Romance of the Three Kingdoms:

Before The Romance of Three Kingdoms appeared, China's novels were generally short and pithy, and some even had only a few dozen words. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is China's first novel. We should pay attention to how China's novels developed from short stories to long stories. It turned out that storytelling was popular in the Song Dynasty, and storytelling became a profession. Storytellers like to use stories of ancient characters as themes, and Chen Shou's The History of the Three Kingdoms is the best material for telling stories. Some scattered stories of the Three Kingdoms have also been circulated among the people. In addition, the storyteller takes a long time to draw materials, the content is getting richer and richer, and the characters are getting fuller and fuller. Finally, many independent stories gradually combined and grew into a masterpiece. These isolated stories have been passed down from mouth to mouth in the society for a long time, and finally they were processed into a book, which became China's first novel. This is a great collective creation. It is different from the novel written by a single author in form, which deserves our attention. This novel originated from outstanding talents, followed by The Journey to the West, a ghost story novel, and Water Margin, another historical novel. Romance of the Three Kingdoms has a certain enlightening effect on later novels. The origin of historical literature, the literary value of this masterpiece itself and its influence on later generations are all worthy of our in-depth discussion.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms was very popular in ancient China. Song and Yuan dynasties came to the stage, and Jin and Yuan dynasties performed more than 30 kinds of Three Kingdoms operas. From Yuan Dynasty to Zhinian, the Pinghua of the Three Kingdoms published by Yu's family in Xin 'an came out. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong synthesized folklore, drama and scripts, combined with historical materials such as the History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou and Pei Songzhi's notes, and based on his personal understanding of social life, he created the well-known Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The earliest existing edition was published in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, commonly known as "Jiajing Edition", with a total of 24 volumes. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Mao Zonggang, the father and son of Maureen, collated historical events, added or deleted words, and revised them into "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" 120, which has been passed down to this day.

1330- 1400, Luo Guanzhong was a popular novelist in Ming dynasty. His native place is Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, and Qiantang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, which is uncertain. According to legend, Luo Guanzhong was a screen guest of Zhang Shicheng, a peasant uprising army at the end of Yuan Dynasty. In addition to the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he also wrote popular novels such as Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties and plays such as Meet the Dragon and Tiger of Zhao Taizu.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes the history of nearly a hundred years from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty. The book reflects the political and military struggle, the infiltration and transformation of various social contradictions in the Three Kingdoms period, summarizes the historical changes of this era and shapes a group of heroes. In grasping the history of the Three Kingdoms, the author showed an obvious tendency to support Liu and oppose Cao, focusing on the description of Liu Bei Group, praising the main figures of Liu Bei Group and trying to expose and lash Cao Cao. Today, we should dialectically understand the author's tendency to support Liu and oppose Cao. Respecting Liu and opposing Cao is the main tendency of folklore in Luo Guanzhong era, which implies people's hope for the rejuvenation of the Han nationality.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has created nearly 200 characters, among which Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Liu Bei and others are the most successful. Zhuge Liang is the incarnation of the "saint" in the author's mind. He has the lofty spirit of "devoting all his efforts to death" and the ambition of helping people rebuild a peaceful and prosperous world in modern times. In addition, the author endowed him with the peculiar ability of giving orders and calculating skillfully. Cao Cao is a treacherous man. His life creed is "I would rather teach the world to fail me". He is a political careerist and schemer, so don't confuse him with the real Cao Cao in history. Guan Yu is "brave and resolute" and "righteous as a mountain". But his loyalty is based on personal grudges, not the national justice. Liu Bei was portrayed by the author as a model of benevolence and righteousness, a corporal who valued virtue, and a man who knew people well and did his duty well.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes wars, big and small, with grand ideas and various techniques, which let us clearly see the bloody war scenes. Among them, the description of the battle of Guandu and Battle of Red Cliffs is ups and downs, ups and downs, and it is thrilling to read.

The book is not vulgar, concise and lively, full of momentum and lively.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms has brought the upsurge of China's historical novel creation, and its series of characters are well-known in China.

There are many versions of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, mainly including: Ming Hongzhi version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, with simple words and simple content; Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a commentary added or deleted by Mao Zonggang in Qing Dynasty, was written in the early years of Kangxi, and it is the most widely circulated book in the society. People's Literature Publishing House reprinted many times.

summary

Romance of the Three Kingdoms focuses on the political and military struggle between ruling groups. With the contradiction between Shu Han and Wei as the main clue, the plot of the book is unfolded, and a large number of princes and heroes in politics, military affairs and diplomacy are created. The main figures are Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao and Guan Yu.

Zhuge Liang is an extremely important figure in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. He is the embodiment of wisdom. It is a household name among the people, and it is well known to women and children. There is a saying: "Three cobblers make a Zhuge Liang", which shows his far-reaching influence. Since Zhuge Liang was a rookie, he immediately became the core figure in the Shuhan-Liubei Group. Liu Bei once said that getting Zhuge Liang "like a duck to water" not only obeyed him, but also paid almost all military events. After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang actually became the highest decision-maker of Shu. In order to repay Liu Bei's kindness in taking care of the thatched cottage, Zhuge Liang really did his best to die. . In Zhuge Liang, there are many politicians' virtues and superhuman wisdom. His wisdom and resourcefulness are even more talked about by people. Like Bowangpo fighting, grass boats borrow arrows. Not only that, he can improvise, for example, Zhuge Liang is China people's favorite figure by using the phrase "empty city plan".

Through complicated primary struggles, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms reveals the political struggles within the palace relocation, between groups, and between different forces within the same group, as well as the military struggles aimed at greed and hegemony, and reproduces the turbulent reality in the Three Kingdoms period. The book describes hundreds of wars, large and small, which is characterized by paying attention to expressing people's subjective initiative and the use of strategies and tactics. Battle of Red Cliffs is a wonderful war described in this book.

In Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhou Yu, Zhuge Liang and others correctly analyzed the situation of the enemy and ourselves, and through a series of step-by-step and planned actions, they gave full play to their own advantages, and at the same time skillfully and correctly determined and applied tactics such as fire attack, and finally defeated the strong enemy with the weak. On Cao Cao's side, relying on strength, he was supercilious, arrogant, representative, blindly underestimating the enemy, making repeated mistakes in decision-making and command, gradually losing his advantages and finally failing miserably.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms also describes different groups and factions within the feudal ruling class. In order to realize their own self-interest, they tried their best to engage in intrigue and intrigue, extensively used their strategic forces, and carried out fierce and complicated political and military struggles. This point runs through the book.

In order to recapture Jingzhou from Liu Bei, Sun Quan did not hesitate to use his sister as bait, and used the trick of "pulling relations" in an attempt to make Liu Bei "earn South Xu" ... imprisoned in prison, but made people beg Jingzhou to smoke Liu Bei ". After this plan was discovered, he lied that "the country was too sick" and tricked Mrs. Sun into taking Liu Bei's youngest son, Adou, back to Soochow in an attempt to exchange Adou for Jingzhou. After Guan Yu died in Jingzhou, the alliance between Sun and Liu broke down. Sun Quan was afraid of Liu Bei's revenge, so he sent envoys to send a letter to Cao Cao. In the letter, Sun Quan flattered Cao Cao and said, "I knew that my destiny had come to you, and I gained the upper hand. I sent my general to destroy Liu Bei and the two rivers, and I immediately led a group to surrender. " Sun Quan's attempt to persuade Cao Cao to abolish the Han Dynasty and call himself emperor was twofold: first, he could arouse Liu Bei and other forces supporting the Han Dynasty to rise up against Cao Cao; The second is to divert Liu Bei's attention from Soochow's capture of Jingzhou and the killing of Guan Yu, with very sinister intentions. No wonder Cao Cao said, "Does this boy want to roast me on the stove?" However, Liu Bei, who takes the world by benevolence and righteousness, is also good at playing tricks. When Lu Bu was captured by Cao Cao, Cao Cao asked Liu Bei what to do with it. Liu Bei helped to meditate, and then reminded Cao Cao, "Have you seen Ding Jianyang and Dong Zhuo?" Lu Bu was defeated by Liu and was immediately killed. Cao Cao pretended to hear thunder when he was cooking wine about heroes, lost his virginity to cover up his gaffes, and even fooled a generation of treacherous Cao Cao. Zhao Zilong attacked Changbanpo, struggling to save the young master Adou. Liu Bei threw Adou to the ground in front of Zhao Zilong, just as the folk fable said: "Liu Bei threw Adou-bought people's hearts."

Appreciation and evaluation

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is not only an earlier historical novel, but also represents the highest achievement of ancient historical novels. The novel adopts simple classical Chinese, which is vivid and fluent, and appeals to both refined and popular tastes; Brush strokes are full of changes, contrasts, redundancies, twists and turns, and swaying. The structure is magnificent, and the events of about a hundred years and many characters with complicated clues are organized completely and closely, and the narrative is orderly, echoing, interrelated, interlocking and advancing layer by layer.

The artistic achievement of The Romance of Three Kingdoms is more important in the description of war and characterization. Novels are best at describing wars and can write the characteristics of each war. Pay attention to describing the application of different strategies and tactics under specific conditions, and guide the subjective initiative of combat, instead of spending the main pen and ink on the simple strength and martial arts contest. For example, the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Battle of Red Cliffs and the Battle of Yiling. The writing of each war also changes with the characteristics of the war. While writing about the war, other activities are also written as the prelude, aftermath or auxiliary means of the war, which makes the exciting and thrilling war seem relaxed and slow. Such as the cooperation between Battle of Red Cliffs's former grandson and Liu, the contradiction between Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu, the temptation of Cao Cao, and the in-depth preparation of Sun Liu's allied forces to lure the enemy. In the aspect of characterization, the novel pays special attention to putting the characters in the sharp contradiction of real struggle and expressing their ideological character through their words and deeds or the surrounding environment. Such as Cao Cao's treachery, every move seems to hide intrigue; Zhang Fei has nothing but innocence and recklessness. Zhuge Liang has a well-thought-out plan, and he is always comfortable and leisurely in the face of things. Famous articles such as Guan Yu's "Killing Hua Xiong with Warm Wine", "Killing Six Generals after Passing Five Customs", Zhang Fei's "A Great Bridge in Changban", "Zhao Yun Riding Alone to Save the Young Master", Zhuge Liang's "Rescuing Meng Huo Seven times" and "Scaring Sima Yi with an Empty City Plan" are widely circulated.

Although The Romance of the Three Kingdoms takes history as its theme, it is not a history book after all, but a literary work. Because of artistic processing, there are many fictions. The artistic achievements of The Romance of The Three Kingdoms are various. 1. It successfully created many characters. There are more than 400 people in the book, among which the main characters are typical artists with distinctive personalities and vivid images. All kinds of characters have their own commonalities; People of the same kind have their own personalities. When describing the characters, the author is good at grasping the basic characteristics, highlighting one aspect, exaggerating, and using the methods of comparison and contrast to make the characters vivid and vivid. This is a basic principle of the author's characterization. The best explanation for applying this principle in novels is what people have always called "three unique skills", that is, Cao Cao's "technique of treacherous men"-treacherous men; Guan Yu's "absolute righteousness"-"righteousness is as heavy as a mountain"; Kong Ming's "unique wisdom"-extraordinary wit. The methods of portraying characters in novels mainly include: putting characters in thrilling military and political struggles and shaping them in sharp and complicated contradictions and conflicts. For the main characters, their complex personalities are often expressed through a series of storylines and characters' language. 2. It is good at describing war. This book has written more than forty wars, showing thrilling war scenes. Among them, the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Battle of Red Cliffs and the Battle of Yiling are the most prominent. For several key battles that determine the rise and fall of the Three Kingdoms, the author always focuses on describing and writing all aspects of the war, such as the strategies and tactics of both sides, the comparison of forces, and the transformation of status. , colorful, ever-changing, unique, fully embodies the complexity and diversity of war; It not only writes about the fierceness, tension and adventure of the war, but also does not seem miserable. Generally, they are in a high-spirited style, and some of them are calm, quiet and relaxed. Its structure is magnificent and exquisite. The time is as long as a hundred years, with hundreds of characters, complicated events and complicated clues. Description should not only conform to the basic facts, but also pay attention to the coherence of artistic plots. So it is very difficult to arrange the structure. However, the author can write methodically and clearly, and each chapter can be independent, and the book is a complete artistic whole. This is mainly due to the author's grand and rigorous conception. He organized the story of the whole book with Shu Han as the center and the contradiction and struggle of the three countries as the main line, which was both tortuous and coherent. There is a master and a slave, and the master and the slave work closely together. 4. The language is concise and fluent. This language seems to be semi-written today, but it was close to the vernacular at that time; Writing novels in this language is a pioneering work, which is an obvious progress compared with the rough and mixed language of some novels in the past. The biggest shortcoming of Romance of the Three Kingdoms in art is its fixed characters and lack of development and change. This may be influenced by the stereotyped characters in folklore and the limitations of historical materials. Second, imagination and exaggeration are sometimes unreasonable. Mr. Lu Xun said: "I want to show Liu Bei's long and thick, but he looks like a fake. He looks like a demon." This criticism is to the point.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the most accomplished and influential work in ancient historical novels. It is widely circulated, with infinite charm, and has immeasurable far-reaching influence in the history of China literature and people's life.

There is also a big gap between the characters in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the real characters in the History of the Three Kingdoms. Here are a few characters to illustrate.

Zhuge Liang: Zhuge Liang's ability to govern the country and the army, his character of helping the world and loving the people, and his modesty and prudence set an example for various outstanding historical figures in later generations. The monarch, intellectuals and the people all praised him, praised him and loved him from different angles. It can be said that Zhuge Liang's great influence in history has surpassed his political and military practice in the history of the Three Kingdoms. Although The Romance of the Three Kingdoms highlights the positive aspects of Zhuge Liang's life, such as personality, morality and achievements, it is infinitely exaggerated, describing him as the embodiment of wisdom and the representative of loyalty, and deifying him into a superman image that is half man and half god. Lu Xun commented: "Zhuge Liang's wisdom is close to the devil." Therefore, Zhuge Liang in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is not a real historical figure, but a historical novel figure.

Liu Bei: Chen Shou's evaluation of Liu Bei is: "Hongyi is generous, knows people and treats scholars, and is a hero in the style of Gao Zu." And entrusted the whole country to Zhuge Liang, but with the same mind, sincere monarch and minister serve the public and prosper in ancient and modern times. If you have no right to do something, you can't catch Wei Wu. Because the cardinality is too narrow. However, he "persisted, and he would never do it." "In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the author described Liu Bei as a representative of the benevolent, and he was the orthodox successor of the imperial power in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, he tried his best to describe Liu Bei's kind, generous and kind personality, which was extremely exaggerated, but while highlighting his kindness, he fell into incompetence and gave people the feeling of incompetence and hypocrisy. Liu Bei in TV plays is often Lacrimosa. Although crying and tears show Liu Bei's benevolence and righteousness, they give people the impression that Liu Bei's world is crying, distorting Liu Bei's true image as a "lean" and "outstanding person".

Guan Yu: In history, Guan Yu was the tiger general of "ten thousand enemies". He is proud and has no regrets, and his grievances are clear. He is famous for his loyalty, but he is "righteous and proud" and has more courage and less wisdom. After Ma Chao surrendered to Liu Bei, he was named General of the Day. When Guan Yu was in charge of Jingzhou, he wrote a book with Zhuge Liang, "Ask who can compare with the super talent." Zhuge Liang wrote back that Ma Chao is a great man in the world, but he is not as good as Guan Yu's "peerless", and Guan Yu "keeps books to entertain himself as a guest." This is a typical brave and foolhardy military commander's character. However, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, because he is a member of Liu Bei's camp and has the characteristics of loyalty, he is portrayed as the embodiment of benevolence and righteousness. He followed Liu Bei and did not avoid difficulties and obstacles. Xiapi was captured and surrendered to Cao Cao, but he was worried about Liu Bei. Just because Cao Cao was very kind to him, he killed Yan Liang, the general of Yuan Shao, for Cao Cao before he left Cao and returned to Liu, and lifted the siege of the white horse. But what is written in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is that Guan Yu met three times when Pi surrendered, and Cao Cao had a small banquet on the third day and a big banquet on the fifth day, but it was false. In short, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the author described Guan Yu as a "righteous man", so his image was seriously distorted.

Cao Cao: In history, Cao Cao's character is very complicated. Chen Shou thinks that Cao Cao is "the first in the history of the Three Kingdoms". "The magic of application and transaction, Han Bai's unique strategy, and the official licensing materials have their own tools, and they are sentimental and don't forget the old evils." Cao Cao has been in charge of the army for more than 30 years, but he can't let go. He must be endowed when he climbs high. He is better at poetry, cursive script and Go. Live frugally and don't pay attention to clothes. Discuss with others, laughing and laughing. "Honor should be rewarded, generous daughter; Nothing can be done, nothing can be done. " He is a first-rate politician, strategist and writer in the history of China. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, these good aspects of Cao Cao's character and morality are ignored, while his cruel and treacherous side is exaggerated. Therefore, Luo Guanzhong's Cao Cao is a typical treacherous, cruel, willful and suspicious villain.

Zhou Yu: Zhou Yu in history was "generous", modest and obedient, and "open and ambitious". Liu Bei called him "the plan of civil and military affairs, the English of ten thousand people." Sun Quan praised him as "the capital of Wang Zuo". However, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhou Yu became the bottom figure of Zhuge Liang. Zhou Yu was written to raise Zhuge Liang. Therefore, Zhou Yu in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is narrow-minded and always inferior to Zhuge Liang in wisdom. Unlike Zhou Yu praised by Su Shi, he is a "romantic figure through the ages".

Lu Su: If the characters of Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and others in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms are distorted, but there is still some basis, then in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Lu Su is almost completely fabricated except for his name. Lu Su in history was "in the army, never leaving his book", "far-sighted" and "brilliant". When he first met Sun Quan, he put forward the founding policy: set foot in the east of the Yangtze River, reject Cao Cao in the north, wait for the destruction of Huang Zu, head for Liu Biao, who was accidentally discovered in the Yangtze River, and then build the so-called emperor for the world. This is similar to Zhuge Liang's longzhong pair. When Cao Cao's army went south to Jingzhou, Sun Quan's men all surrendered, but Lu Su advocated resisting Cao and advised Sun Quan to recall Zhou Yu to defend the business war. After Battle of Red Cliffs, he urged-Cao. In the history of Wu Dong, Lu Su was a real Zhuge Liang figure, and Sun Quan also admired him very much. The establishment and development of Wu was basically carried out in accordance with the political strategy and strategic policy put forward by Lu Su. However, in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Lu Su became a victim of the wits and wits of Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu, a typical example of being fooled and bullied.

Comment on Historical Romance and Feel the Situation of the Three Kingdoms —— Thoughts on Reading Romance of the Three Kingdoms

"The Yangtze River flows eastward, and the waves wash away heroes ..." Mention this word, and people will think of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, one of the four classical novels.

The full name of Romance of the Three Kingdoms is Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which was compiled by Luo Guanzhong, a writer in the Ming Dynasty. As can be seen from the title, this novel is based on the History of the Three Kingdoms, but it is not as solemn as the official history, but an ancient vernacular novel. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has become more artistic than the History of the Three Kingdoms. Below, I will comment on this 660,000-word masterpiece from several aspects.

I. Truth and fiction

The biggest difference between romance and official history is that romance is not true, but a novel. Everyone says that the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a seven-point historical fact and three-point fiction, which is true. But fiction, using artistic methods to fiction, is not just that historical facts can be used for fiction. For example, Guan Gong killed Hua Xiong with warm wine, which is not recorded in the history books. Another example is about going to a meeting alone with Lu Su. History books say that Lu Su went to see Guan Yu alone. There are of course countless similar examples. After reading it, a little analysis shows that most of these fictional plots pave the way for the characters described in the novel. Because, if we only create real characters as the official history says, some characters are contrary to the author's political and ideological views. Moreover, while making fiction, the author also noticed the rationality and coherence of the plot, rather than making fiction stiffly, which is why he felt immersive after reading it. In a word, the author's writing in this respect is quite successful, and these plots also show part of the author's subjective wishes.

Second, deification and uglification.

The characters in The Romance of Three Kingdoms are not real characters, but processed characters in the official history, including deified characters and demonized characters.

The typical representatives of deified figures are Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu. Zhuge Liang was deified as an Oracle and Guan Yu was deified as a loyal man. Below, I want to briefly compare why the author focuses on deifying these two people.

Zhu was a famous Neo-Confucianist in the Southern Song Dynasty, and he thought he was the orthodoxy of the Three Kingdoms. Since Chen Shou, most of Zhu's previous views were based on Cao Wei. Since Zhu, kings, ministers and people began to accept Zhu's point of view, because it not only conforms to Confucianism but also can be accepted by the ruling class. Luo Guanzhong also agreed with Zhu. Therefore, most of his deified characters are loyal to the Han family. Among them, the author writes that Zhuge Liang is the embodiment of "wisdom" and Guan Yu is the embodiment of "loyalty" and "righteousness". This is why Daoguang ruler was influenced by The Romance of Three Kingdoms and gave Guan Yu posthumous title with more than 30 words.

As for uglification, it is basically apotheosis. For example, Zhou Yu, a hero in history, died young, but The Romance of the Three Kingdoms described him as a jealous man. Most uglification is set off by deification.

Third, people and clues

One of the great successes of The Romance of The Three Kingdoms is that it has successfully created many distinctive characters, such as Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Liu Bei, Zhao Yun, Cao Cao, Zhou Yu and Mi Fei. The author uses detail description to embody the distinctive characteristics of the characters. For example, when writing Zhang Fei, in the seventieth chapter, the author made a detailed description and description of Zhang Fei's narrow-minded battles, and at the same time increased the dialogue between Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei, showing Zhuge Liang's superb wisdom.

The reason why The Romance of the Three Kingdoms can properly handle many characters and their complicated relationships is that the author not only writes with the techniques of reality, emptiness, detail, omission, insertion and flashback, but also uses the literary techniques of narrative along clues. The main line of Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the process of the establishment and demise of the Shu-Han regime until the three-point return to Jin, which is interspersed with clues. For example, during the period of Battle of Red Cliffs, the author began to narrate from three lines: Liu Bei, Sun Quan and Cao Cao. These three lines are interrelated, and they will not only describe one or two clues in one chapter. If intertwined, readers will feel very coherent, rather than just looking at a clue.

Fourth, feudalism and kingship

One of the political ideas expressed in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is to advocate typical Confucianism-kingly way and benevolent government. A large part of the fictional stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms are to express this idea. In this way, the author boldly created a series of artistic images of "loyalty" and "righteousness" in his works.

The first one is Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang described in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the embodiment of loyalty and wisdom, especially the author's wisdom of Zhuge Liang, which is even more exaggerated.

Zhuge Liang, in the ruling group of the landlord class at that time, was a sensitive, courageous and resourceful person. However, he has these advantages because he attaches importance to practice. For example, Cao Cao captured Jingzhou and led his troops south. Zhuge Liang analyzed the situation to Sun Quan and predicted that Cao Cao would be defeated, precisely because Zhuge Liang compared the advantages and disadvantages of the enemy and ourselves before the war. For another example, Zhuge Liang dared to come up with an "empty plan" because he analyzed the situation of the generals of both sides and knew that Sima Yi knew that he was "cautious all his life and would never take risks", so he took advantage of Sima Yi's long-term understanding of himself and adopted a very "dangerous" plan to solve the crisis. However, in more chapters, the author wrote Zhuge Liang as a "prophet". For example, Zhuge Liang's Watching the Sky at Night and Rolling Up His Sleeves several times. In "Sacrificing the Wind at the Seven Stars Altar", it is an absurd description. Similar problems are also found in Eight Arrays, Half Stone Sacrifice to Lushui, Wu Ganxing and Dingjun Mountain Show the Sage.

Guan Yu is also a character described in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In the author's pen, Guan Yu also became a heroic and loyal hero in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms from a military commander who was as famous as Zhao Yun and Huang Zhong in the Three Kingdoms. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms beautifies Guan Yu in this way, which is completely advocating the feudal thought of "loyalty" and "righteousness". After the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Guan Yu became a figure completely in line with the ideals of the feudal ruling class, and Guan Yu's influence among the people became wider and wider. The rulers of Ming and Qing dynasties called him "the Great Emperor" several times and built temples for him everywhere. This clearly shows how the description of "loyalty" and "righteousness" advocated by Guan Yu suits the needs of feudal rulers.

In addition, in order to advocate serving the feudal masters, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms also created a series of so-called "loyal ministers" images, such as Dong Cheng, Wang Zifu and Ji. In order to be loyal to Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, they wiped out Cao Cao, a "national thief". "Although they wiped out the nine clans, they had no regrets". The author touted these people as immortal model figures. In addition, when writing characters such as Jiang Wei, he advocated feudal "filial piety" and when writing characters such as Mrs. Sun, he advocated feudal "festival". Therefore, the characters depicted in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms run through the author's social and political views.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) poetry and ode

Another great success of Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the introduction of a large number of poems and songs. Although the number is less than that of A Dream of Red Mansions, there are many excellent works. Some poems are introduced to express feelings, while others appear in the singing or writing of characters. For example, "The sky is like a round cover and the earth is like a chess game ..." (Chapter 37), which was written by Zhuge Liang. Another example is, "Cao Cao is an adulterer, and Zhou Lang was cheated for a while ..." (45th time), which is the story that later generations lamented that Cao Cao was wrongly accused of killing Cai Mao and Zhang Yun. The first word "Linjiang Xian" is magnificent, which gives readers a sense of awe. After reading it, I have a feeling that I can't stop. At the end of the article, the poem "Antique" summarizes 660,000 words of the rise and fall of the Three Kingdoms in a century into a long narrative poem with only over 300 words. Although there are no flowery words, it is like a rhyming postscript, which leads readers to relive the situation of the Three Kingdoms. Its last few words even triggered the author's thinking and understanding of history: "The succession of things is endless, and the number of days cannot be avoided. The three-legged leg has become a dream, and future generations will complain. " Leave readers with infinite reverie.

In a word, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the best of the four classical novels after A Dream of Red Mansions. Although some of these thoughts are worth discussing, they are of far-reaching significance to the Chinese nation.

Lyu3 bu4 stories in three English wars.

Said the eight-way princes lost several times in a row and reported it to Yuan Shao. Cao Cao said, "Lu Bu is a hero. He is invincible in the world. Will the 18 th Route Governors discuss together to capture Lu Bu alive? " . If you kill Lu Bu, Dong Zhuo will be easy. "During the debate, someone came to report the battle of Lu Bu, and Shao ordered the eight-way governors to attack Lu Bu and Gongsun Zan. You waved an iron bar and went straight to meet Lu Bu. Cloth opened its eyes and shouted, waving halberd to fight. After the battle, Zan bridled his horse and left in a hurry. Lu Bu came with the red hare. Horses travel thousands of miles, and the wind flies away. See catch up with Gongsun Zan, painted cloth halberd stab back. A nearby general, with his eyes wide open, stood upright, and the flying horse shouted, "Don't go, three domestic slaves! "Yan Zhangfei is here!" Seeing this, Lyu3 bu4 abandoned Gongsun Zan and fought Zhang Fei. Fly and shake, find a big country, and fight Lu Bu. When the Eighth Route Warlords saw that Zhang Fei's marksmanship was gradually dispersed, Lu Bu added more vigor. Zhang Fei was furious and shouted. Yun Chang hits the horse and dances 82 pounds. Qinglong crescent moon blade attacks Lu Bu. Three horses Martinmaa fought each other, hitting thirty, but two could not beat Lu Bu. Liu Xuande looked at it and thought, "I won't start, when will I wait!" Pick a double-edged sword, suddenly yellow, stab, cut. These three surrounded Lu Bu and played like lanterns, and the Eighth Route Army was stunned. Lu Bu blocked it, and Liu Bei stabbed a halberd in his face. Liu Bei flashed, and Lu Bu swung his horn, dragging the halberd upside down, and Pegasus left. The three men refused to give up, so they came by flattery, and the Eighth Route Army soldiers shouted loudly and covered together. Lu Bu's army looked very close and ran away, followed by Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Ding.