The weak Qing dynasty, under the threat of power, can only be slaughtered and unable to resist. I was forced to sign more than 1 100 unequal and shameful treaties. Among them, more than 40 treaties are deeply affected. There are many rules and regulations that can be learned. Since ancient times, diplomacy has always been about strength. It's pitiful that the strong are cowardly and arrogant.
List of unequal treaties
Date of signing the land-lost compensation of China signatory to the peace treaty
1. Sino-British Guangzhou and Yu Baochun 6.7 million 27-5-1841;
2. Sino-British Treaty on Senior Citizens in Nanjing, Hibry 2 1, 229-8-1842;
3. Sino-British treaty of nanking Supplementary Provisions Senior Citizens 22-7-1843;
4. Sino-British Humen Treaty on Senior Citizens 8-10-1843;
5. Sino-US Wang Xia Treaty on Senior Citizens 3-7-1844;
6. Sino-French Huangpu Treaty on Senior Citizens 24-10-1844;
7. Sino-Russian 600,000 square kilometers Yishan Treaty 28-5-1858;
8. Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty Gui Liang, Wasana13-6-1858;
9. Sino-US Tianjin Treaty Gui Liang, Wasana18-6-1858;
10. Sino-British Tianjin Treaty, Gui Liang, Wasana 26-6-1858;
1 1. Sino-French Tianjin Treaty Gui Liang, Wasana 27-6-1858;
12. The Sino-British Tianjin Treaty supplements Gui Liang 8-11-1858;
13. Sino-British Beijing Treaty Yixin13 million 24-10-1860;
14. Sino-French Beijing Treaty Yixin 25-10-1860;
15. The Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty covers more than 400,000 square kilometers? 4- 1 1- 1860;
16. About the northwest border between China and Russia: 440,000 square kilometers in Yi Ming10-7-1864;
17. Former US Secretary Pu Jan 7-28-1868;
18. The articles of association of the new Sino-British treaty are unknown 23-10-1869;
19. Sino-Japanese reconciliation treaty Li Hongzhang13-8-1871;
20. Sino-Japanese Beijing Treaty Yixin 31-10/874;
2 1. Sino-British Yantai Treaty Li Hongzhang13-9-1876;
22. Sino-Russian Rivakia Treaty Chonghou 2-10-1879;
23. Sino-Russian Ili Treaty, Ceng Jize, 70,000 square kilometers, 24-2-1881;
24. Li Hongzhang11-5-1884;
25. Sino-Japanese Tianjin Treaty Li Hongzhang18-4-1885;
26. The Sino-French New Testament Li Hongzhang 9-6-1885;
27. The Sino-British Yantai Treaty Extension Treaty is unknown 9-6-1885;
28. Sino-Portuguese Beijing Treaty □1-12-1887;
29. Sino-British India-Tibet Treaty was promoted to Thailand17-3-1890;
30. Sino-US South China University of Technology Treaty Yang Ru 7-3-1894;
3 1. Chinese and Japanese treaty of shimonoseki Li Hongzhang 227-4-1895;
32. Sino-Japanese Southern Liaoning Treaty Li Hongzhang 30 million 28-1-1895;
33. Sino-Russian secret agreement Li Hongzhang 3-6-1896;
34. Sino-German Jiaoao Lease Treaty Li Hongzhang 6-3-1896;
35. Liszt Hong Chapter 9-6-1898 of the Sino-British Treaty on the Extension of the Hong Kong Border;
36. Eight-Nation Alliance Xin Chou Treaty Li Hongzhang 1, 222,702 7-9-1901;
37. China and Britain renewed the India-Tibet Treaty, and Lashengal increased by 7-9-1904;
38. Sino-Japanese Conference [Manchuria Recovery Treaty] 22-12-1905;
39. Article 11 of China and Japan is about Lu Zhengxiang 9-5-1915;
40. Sino-Japanese military agreement □ Peng Yun16-5-1918;
note:
1. Xin Chou paid 450 million taels of compensation, one tael per China. Paid off in 39 years, with an annual interest rate of 4%, plus the interest of mother and child, totaling about one billion two kuping silver. In addition, civil compensation is more than 20 million yuan. Guaranteed by customs duties and salt taxes. Since then, China has lost its tariff sovereignty, and its domestic industry has never recovered.
2. The above is the more important treaty information I can collect.
3. The Sino-US Extension Treaty was signed privately by the former American special envoy Pu Chen An without the consent of the China administration. At that time, he was China's consultant.
4. It is also necessary to estimate the purchasing power of the currency at that time, which may be a hundred times or a thousand times that of the current currency.
5. The disasters imposed on China by foreign powers are endless, so I hope our compatriots will consider them carefully.
According to the archives of Aihui History Exhibition Hall, the Beijing Treaty lost more than 400,000 square kilometers of territory. More than 200,000 square kilometers of the outer Mongolia border were looted. With the independence of Outer Mongolia, China lost about 330 square kilometers of territory.
According to the records in Ci Hai, according to the content of Beijing Treaty, the northwest boundary can only be divided and recorded. Therefore, the two treaties lost land only once, that is, 440,000 square kilometers (I don't know which is in line with historical facts).
1. Sino-British treaty of nanking
First, occupy Hong Kong.
Second, extort huge sums of money. China paid 6 million yuan for British opium, 3 million yuan owed by the merchants, and 6,543.8+0.2 million yuan for military expenses, totaling 2,654.38+0.8 million yuan (excluding the "Guangzhou City Redemption Fee" of 6 million yuan), which was paid in four years.
Three to five trading ports. Treaty of nanking stipulates that Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai should be opened as trading ports. Britain has the right to send consular officials and other officials in five places, and businessmen can trade freely, without the restriction that only "Hong Shang" designated by the Qing government can trade.
Fourth, control tariffs.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) consular jurisdiction. According to the Charter of Five Ports Trade, whenever the British have a "negotiation lawsuit" with China people or commit a crime on the territory of China, it is "up to the British to decide how to convict and send it to the steward (that is, the consular officer) for compliance", and China officials have no right to make a judgment according to the laws of China.
6. Unilateral MFN treatment. Most-favored-nation treatment should be the reciprocal right of both contracting parties. However, in the unequal treaties between China and Britain, it is only stipulated that contracting foreign countries can unilaterally enjoy MFN treatment. According to the Humen Treaty, China "should also allow the British to share the new Enshi and other countries in the future".
2. Sino-US Wang Xia Treaty
Americans can trade or live in Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai, and allow American warships to enter China Harbor.
The import and export of American goods, China Customs tax must be negotiated with the American consul.
Americans break the law in China ",China officials are not allowed to ask. 」
Americans are allowed to build their own buildings, hospitals, churches and funeral homes in five places. 」
3. Treaties between China, Britain, France, Russia and Tianjin
1. Foreign Minister in Beijing
2. Kainiuzhuang (later changed to Yingkou), Dengzhou (later changed to Yantai), Tainan, Danshui, Chaozhou (later changed to Shantou), Qiongzhou, Hankou, Jiujiang, Jiangning (Nanjing) and Zhenjiang are trading ports.
3. China Customs employs foreigners.
Foreigners can preach, travel and trade in China.
5. Foreigners travel to the mainland for trade; Foreign merchant ships can enter and leave the Yangtze River estuary.
6. China compensated Britain for 4 million taels and France for 2 million taels.
4. China, Britain, France, Russia and Beijing Treaty
1. Tianjin opens.
2. Allow China workers to go abroad; Cede Kowloon to Britain.
3. Return of Catholic assets
4. British and French compensation increased to 8 million Liang.
5. Sino-Russian infatuation treaty
China and Russia are bounded by Heilongjiang and Ergon, with Russia in the north and China in the south.
The land south of the lower reaches of Heilongjiang, east of Wusuli River and along the sea of Okhotsk was changed from China to China and Russia.
Russian ships have navigation rights in Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers.
6. Sino-Russian Ili Treaty
China will use 5 million rubles to "repay" the "expenses" of the Russian occupation of Ili.
China wants to "cut" the Tekes River basin plain south of Ili with Russia.
Revise the Sino-Russian border and the trade affairs of Zhaisan Lake stipulated in the 1863 Talbahatai Border Treaty to benefit Russia.
7. Sino-French New Testament (Tianjin)
China renounced its suzerain status and recognized Viet Nam as a French "protectorate".
China chose two places near the Sino-Vietnamese border as commercial ports to "connect the market" with France.
The French have the privilege of building railways in the southwest provinces of China.
8. China, Japanese and treaty of shimonoseki
China completely gave up its suzerainty over North Korea.
China ceded Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands to Japan.
China opened Suzhou and Hangzhou in the south of the Yangtze River, and even Chongqing and Shashi in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River to trade with Japan, and Japan enjoyed the inland navigation rights of these ports.
China allows Japanese to set up factories at various trading ports and enjoy most-favored-nation treatment.
China "compensated" Japanese military expenditure by 22,000 yuan.
9. Sino-Russian Jiaoao Concession Treaty
Lease JIAOZHOU bay in the south of Shandong Peninsula and its railway rights from Germany.
10. Land lease treaty of Luda University
Lushun "leased" Russia as a military port and Dalian "leased" Russia as a commercial port for a period of 25 years, but it can be extended.
During the "lease period", the China army shall not be stationed in Lvda area.
Russia recovered the right to build the railway from Luda to Harbin (including the so-called "Nanman Railway" later) and the exclusive right along the railway.
1 1.
Lease the "New Territories" to Britain for 99 years.
12. peace treaty between Xin and Chou (signed by the Qing government and 1 1 ministers of various countries)
Punish the foreign ministers such as Dai Yi, the king of Duanjun County.
The export of weapons to China is prohibited for two years.
China paid 1 1 the state "compensation" of 450 million taels (paid in 39 years, with a total principal and interest of nearly one billion taels).
As collateral for the payment of compensation, the customs duties and salt taxes levied by China Customs are controlled by foreign countries.
Every country manages its own embassy district in Beijing.
All the batteries between Dagukou and Beijing were removed.
The Qing court changed the "Foreign Affairs Department of Prime Minister" to "Foreign Affairs Department", and the Sixth Division was listed.
13. agreement on the aftermath of the three northeastern provinces
After Japan and Russia withdrew their troops in northeast China respectively, the Qing court opened three northeastern provinces/0/6 towns as commercial ports (Fenghuang, Liaoyang, Xinmin Tun, Tieling, Tongjiangzi and Fakumen in Shengjing Province, Changchun, Jilin, Harkui, Ningguta, Hunchun and Samsung in Jilin Province, Qiqihar, Hailar, Aihui and Manzhouli in Heilongjiang Province).
Japan has obtained the right to operate Anfeng Railway in the south-east of China.
In northeast cities such as Fengtian (now Pan Yang), Yingkou and Anton (now Dandong), Japanese "concessions" were delineated, and so on.
14. Huangpu treaty
Treaty of nanking has the same interests in obtaining treaties with Britain and the United States.
15. Sino-British Yantai Treaty
The British have the right to enter the southwest border of China to "explore the road through tourism".
If they went to India from the mainland of China via Tibet, the Qing government had to inform the minister in Tibet to help them get through.
16. Additional clauses of Yantai Treaty
When opium is imported, after each box (100 kg) is paid to the customs at the same time, Chinese businessmen transport it to the mainland for sale with the certificate, and no tax is levied on the way.
17. the Lhasa treaty between Britain and Tibet
All foreign exchanges between Tibet must be approved by the British government; Establish a commercial port in Kadak on the Sino-Indian border; Open the second commercial port of Gyangze. The treaty also stipulates that the 7.5 million rupees spent by British troops in Tibet should be paid within 75 years.
18. Tacheng Jieyue
Northwest Xinjiang was ceded, starting from Shazhida Baja and ending in Congling, covering an area of about 580,000 square kilometers.
19. Chuanbi Cao Yue
(1) cede Hong Kong
(2) Pay 6 million yuan for cigarettes.
(3) Resume business in Guangzhou.
20. Guangzhou Peace Treaty
Pay Guangzhou "city redemption fee" of 6 million within 7 days and compensate the British Commercial Museum for the loss of 300,000. The Qing army retreated 60 miles outside Guangzhou. After paying the ransom, the British troops withdrew from Humen.