After Dong Zhuo was killed, there were still a large number of subordinates scattered in kanto region, most of whom were from Xiliang. Wang Yun wanted to be pardoned at first, and then hesitated, so it was rumored everywhere that the court would kill Liangzhou people. Li, Guo Si, both Liangzhou people, called on the soldiers to rebel, claiming revenge for Dong, and marched into Guanzhong from Kanto, and Liangzhou soldiers took part in it.
Wang Yun and others have no army, but rely on Lu Bu. In the third year of Chuping (192), Liangzhou soldiers invaded Chang 'an and gathered more than 100,000 people. Lu Bu fled and Wang Yun was killed. The teenager was kidnapped by Li, Guo and Fan Chou. These three men were in charge of politics, and Zhang Ji sent soldiers to Hongnong Town.
Soon, the three men clashed. First, Li killed Fan Chou, and then he killed Guo Si in Chang 'an, playing for several months. Natural and man-made disasters, the people paint charcoal. Zhang Ji's troops came from Hongnong to mediate. Guo, at loggerheads, Yang Feng and Dong Cheng led troops eastward. Going to Hongnong, they turned against Yang and Dong. When Li and Guo regretted letting go, they took Zhang to rob the little emperor. With the help of Hebei soldiers and Right, Yang and Dong fled from the southern Xiongnu between Hongnong and Shancheng to Anyi. This is the second year of Xingping (195) 1 1 month, and it will be renamed as an' an next year. In July of the first year of Jian 'an (196), Xian Di was escorted back to Luo by Dong Cheng and others. Luoyang was burned into ruins by Dong Zhuo, leaving only a few hundred people.
National animal husbandry system
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to suppress the Yellow turban insurrectionary, the imperial court had to rely on local forces to let local state shepherds master military power. Dong Zhuo went to Beijing because of the military power of Liangzhou secretariat. Yuan Shao and Han Fu crusaded against Dong Zhuo, and they were also state shepherds supported by troops from all over the country. Since then, the state animal husbandry has merged with each other, forming a state animal husbandry separatist situation. In the first year of Jian 'an (196), the main separatist states were Cao Cao in Yanzhou, Gongsun Du in Liaodong, Liu Yu and Gongsun Zan in Youzhou, Yuan Shao in Jizhou, Qinghai and Hezhou, Yuan Shu in Yangzhou and Henan, Tao Qian in Xuzhou, Liu Biao in Jingzhou and Ada in Yizhou. Others, though not state pastoralists, are independent of the land, such as Sun Ce in Jiangdong, Han Sui and Marten in Liangzhou, and Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. The separatist forces attacked and annexed each other, and the world was in chaos. Under the condition of state grazing regime, the Eastern Han Dynasty has existed in name only.
Huoshao Wu Chao
When Cao Cao and Yuan Shao met in Guandu, Yuan Shao's adviser Xu You suggested a protracted war with Cao Cao, using Cao Cao's rich soldiers and food to overthrow him. Yuan Shao didn't listen, so he threw Yuan to Cao Cao and told Cao Cao that Yuan's grain and grass were stored in (now southeast Henan). Cao Cao attacked Wu Chao with 5,000 elite cavalry, and burned the grain and grass there in one fell swoop, laying the foundation for the victory of the battle of Guandu.
Cao Cao unified the north.
In the battle of Guandu, Yuan Shao was defeated and fled back to Yecheng. He died of illness in the seventh year of Jian 'an (2002). His sons Tan and Shang fought for power and profit. In September of the same year, Cao Cao captured Liyang. In nine years, Yecheng fell, and Yuan Xi, the younger brother of Yuan Shang, followed; The latter two brothers fled to Wuhuan. Fuck and kill Yuan Tan in the first month of ten years. Wuhuan, a northern minority, developed and expanded in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, with three counties: Liaodong, Liaoxi and Youbeiping. When Yuan Shao annexed Gongsun Zan in the first year of Jian 'an (196), he used the power of Wu Huan, and later corrected his leader Ta Dun as Khan, so Yuan and Yuan Shang both wanted to use the power of Wu Huan to compete with Cao Cao. In order to eliminate the remnants of Yuan, Cao Cao prepared to go on an expedition to Wuhuan. First of all, he dug two artificial waterways, namely, the Pinglu Canal from Tribe Tiger (now Xuni River) to Xushui, and the Quanzhou Canal from Hekou to Liuhe (now Baihe River) to Bohai Sea, in order to solve the military transportation of the expedition. And encourage morale.
In May of the 12th year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao led a great army to the Northern Expedition, arrived in Yixian (now northwest of Xiongxian, Hebei), and then traveled lightly to Wuji (now Jixian, Tianjin). At this time, he got guidance and help from Tian Zhen, a local Han nationality. From Lulongsai, which was cut off for nearly 200 years, through Baitan (now Kuancheng, Hebei Province), we soon reached the Wuhuan base area, which is only 200 miles away from Liucheng. King Wu didn't know the news of Cao Jun's arrival, so he fought in haste and was defeated and killed. Cao Cao surrendered more than 200,000 people and sent more than10,000 Han people plundered by Wu Huan back to the mainland. Yuan and Yuan Shang led several foot soldiers to find Gongsun Kang (Jun Zi), the prefect of Liaodong, and Gongsun Kang killed them, indicating that he took refuge in Cao Cao. At this point, Cao Cao finally completed the great cause of unifying the north.
make three calls at the thatched cottage/repeatedly request sb to take up a post
Before Liu Bei went to Jingzhou, he failed many times in the struggles of various princes. The experience he summed up from his failure is that he didn't get help from talented people. He came to Liu Biao, Jingzhou, looking for talents from here. He met Xu Shu here, thought he was a talented person, and spoke highly of him. Seeing Liu Bei's love for talent, Xu Shu said to him, "Here is Zhu Gekongming, named Wolong. Does the general want to see him? " Liu Bei said, "You can invite him to see me." Xu Shu said, "Mr. Wolong is a very talented person. You can only visit him and never let him come. If the general is interested, he should go in person. " So, Liu Bei personally went to Longzhong to visit Zhuge Liang's seclusion, and * * * went to see him three times. Zhuge Liang was also deeply moved by Liu Bei's love for talents, and immediately presented the famous "Longzhong Dui" to help Liu Bei achieve great things.
Defeated by nagasaka
Cao Cao attacked Jingzhou, Jingzhou secretariat Liu Cong surrendered, and Liu Bei led the army to retreat in the direction of Jiangling, preparing to compete with Cao Cao strategically in Jiangling. Jiangling is located on the river bank, with abundant grain and grass and strong fortifications, which is conducive to taking root. After discovering Liu Bei's strategic intention, Cao Cao led a light ride of 5,000 and caught up with Liu Bei at a speed of 300 Ali a day and a night. At this time, Liu Bei's army was mostly old and weak, and its fighting capacity was not strong. They were quickly washed away and defeated by Cao Cao's cavalry. Thanks to Zhao Yunli's efforts to protect Liu Bei's wife and children, and Zhang Fei and other fierce generals behind him, Liu Bei and his party were able to get away. After Naisaka's defeat, Liu Bei dared not go to Jiangling again, turned around and headed eastward, joined Guan Yu's water army on the edge of the Hanshui River, and retreated in the direction of Jiangxia.
Zhuge Liang lobbied Wu Dong.
In the 13th year of Jian 'an (208), Cao Cao led an army to attack Jingzhou, Liu Cong (Liu Biao was dead, Cong was the second son) fell, and Liu Bei had no place. Zhuge Liang has already felt the great pressure from Liu Beidao and Sun Quan, so he can't wait and see any more. He can go to Soochow to persuade Sun Quan to unite against Cao Cao. Liu Bei agreed. Zhuge Liang came to Wu Dong and met Sun Quan. He first analyzed the current situation and said, "Cao Cao unified the north and occupied Jingzhou, which has great influence all over the world. Our Lord couldn't stop his soldiers. He lost the battle and retreated to Xiakou. Please decide whether to fight or not according to your own strength. If you can fight, break off relations with Cao Cao immediately; If not, surrender as soon as possible. If, as it is now, the name of obedience is entrusted to the outside, and the inside is still hesitant, a catastrophe is coming. Hearing this, Sun Quan retorted, "In that case, why didn't General Liu surrender? Liang took the opportunity to challenge him, saying, "Your master is a descendant of the royal family, and his talents are unparalleled, and the world admires him. Even if the big event fails, it is an act of God. How can you kneel down and surrender to Cao Cao! " Quan Liang got excited and said excitedly, "I can't control Jiangdong and 100 thousand soldiers. I resolutely resist Cao." 」
Zhuge Liang was afraid that Sun Quan still had concerns, and further analyzed Cao Cao's weaknesses, saying, "Although my Lord was defeated by Changbanpo, Guan Yu, Liu Qi and more than 20,000 land and water elites. However, Cao Jun came to the north and was very tired after a long journey. After several wars, he became a spent force, and northern Renye Fang didn't learn to fight in water. In addition, Jingzhou people joined Cao Cao, but they were not convinced because of the military situation. If we can send a brave general to command tens of thousands of soldiers and work together with our Lord, we can defeat Cao Cao and form a tripartite confrontation. The chance of success or failure is now. " After listening to this reasonable analysis, Sun Quan increased his confidence in resisting Cao. However, Sun Quan's ministers were equally divided into two factions because of the main battle and the main battle, so Sun Quan decided to discuss it internally. As a result of the discussion, the warring factions gained the upper hand, so the alliance between Sun and Liu, Battle of Red Cliffs, stood in a tripartite confrontation.
Battle of red cliff
In the 13th year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty in China (AD 208), the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei fought a decisive battle in Chibi (now Chibi Mountain in the northwest of Puyin City, Hubei Province, and Xichiji Mountain in Wuchang County, Hubei Province) and defeated Cao Cao's army. After Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao and Wu Huan and basically unified the north, in July of the 13th year of Jian 'an, he sent troops south from Wan (now Nanyang, Henan), first destroyed Liu Biao, and then advanced eastward along the river, defeating Sun Quan and unifying the world. In September, Cao Jun marched into Xinye (now Henan). At this time, Liu Biao was dead and his son Liu Cong surrendered without a fight. Liu Bei, who was attached to Liu Biao and stationed in Fancheng (present-day Hubei), hurriedly led the army and people to withdraw south. Cao Cao incorporated Liu Biao's army, claiming that 800,000 troops were advancing on the Yangtze River. After Liu Bei was defeated in Chang (now Dangyang, Hubei), he sent Zhuge Liang to Chaisang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi) on his way back to persuade Sun Quan to form an alliance against Cao.
Sun Quan appointed Zhou Yu as the general and Cheng Pu as the deputy, and led 30,000 elite water troops to join forces with Liu Beijun in Fankou (now Ezhou, Hubei). * * * About 50,000 people marched west along the river and joined forces with Jun. In November, Sun Liu confronted Cao Jun in Chibi. Cao Cao connected the warships end to end to drill the water army and wait for an opportunity to attack the war. Zhou Yu adopted the fire attack plan put forward by Huang Gai and asked him to send a letter to Cao Cao to surrender. Cao Cao was trapped. Huang Gai chose a suitable time, led Meng Chong to sail into Junshui Village and set it on fire. Cao Jun's fleet was burned and the fire spread to the camp on the shore. Sun and Liu allied forces took advantage of the situation to attack, and Cao Jun suffered more than half of the casualties. So he led the troops back to the north, leaving the general Coss in the south to stick to Jiangling. The allied forces expanded their victory, and Sun and Liu occupied Jingzhou.
In the decisive battle at Chibi, Cao Cao underestimated the enemy's conceit, made mistakes in command and finally lost. Sun Quan and Liu Bei formed an alliance to resist Japan at the critical moment when the strong enemy advanced, and skillfully attacked with fire, eventually defeating the strong with the weak. This battle laid the foundation for the future separation of Wei, Shu and Wu.
Three Kingdoms
Battle of Red Cliffs and Cao Cao led the amphibious army south, intending to wipe out the forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei in one fell swoop. However, most of the troops led by Cao Cao are northerners and are not used to water warfare. Moreover, on the great river, the tide rises and falls, and the warships are bumpy. The northern army suffered heavy losses, and many people fell ill, which seriously affected the combat effectiveness of Cao Jun. In order to solve this problem, Cao Cao ordered the warships to be connected with big chains and boards, just like a castle, so that riders on foot could gallop on the ground to facilitate attack and fighting.
In view of Cao Jun's serial ships, Soochow coach Zhou Yu sent veteran Huang Gai to Cao Cao, pretending to surrender with a grain ship, and he believed it. At the time of "surrender", Huang Gai set out for dozens of warships. The front 10 ship was full of dry wood, oiled, covered with cloth and hung with the flag agreed with Cao Cao. When Huang Gai's warship approached Cao Jun's warship, it immediately increased its firepower and the warship went straight to Cao Cao's navy.
Because the serial ships were connected together, they could not disperse for a while, and the southeast wind was urgent, the fire spread rapidly, and even spread to the camps on the shore. Many people were burned and drowned by Cao Jun, and Cao Cao was defeated, and the remnants returned to the north. This fire attack decided the success or failure of Battle of Red Cliffs, which was called burning serial ships in history.
Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty to establish Wei.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao held Xian Di hostage and unified the North. Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty is just a puppet, and the real power is in Cao Cao's hands. In the first month of 220 AD, Cao Cao died of illness, and his son Cao Pi succeeded to Wang Wei, forcing the Han Xian Emperor, who had already existed in name only, to "abdicate". In the same year 10, Emperor Xiandi of Han Dynasty announced his abdication and "abdicated" the throne to Cao Pi. Cao Pi pretended to refuse and "agreed" to accept after "three concessions". 129 On October, Pi went to the altar to meditate, and changed his country name to Wei, instead, he respected Cao Cao as Emperor Wu, and his temple name was Mao. 1 1 month 1 day, Pi waste is Shanyanggong. At this point, the Eastern Han Dynasty, which lasted more than 190 years, officially ended, and the State of Wei in the Three Kingdoms period was formally established.
The establishment of Shu-Han Dynasty
Battle of Red Cliffs, after the death of Liu Qi, Sun Quan took Liu Bei to Jingzhou as a shepherd and married his sister to celebrate. In this way, Liu Bei finally had a base area.
In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), Liu Zhang, a priest in Yizhou, heard that Cao Cao was going to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong, fearing that he would seize Yizhou, and his own strength was not enough to resist. So Zhang Songce sent troops to discuss the way for a captain to meet Liu Bei and take Hanzhong.
Liu Bei left Guan Yu in Jingzhou, stationed in Nanjun, and led tens of thousands of foot soldiers into Shu. In nineteen years, he took the opportunity to attack Chengdu, expel Liu Zhang and take charge of Yizhou pastoral. In the second year, Lu sent to see Cao Cao, and Cao Cao sent to guard the summer. In twenty-four years, Liu Bei attacked Hanzhong and killed Xia, calling himself the king of Hanzhong. In the second year, Cao Cao died, and his son Cao Pi usurped Han's independence in October. Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu the following year (22 1), and was called Emperor Zhaolie (or ruler of ancient Shu). Liu Bei has been calling for "revival of the Han Dynasty", so the title of the country is still called "Han", and the Yuan Dynasty changed to Zhangwu. History is called Shu or. Liu Bei took Zhuge Liang as prime minister, Xu Jing as Stuart, and set up officials.
The establishment of Wu state
Before Sun Quan ruled Wu Dong, his younger brother Sun Ce had occupied Jiangdong area.
After Sun Ce's death, Sun Quan took charge of state affairs and continued to manage Jiangdong, making Jiangdong a "rich boy". Battle of Red Cliffs, Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao, and Jiangdong's political rights and interests in Sun Shi were consolidated. Later, Sun Quan attacked and killed Guan Yu and won Jingzhou. Later, Wei and Shu Han were established one after another. Sun Quan has captured Jingzhou, and he is afraid of being attacked by both countries. He took the initiative to confess to Wei and defeated Liu Bei in the battle of Pavilion. Xelloss didn't fall for it easily, but he went to war with Sun Quan. It was not until the sixth year of Wei (225) that Cao Pi attacked Wu in vain. The following year, Cao Pi died of illness, which had already been repaired, and the conditions for the sunrise were already met.
Eight years (229) in April, Jae Moo Oh Chang proclaimed himself emperor, renamed Huanglong, with the title of Wu, followed by Sun Jian as Emperor Wu Lie, Sun Ce as King Huan of Changsha, and made his descendants the Crown Prince. In September, he moved the capital to Jianye (now Nanjing). Among the three countries, it is the latest, but since the separatist regime in Jiangdong, his regime is the earliest and lasts the longest.
Battle of Xiangfan
After Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Cao did not completely withdraw from Jingzhou, but still occupied the northern part of Nanjun and set up Xiangyang County. Xiangyang and Fancheng are in the north and south of Hanshui River, and they are horns of each other. They are important places for Cao Cao to defend the Central Plains, so he sent his brother General Cao Ren to the south of the town. In the twentieth year of Jian 'an (2 15), Sun Quan and Liu Bei agreed to divide Jingzhou equally with Xiangshui as the boundary, and the contradiction between the two sides was temporarily eased. In March 24, Liu Bei occupied Hanzhong and killed Xia, and the military situation reached its peak. At the beginning of the year, officials and people in Nanyang rebelled against Cao and had contact with Guan Yu, Liu Bei's general in Jingzhou. In July of the same year, Guan Yu sent troops to fight in Xiangfan, which created conditions for "northern expedition to the Central Plains and revival of the Han Dynasty". Cao Cao got the news, sent Huang Xu to support Coss in Wancheng, and sent Yu Jin and Pound to Xiangfan to help guard. Coss was ordered to work in the north and Fan Cheng of Pang Jieying. At this time, the heavy rain continued for more than ten days, and the Hanshui River soared. Yu and Pang had to avoid high hills, and Fancheng was besieged by floods. Guan Yu's water army was strong, so he stormed by warship and was forced to surrender by the ban. Pound was captured and died unyielding. This is the famous "flooded seven armies".
Guan Yu stormed Fancheng, and Cao Jun in the city was very afraid, but Coss and the generals were determined to stick to it. While deploying military defense, Cao Cao also sent messengers to see Sun Quan, breaking up the alliance between Sun and Liu. Sun Quan replied, agreeing to call himself a vassal and tackle the problem behind the feather. Cao Cao deliberately revealed the contents of this letter to Guan Yu. Guan Yu was hesitating whether the news was reliable, but Sun Quan really carried out a sneak attack, and Cao Jun launched a fierce counterattack. Guan Yu had to retreat to Jiangling, which led to the failure of the battle.
The water flooded the seventh army.
In July of the 24th year of Jian 'an (2 19), Guan Yu besieged Fancheng, and Cao Cao sent the left general class to lead the troops and stationed outside Tuncheng. At that time, it rained heavily for more than ten days, and the Hanshui River surged and overflowed the bank. Cao Jun retreated into Gaofu Village, and the camp was scattered. "There are no seven armies waiting." Guan Yu's navy was strong, and every Cao camp was cut down. Cao Jun was killed and many prisoners were taken, so Yu Jin had to surrender. Guan Yu also captured young soldier Pound alive. This is a battle in which Guan Yu achieved the greatest success in the Xiangfan War.
Wu took Jingzhou.
Jingzhou includes Nanyang, Nanjun, Jiangxia, Wuling, Changsha, Guiyang and Lingling. Except that Cao Cao took control of the northern part of Nanjun and changed it to Xiangyang County, Sun Quan and Liu Bei have always been controversial about Jingzhou. In the 20th year of Jianwu (2 15), the two sides agreed to take Xiangshui as the boundary, and Liu Bei only owned Lingling, Wuling and the south of Nanjun. Sun Quan is not satisfied with this, and sometimes he wants to keep it all for himself. In twenty-four years, Guan Yu, the garrison commander with Nanjun as the governor, attacked Fancheng. On the surface, Sun Quan supported him, but secretly he colluded with Cao Cao to attack Jingzhou.
In order to paralyze Guan Yu, Monroe, commander-in-chief of Lukou garrison, pretended to be ill and was transferred back to Jianye by Sun Quan, recommending young Lu Xun to succeed him. As soon as Lu Xun arrived, he wrote a letter of praise to Guan Yu. Lu Xun was not famous at that time. Guan Yu did not take this young and humble scholar to heart, and transferred some defenders to reinforce the front line in Xiangfan in the rear. When Sun Quan learned that Guan Yu was careless, he sent Monroe to the front line of Nanjun County. Lv Meng converted all the warships into merchant ships, and the soldiers hid in the ships. The soldiers who paddled in the water dressed in white, disguised as businessmen, travelled day and night until the defenders of Enemy at the Gates and Jingzhou found out. Left-behind public security and Mi Fang, the satrap of Jiangling South County, and the generals all surrendered. Guan Yu heard the news and sent someone to Shang Yong for rescue. Shang Yong Shoujiang refused to support him. After Monroe occupied Jiangling, she was kind to Guan Yu and his soldiers' families, which made the soldiers in Guan Jun lose their morale and some of them fled back to Jiangling. Guan Yu retreated westward to Maicheng (now southeast of Dangyang, Hubei). Sun Quan sent messengers to lure him into the customs, and at the same time made Pan Zhang cut off his way home. Guan Yu broke through Maicheng and went to Zhangxiang (now Dangyang West, Hubei Province). He was captured alive by Sun Quan's army and killed in December. After Sun Quan won Jingzhou, his influence spread to the vast areas east of the Three Gorges and south of the Yangtze River.
Battle of Yiling
Sun Quan occupied Jingzhou and killed Guan Yu, which dealt a great blow to Liu Bei. He proclaimed himself emperor for only three months. In July of the first year of Zhangwu in Shu Han Dynasty (22 1), he led an army to crusade against Sun Quan and transferred Zhang Fei, the Brazilian satrap, to meet the enemy in Jiangzhou (now Chongqing). Unexpectedly, Zhang Fei was killed by his men when he sent his troops. Of course, Sun Quan was also prepared: First, he sent people to congratulate Cao Pi for calling himself emperor and accepting the title of King of Wu given by Cao Pi, hoping that Wei would be neutral and prevent being attacked on both sides; The second is to send messengers to Shu Han for reconciliation; Third, Lu Xun was worshipped as the general of Zhenxi, and he led troops to Zigui and Wuxian (now Wushan, Sichuan) to strengthen defense. In order to defend Jingzhou, he moved the capital Jianye to Wuchang.
Soochow asked to mend fences, but Liu Bei naturally refused to listen and continued to lead the troops eastward. The vanguard troops of the Shu army occupied Wuxian County and captured Zigui. In February of the following year, they settled in Zhiting (now Yidu North, Hubei Province) and camped here. The vanguard troops arrived at Yidu (now Yidu, Hubei) and surrounded Wu Jun under the command of Sun Quan's nephew Sun Huan. Many generals in Wu county asked to see them. Considering that the Shu army was overwhelming and commanding, it was difficult to break through, so Lu Xun refused. Instead, he asked Wu Jun to retreat to the mountains, which made the Shu army's front stretch very long and concentrated its forces in the pavilion area. Sun Huan sent people for help many times, and Lu Xun only replied: "Sun Huan is very enthusiastic about the army, the city is strong, and there is enough food and grass. Don't worry." Sit still.
Liu Bei set up many camps in Yiling (now southeast of Yichang, Hubei Province) to disperse his troops. The Shu army constantly challenged, but Lu Xun turned a deaf ear and just persisted. The two sides confronted each other in the pavilion area for more than half a year. The grain transportation route of the Shu army has to cross mountains and mountains, which is very difficult to transport. Coupled with the hot weather, the morale of the Shu army gradually declined. At this time, Liu Bei gave up the original plan of "going hand in hand with land" and camped all his troops in the mountains. Lu Xun discovered the weakness of the Shu army and decided to launch a counterattack. He ordered the soldiers to bring a thatch. When they arrived at the camp of the Shu army, they set fire to it and stormed it, even breaking more than forty battalions. Liu Bei led the beaten army to Ma 'anshan, and Lu Xun immediately concentrated his forces on all sides and attacked the city slightly, annihilating more than 10,000 Shu troops. Only Liu Bei led a small number of troops to break through the encirclement at night and fled to Baidi City, and soon died. The failure of the exhibition hall has seriously hurt Shu Han.
Burning connected camps
In the first year of Zhangwu in Shu Han Dynasty (22 1), Liu Bei led an army to attack Wu in order to avenge Jingzhou and Guan Yu. Xun avoided its front, persisted in not fighting, and the two sides fell into confrontation. The expedition of the Shu army is difficult to supply, and it is impossible to make a quick decision. Coupled with the hot weather after the summer, the spirit gradually lost and morale was low. In order to relieve the heat of the sergeant, Liu Bei ordered the Shu army to camp in the mountains for the summer. Lu Xun seized the opportunity and ordered the soldiers to take a thatch with them. When they arrived at the camp of the Shu army, they set fire to it and launched a storm. The wooden fence and surrounding trees in the camp of Shu army are flammable, and the fire spread rapidly in each camp. The Shu army was in chaos, and Wu Jun even broke more than forty battalions. Lu Xun's success in burning down the camp determined the result that Shu defeated Wu Sheng in the battle of Pavilion.
Liubei entrust an orphan to
In order to recapture Jingzhou and avenge Guan Yu, Liu Bei launched a war against Wu Dong. In Yiling, this place was defeated by Wu Dongjun, and the whole army was wiped out, with heavy losses. Liu Bei retired to Yong 'an (now Fengjie, Sichuan) and settled down. Soon, Liu Bei fell ill. In April of the third year of Zhangwu in Shu (223), Liu Bei was critically ill. He called Zhuge Liang from Chengdu and said to him, "Your talent is ten times stronger than that of Cao Pi, and you will surely accomplish the great cause of long-term stability of the country. My son Liu Chan has an average talent. If he can help, help him. If he is really incompetent, you can ask for it! Zhuge Liang said with tears, "Your Majesty trusts me so much, how dare I not try my best to help the young master? I am willing to die till death do us part. Liu Bei also ordered Liu Chan to say, "You should serve the Prime Minister like your father. After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang shouldered the heavy responsibility of governing the country and reviving the Han Dynasty.
Zhuge Liang's southern expedition
After Liu Bei's death, there was a rebellion in South China (now Yunnan, Guizhou and southern Sichuan). Yong, the prefect of Jianning, (now Jinning, Yunnan) and Yue Wang (now Xichang, Sichuan) successively rose up against Shu. In order to make Shu Han have a stable rear, and also to obtain soldiers and materials for the Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang personally led the army south in the spring of the third year of Jian Xing in Shu Han (225). The Shu army first conquered the state of Yue and killed it. At this time, Yong was killed by his men. Meng Huo, another minority leader, continued to fight. In May, Zhuge Liang led an army across Lushui to pursue Meng Huo. He took the policy of attacking first, captured Meng Huo seven times, and finally surrendered Meng Huo. Soon, South China and China were pacified.
Seven escapement mechanism
In the third year of Jian Xing in Shu and Han Dynasties (225 years), in order to consolidate the rear and relieve the worries of Cao Wei's Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang personally led the army south to pacify the rebellion in South China.
After entering the South Middle School, he won again and again. He heard that Meng Huo, the leader of the rebel army, was deeply admired by the local Yi and Han people, so he tried to catch him. Zhuge Liang showed him around the camp of the Shu army and asked him, "What about this army? 」
Meng Huo refused, saying, "I didn't know the truth about the Shu army before, so I was defeated. Today, you asked me to watch the camp. I'm sure I can win if I fight again! Zhuge Liang released him and told him to go back and organize the army to fight again.
In this way, when Zhuge Liang released Meng Huo for the last time, Meng Huo said, "Gong, Tianwei, southerners will no longer rebel!" " Zhuge Liang successfully put down the rebellion and stabilized the south with this strategy, so that he could concentrate on the northern expedition and have no worries.
Jiang Wei's northern expedition
Jiang Weiben was born in Sichuan, and he was highly valued by Zhuge Liang. After Liang's death, he went to Liangzhou several times as a secretariat. He is conceited and knows the local conditions and customs of Longxi. He always wanted to make a big northern expedition, but he repeatedly advised him not to listen. After Fei was assassinated in 16th year (253), he sent troops to the Northern Expedition in 17th and 18th years, but he did not return. In nineteen years, he attacked Qishan again, and was defeated by Deng Ai of Wei. His soldiers were scattered and there were countless casualties. People in Shu complain a lot. Twenty years later, he sent troops to Luogu (now southwest of Zhouzhi, Shaanxi Province) to attack Qinchuan. Wei Jun insisted on not fighting and returned in the first year of Yong 'an, Shu Han (258). In the same year, Jiang Wei withdrew from Hanzhong and retreated to the cities of Han and Le in an attempt to lure the enemy deeper. When the enemy was tired and the whole army attacked, the result was to abandon the danger and flee. Jiang Wei's continuous northern expedition greatly consumed the national strength of Shu.
Wei destroyed Shu
Liu Chan, the last ruler of Shu, was a weak man. After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wan and Dong Yun, his successors, died one after another. Eunuch Huang Hao was good at politics, but Jiang Wei dared not live in Chengdu and stayed in the army for a long time (now southeast Qinghai). In the fourth year of Jingyuan (263), Si Mazhao sent three armies to attack Shu. A route led by Wargo led more than 30,000 people to attack Jiang Wei from Didao (now Lintao, Gansu), and a route led by Zhuge Xu led 30,000 people from Qishan to the bridge near Yin Ping, and Jiang Wei never returned; All the way, Zhong Hui commanded 100,000 people, advancing from Gu Jie and Woods Valley respectively, and soon occupied Hanzhong.
Wargo arrived at the stack, Jiang Weiwen had lost Hanzhong, retreated to level tone, was stopped by Zhuge Xu, and then retreated to Jiange, sticking to Liao Hua and Zhang Yi who came to Chengdu to support him, and sticking to Zhong Hui's army. Wargo suggested the use of raiders of the lost ark to the parliament, and the parliament agreed and asked Ai to implement it. Yin Ping is a residential area with a strong border, which is remote and difficult to walk. The Shu army is undefended. Aiqin led his foot soldiers to explore the road, bypassing the natural barrier of Jiange and heading straight for Jiangyou. Jiangyou Shoujiang surrendered, and Wargo quickly attacked Fucheng. Zhuge Zhan (son of Zhuge Liang) refused to defend the city and retreated to Mianzhu, but his son was still killed.
Mianzhu fell, and Chengdu was in danger. Liu Chan finally accepted Qiao Zhou's suggestion, surrendered to Wargo, and sent someone to let Jiang Wei, who was still sticking to Jiange, surrender. It took forty-three years from the establishment to the demise of Wei.
Smuggling level adjustment
A decisive military action by Wei to destroy Shu. At that time, Wei Jun, the east road commanded by Zhongshe, was the main force, and was blocked by the Shu army in Jiange, a dangerous place, and could not move forward.
After capturing the soil, the commander of Wei Jun West Road, Deng Ai, suggested to Zhong Hui: "If we steal from the level tone and go straight to Fucheng, the enemy troops on the defensive in Jiange will definitely come back to rescue Fucheng, and the army can take advantage of the situation to advance; If Jiange does not retreat, the city will be empty and will be captured. Zhong will accept this suggestion and let Wargo carry it out. Yin Ping and Jiange are separated by more than a hundred miles, and they are inhabited by ethnic groups with strong borders. Because the mountain is steep and sparsely populated, it is difficult to walk.
When Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty passed through the southwest, he once dug a path, which was abandoned a long time ago and the Shu army was not fortified. Wargo set out from the stack, took the lead, explored the way, crossed the level tone path and headed for Jiangyou. Ma Miao, commander-in-chief of Jiangyou, faced Wei Jun who felt like falling from the sky and gave up without a fight. Wei Jun quickly joined forces with Jiangyou and Mianzhu and approached Chengdu. Liu Chan surrendered and Shu Han died.
Gaopingling incident
After the death of Wei Mingdi Cao Rui, Cao Shuang and Sima Yi got the support of the testamentary edict. Cao Shuang felt that Sima Yi was a threat to himself, so he used Deng, Ding Mi and others to crowd out Sima Yi in order to seize his power. Sima yi also secretly made preparations. At the beginning of the 10th year (249), Cao Fang, King of Qi, accompanied by Cao Shuang, left Luoyang to visit the late Emperor in Gao Ping Ling. Sima Yi took this opportunity to launch a coup in the city, arrested and killed Cao Shuang's henchmen, forced Cao Shuang to hand over power, and imprisoned and executed him. Through this coup, Sima Shi mastered the power of Cao Wei.
Sima Yan usurped Wei's gift money.
In the first year of Wei Jiaping (249), Sima Yi staged a coup and killed Cao Shuang. Since then, Wei has been ruled by the Sima family. After Yi's death, his son Sima Shi continued to specialize in Kevin·Z. After Sima Shi's death, all the power was in Si Mazhao's hands. After Ping Shu, in the first year of Yuanxi (264), Yuan Di made him King of Jin. Zhao died the next year and learned Cao Pi's method of usurping the Han Dynasty. He told Cao Huan to hold a "abdication" ceremony, to become emperor himself, and to change his title to Yuan Taishi. From Cao Pi's usurpation of the Han Dynasty to Cao Huan's abdication, Wei lasted for forty-six years, with five emperors.
Jinmiaowu
After Sun Quan's death, the imperial clan and ministers of Wu fought for power and profit, and the political situation was chaotic. Sun Hao, the last emperor, was extravagant and dissolute, which made the national politics worse. In the fifth year of Jintai (269), Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, led ministers, left servants to shoot Jingzhou military forces, and Yang Hucheng was the commander in chief, practicing foot soldiers and preparing to attack Wu. In the fourth year of Xianning (278), he was killed and replaced by Du Yu. The following year, Emperor Wu agreed with Du Yu and wrote a letter to Wu. In the fourth year of Xianning (280), Jin Jun arrived in Shicheng (now the northern suburb of Nanjing), and Sun Hao, the Lord of Wu, surrendered. Wu from sunrise to extinction, * * * calendar four emperors fifty-two years.
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Cao Pi's frugal burial method
After the mother of Empress Dowager Guo's sister died, their family wanted to hold a funeral and build an ancestral temple. When Queen Mother Guo heard the news, she strongly opposed it and said, "Shouyangling can be the law."
What was the first Yangling method? The method of longevity and spiritual cultivation was created by Wei Wendi Cao Pi in the third year of Cao Wei and Huang (AD 222). It was named "shouyangshan East is Shouling", also known as "Final System". In this imperial edict, Cao Pi briefly expounded his views on funeral: "If a husband is buried, he will hide, but if he wants others, he will not see." . The bones are harmless, the burial is not a house of gods, the ceremony is not a tomb sacrifice, and the desire to survive is not embarrassing, because the coffin is enough to rot bones and the clothes are enough to rot meat. So he advocated frugal burial: "Don't hide reed charcoal, don't hide gold, silver, copper and iron, one is clay, which is in line with the meaning of painting cars in the past and caring for the spirit." "However, the paint club will have three meetings, and the rice does not contain pearl jade, and the pearl jade has no jade box. All stupid customs have been done. " He also urged his family members and descendants, as well as the court minister * * * to abide by this law. Otherwise, "if you violate this imperial edict and change it to no avail, you will slaughter the corpse underground, and then slaughter it, which will be a heavy death." Servants are a disgrace to your father, and it is not good for you to let the deceased know. It uses this as the ancestral hall, with ministers, secretaries and three husbands. " This passage of Cao Pi is almost a spell and quite "vicious".
Cao Pi's legislation on frugal burial has a profound historical background. Since the Han Dynasty, the society has been advocating reburial. Obviously, this is related to the exclusive respect for Confucianism in the Han Dynasty, because Confucianism advocates "burying the relatives" and "a gentleman doesn't care about the relatives in the world", so "life is extremely nourishing, death is extremely sorrowful, or even jade carving, building fertile land, hiding yellow soil, burying more treasures, and even building chariots and horses and planting tombs widely. In addition, the society in the Han Dynasty also emphasized filial piety, saying that "it is unfilial to make ancestral graves frugal", while those buried in thick places "think filial piety, stand in the world and respect the vulgar", so "thick burial is the virtue in the world, but thin burial is contemptible". In addition, filial piety can also be used to gain fame, and then achieve the purpose of being an official-this was also a shortcut at that time. Due to the guidance of the dominant ideology, all walks of life are competing to be reburied, and some people even go to waste houses to sell their businesses and lose everything. Judging from the subsequent excavations, the richness of funerary objects in the Han Dynasty really reached an amazing level. A large number of cultural relics unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb and Mancheng Han Tomb in Changsha, China in the 1970s are a strong proof.
However, after the chaos in the world at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, these tombs suffered unprecedented disasters. This is not because people's ideas suddenly changed greatly at that time, and they were unwilling to be reburied because of filial piety, but because of the turbulent reality of war, people were forced not to be reburied, but to dig graves purposefully and systematically. Digging a grave has at least two advantages: first, the excavated treasure can protect and strengthen the viability of individuals or groups. It is said that Cao Cao once "led a school official to personally explore, break the coffin and get some treasure." Cao Shiwu's group also has military attaché s who specialize in digging graves. They are called "Faqiu corps commander, Mo Jinyi, a captain" (The Story of the Three Kingdoms Yuan Shaozhuan quoted Wei Chunqiu). Probably the main purpose of doing this is to raise military expenses. Second, a good coffin can be made into a weapon. I'm afraid this was a common behavior at that time. As Cao Pi said when analyzing the reasons for digging graves, "Since the chaos, all the tombs in the Han Dynasty have been dug, jade boxes have been burned, and bones have been destroyed. It's the punishment of burning, so it doesn't hurt! The cause of the disaster is that the tree is thick and buried. " Queen Guo also said: "Since the chaos, all graves have been dug up, and they are all thick burials." Other people of insight are also deeply touched.