing with machinery. The prisoner's naked body was nailed to a big wheel. Shake the handle and the wheel can rotate around the shaft. Every time the roulette wheel turns, the iron thorn fixed on the ground will cut off a piece of meat, and after more than ten turns, the prisoner will basically be torn to pieces.
Thirteen, run over punishment
Crushing punishment can be roughly divided into three categories: one is to crush to death with a fixed weight; Second, put the prisoner in the middle, exert force on both sides at the same time and gradually increase the weight; The third is to crush or tear things with advantages.
In Rome and Egypt, prisoners are often put on spikes and then run over with boulders, so prisoners have no chance of survival.
Teutonic people used a heavy wooden platter and dragged it back with horses until the prisoner turned into a bloody sauce.
In Persia, prisoners were stuffed into juicers used to squeeze grapes and olives, and the prisoners treated like this had no shape.
Fourteen Burn at the stake
Burning people with fire is the most primitive and barbaric practice, which was said by both east and west in ancient times.
The Gauls put the prisoners in a huge and strong wicker basket and set them on fire. The Japanese used a similar method in the19th century. This method is said to be "very ornamental". The prisoner screams and jumps in the basket, but he can't climb out of this "unique environment" anyway. In skeat, the prisoners were thrown into a carriage filled with dry wood and sprinkled with thin resin. Once there is a fire, the frightened cow will pull the train across the city, which is very warning.
The Romans crucified the prisoners, then poured them with asphalt and turpentine, made a big torch and brought it to the public. In medieval England and Italy, prisoners were wrapped in firewood, tied like brown seeds, and then lit.
As for the special wooden stake, it is to tie people up high and pile firewood under their feet to make a fire. Joan of Arc in France was executed in this way. The whole process of her burning to death was full of obscene exhibition means. ...
It is said that wooden stakes have a purifying effect. Therefore, the stake is always associated with the elimination of heresy and evil.
Fifteen, roast punishment and roast punishment
These two kinds of punishment are commonly used execution methods, and the difference from the fire punishment is that prisoners must be treated with "small fire". The purpose of keeping the fire within a certain range is to let the prisoner die when he is awake.
The most famous victim of this punishment during the Roman Empire was a Christian saint? Laurent, in order to commemorate him, a fashion company named after him in Paris is famous all over the world. At that time, he offended the authorities for the poor, so he was whipped first, his nails were pulled out, his teeth were broken, and then he was put on an iron frame and roasted with charcoal fire. It is said that it was baked for a long time, and Laurent said to the executioner, "Don't you think I baked too much on this side?" Can you turn it over? " He turned it over and said, "It's delicious. Almost finished. You can eat. " Then he died. As for coating prisoners with honey and smoking with smoking firewood, that is a punishment. Some people have been choked to death by fire smoke before they are "cooked" during the execution.
Asian executioners are more cruel. They often burn iron balls red, then clamp them with pliers and put them in a hole opened in the prisoner's head in advance. In this way, the prisoner's brain immediately boils and overflows from the hole. The ancient Indians used iron bars, which were burnt white in the fire and inserted into the prisoners' mouths.
In old China, there were ovens specially used for "cannon" punishment, mostly made of copper.
Sixteen. See the punishment
This is a special kind of decomposition punishment, and the instrument of torture is a saw. It is said that orientals like horizontal sawing, while westerners like straight sawing. After Christianity was introduced to Japan, the Japanese were also keen on seesaw. They used to saw from the top of their heads, while western torturers saw from the groin between their legs. The consequences are the most terrible, because prisoners are awake before cutting their navel. In order to prolong the painful process, prisoners are often allowed to keep their heads down so that their brains can get enough oxygen and they can avoid dying from excessive blood loss.
The last masterpiece in Saw's history was written by a manic Gestapo. They have all kinds of hacksaws. In their hands, people become a tree, can do whatever they want, and can cut any part they want.
Seventeen, arrow punishment and penetration punishment
Shooting to death with an arrow is an arrow punishment. It seems that all ethnic groups use bows and arrows, so this is a widely used punishment, but there are differences in the treatment of shooting a certain part of the body with an arrow first.
The key of penetrating punishment is to penetrate muscles and tissues with sharp tools. However, as an established execution mode, the executioner always shows some creativity, so there are many penetrating methods. It is the favorite thing of European governors to string people together with spikes and put them on them. Prisoners often die in a few days ... the most terrible thing that runs through torture devices is a kind of torture device called "market"? Lourosa's iron torture device is different from the previously invented torture device "Nurangbao Sage". It does not rely on the "girl's chest" position on the torture device to clamp the prisoner, but uses a flexible mechanical arm. Instead of penetrating the prisoner's body with all kinds of iron thorns all over the torture device, it tightens the arm to suffocate the prisoner, and then a steel thorn will protrude from the heart of the torture device and insert it into the prisoner's body. ...
Eighteen, poison.
From a very early age, taking poison to death is one of the execution methods.
According to records, the early poisoning in this case was the execution of the philosopher Socrates. Sue was poisoned because she offended the dignitaries in Athens. After the poison was delivered, he asked the executioner, "All right, my warrior, tell me what to do?" The latter told him not to walk around the room after drinking poison, because exercise would slow down the onset of poison and prolong the time of death. Talk as little as possible, or you'll have to drink twice as much. It is said that it was collected by the Su family. At that time, hemlock, which was commonly extracted from hemlock in Greece and Europe, was mostly used as poison.
In ancient China, poison was extracted from animals, insects, minerals and plants. It seems that there are many more channels that poison people than in the west.
In order to be effective and humanized, modern society began to use the methods of ancestors again. Gas chambers and euthanasia injections seem to be a continuation.
Nineteen. Hanging hanging
It is different from hanging. The method is to cut the prisoner's hands behind his back, then tie his wrist with a rope and carry it to the top of the execution rack. Then, he suddenly let go of the rope and let it fall, stopping only a few tens of centimeters from the ground. The prisoner's arm will dislocate under the impact of stopping landing. Hanging by weight is even more cruel. It is recorded that if more than 60 kilograms of heavy objects are tied to the victim's leg for punishment, even his leg will be dislocated. If it exceeds 100 kg, the bones of the whole body will break under the impact, even if the belly is open, it is not uncommon for the internal organs to overflow.
/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, the Qing government in China once hanged Catholic missionaries, which was a widely used form of legal punishment.
Twenty, flogging and stick punishment
Whipping exists in all periods of history. In modern society, Singapore is the first country with a high level of cultural relics and severe whipping.
Whips can be made of various cotton-wrapped materials, such as leather and plant fibers. , with accessories, such as spikes, hooks, stones and metal balls. In a word, if it is determined that this whip is specially used to hit people, it must be a masterpiece of human beings full of vicious intentions. The result of the beaten prisoner is "becoming a human rag".
Sticks can be made of wood, bamboo, iron, copper and other materials. Killing is easier than flogging, and the pain is far less than flogging, so clubbing is very unpopular. In the words of torture experts, "when the prisoner has not deeply regretted the seriousness of his behavior, it is all over." The freedom of execution of flogging is much greater. At a certain time, you can soak the victim in salt water, acidic water and alkaline water ... and you can also apply various "sauces" to the carrion. The most heinous thing is the famous "Pima Dai Xiao" in China's history, which is about to be whipped with white linen. Twenty-four hours later, linen was torn off from the prisoner one by one ... Give me a good time, and then kill me ... For the torturers, deprivation of life is the ultimate goal, but only the prisoner knows a series of pains and helplessness before his death.
Twenty-one, wheel punishment
This is the punishment for tying a person to a wheel and killing him.
The executioner was holding an iron bar. According to the execution procedure, he must first break the prisoner's limbs, hit them eight times, break them into sixteen segments, and finally come up to his chest twice to end the prisoner's life. A fatal blow is called a "merciful blow". It seems hard to imagine that most prisoners are still breathing after being hit twice in the chest. In order to prove his unkindness, the executioner will twist the prisoner's hands and legs behind his back and let them touch the prisoner's head. The audience will cry, laugh or sigh with this gesture with sad and joyful effect.
Because of the display of wheel punishment, the executioner is required to show special professional skills. Lalander, a French prisoner, went down in history for accusing the executioner. When the executioner had neatly solved his arms and legs and was ready to break his chest, the stick slipped gently and touched his chin. Lalander shouted, "Hey, that's against the rules." . As a result, the audience started shouting and someone raised his fist. The executioner said to him, "strange thing, they seem to want me to die instead of you."
XXII. Implementation
The special feature of this punishment is that the four limbs of the prisoner are simultaneously subjected to "force" ...
The earliest record of this punishment is in Greek books. Their execution method is to tie human limbs to an artificially curved tree and use the elasticity of the tree to crack the human body.
Ancient China and ancient Rome used horse-drawn chariots to dismember corpses, and Shang Yang, the famous prime minister of Qin State, was an immortal victim. But it seems that the execution of punishment is not as easy as imagined, and people are not as easy to tear paper. /kloc-A French writer in the 6th century, Misley, wrote in the book "History of France": "Riding on a whipped horse, dragging a rope wildly with all limbs. Although the executioner had already torn the flesh off the prisoner's leg with pliers and pulled his arm away, his muscles could still bear such a big pull. The helpless executioner had to bring a big meat grinder and cut off the meat he thought would hinder the execution. In this way, the horse finally broke its limbs ... the trunk that was still alive fell to the ground. "
It has also been recorded that sometimes the executed horse was so tired that he foamed at the mouth, but the prisoner's limbs were still attached to his trunk, which made the executioner, the prisoner and the audience very impatient. Therefore, when executing the execution, the executioner should be very considerate, study the physical characteristics of the prisoner and understand the respective strength of the executed horse. ...
Twenty-three, strangulation
Strangulation is strangulation, as suffocating as hanging. But it doesn't mainly depend on the prisoner's weight, but it dies by some external force acting on the neck. Strangulation is used by many ethnic groups in Asia and Europe, but there are regulations in some parts of Europe that virgins are not allowed to be strangled, so executioners must make virgins lose their virginity before putting ropes or other instruments of torture around prisoners' necks.
According to written records, the strangulation record of China people is notorious, but this kind of punishment seems to be dedicated to the upper class, because there is still a "whole corpse" after death. It was not until the late Qing Dynasty that someone invented a special method of strangulation, called flail, which was specially used to execute the inferior people who were considered to be the most heinous crimes. The method is as follows: first, tie the prisoner's hands, put his neck into a round hole in a board, then lift the board and put it on a door-shaped execution rack. In this way, the prisoner's neck and chin were suspended and his feet were suspended for about 50 cm. If you want the prisoner to die, tie the stone to your feet. If you want to torture him, it depends on the prisoner's own weight. It usually takes a day or two for a prisoner to really die.
24: Strangulation
Strangulation is not hanging. It is very similar to the strangulation principle, which can be said to be the mechanization of artificial death penalty.
The initial strangulation was to let the prisoner sit on a platform with his hands tied in front of his abdomen and his back leaning against a vertical wooden stake. The executioner put a hemp rope out of the hole in the stake, braided it into a circle, wrapped it around the prisoner's neck, and then tied both ends of the hemp rope to the other side of the stake and inserted a stick. When the stick turns, the ring tightens to strangle the prisoner.
This method does not hurt the carotid artery at all, but makes people suffocate slowly.
Later, the strangulation machine made of metal appeared, and the iron ring was used instead of the noose. The rotatable screw made the iron ring shrink more easily.
The preference for strangulation is two countries in the Iberian Peninsula: Portugal and Spain. Because many Latin American countries used to be their colonial countries, strangulation is also very popular there. ...
In the history of China, the most famous strangulation was when Wu Sangui personally executed Emperor Li Yong in the late Ming Dynasty. The tool was a bow.
25: stoned to death
This kind of punishment has existed in almost all societies, and it is characterized by collective revenge.
Coincidentally, stoning is aimed at men and women who violate the rules in gender relations in most countries and regions, but today, it has been listed as the main criminal law of death penalty in more than a dozen countries. During the execution, some tied the prisoner to the cross; Some put prisoners in an environment that is difficult to maneuver; In/kloc-Sweden in the 6th century, a woman who committed rape would have her hair shaved, her scalp covered with rosin, covered with colorful rotten feathers, and her arms flapped like wings and ran over a distance of 300 meters. On both sides of this distance, there are men with stones. If she can escape, she can avoid death.
Various forms of stoning are more like religious expulsion than capital punishment. Therefore, the torturers disapprove of the rapid execution of prisoners with a few kilograms of big stones. The code adopted by Iran after 1979 stipulates that a prisoner cannot be killed with only one stone. "A stone can't be big enough for a prisoner to die after only one or two blows, but it can't be too small to be a stone. In order to prevent the wrong size of stones during execution, the government is fully responsible for providing stones and transporting them to the execution site by truck for stacking.
26: Drowning
Both water and fire are symbols of purity. In the eyes of Christians, baptism ceremonies and even floods are recognized as pure expressions. Most primitive civilized societies widely use water to execute criminals, which is undoubtedly influenced by religious beliefs and superstitions. Water is a special part of nature. Putting a prisoner into the water is to hand over a sinner to the creator in disguise. Therefore, the initial punishment for drowning is just to throw people into the water. As long as they can land, it reflects the signs of God's gift. However, after this situation lasted for some time, great changes have taken place. For the executioners, they have made up their minds to let people die. How could they possibly have a chance to escape?
Therefore, if the prisoner is thrown into the lake, an anchor, a chain or a stone mill will be hung around his neck, and in the worst case, a big stone will be tied. Ancient Germans and Gauls found that prisoners were thrown into swamps and the drowning rate was100%; The Romans knew it was impossible to throw a prisoner's head into a small hole; Putting people in bags and then throwing them into water is a common method in medieval Europe. During the period of Henry VIII, the British used stakes to fix criminals on the beach at low tide, and when the tide rose, the sea would drown him bit by bit. In Napoleon's time, it was popular to drown people alive in shallow water, or to tie prisoners together in a boat and then sink the boat.
In modern Europe, a popular punishment for drowning is irrigation. Let the prisoner lie straight on a straight pole to tie his hands and feet, insert the funnel deeply into the prisoner's throat, and the executioner slowly and continuously pours water into the funnel; Or put a cloth over the prisoner's mouth and pour water on the cloth. Both methods are designed to make prisoners inhale water when inhaling and suffocate.
This kind of "play" has rules to follow in France: "big penalty 18 liter of water, small penalty 9 liters." It is said that using clear water during execution is called "treating guests with courtesy". If it's too much, use dirty water and dung water, while ingenious torturers use vinegar and pepper water?