(1) Guangyao Yizhou is a pronoun, a famous official of Neo-Confucianism.
Historically, Liaodong and western Liaoning are the most developed areas of feudal culture in Northeast China. After the Liao and Jin Dynasties formed a literary creation collective with Liaoyang as the center and Liaodong and Bohai families as the main body, in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, two figures who played an important role in the cultural history and literary history of Northeast China came into being, namely, the pronoun minister Yelu Chucai in the Yuan Dynasty and the famous Neo-Confucianist He Qin in the Northeast in the Ming Dynasty. Their poems, thoughts and deeds had a great influence on the development of Northeast culture at that time and later.
Yeluchucai (1190-1244), whose real name is Jin Qing, was born in Yizhou, Liaodong (now Yixian, Liaoning), the eighth grandson of Yelubei, the king of Dan in Liaodong. In A.D. 12 14, Jin Xuanzong moved to Nanjing (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province), and Chu Cai stayed in Zhongdu (Beijing) as foreign minister. When the Mongols captured Zhongdu, Lu Ye Chu Cai was named as a near minister because of his reputation, and he followed Genghis Khan to the west. Wokuotai was then prime minister. He made outstanding contributions to the establishment of Mongolia's national political system and made indelible contributions to the formation of a unified multi-ethnic country in the Yuan Dynasty.
Yeluchucai is from Qidan, China. He read widely, bypassing astronomy, geography, law and calendar, as well as studying Buddhism, old age, medicine and divination. He is proficient in poetry and writing, and is the author of Collected Works of Zhan Ran laity and The Journey to the West. The Collected Works of Zhan Ran Jushi contains about 100 articles and more than 660 poems. Most of the poems are works describing the scenery and folk customs of the western regions and the northern frontier, with magnificent, grand and profound style. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Chu Cai was almost a unique poet in North Korea, and had a great influence on the poetry circle at that time. Gu, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty, called him "a hero's poem scattered all over the world, which was the first in a generation of poetry circles" in Selected Songs of the Yuan Dynasty. Comparatively speaking, the poems written by Lu Ye Chu Cai are more modern than classical, and his quatrains about scenery are full of charm, such as "Crossing Jiyuan to Dengpeigong Pavilion":
The mountain meets the blue sky and the water is empty, and the mountain light dissolves in water.
The wind returns to a mirror to grind blue light, and the rain pours thousands of peaks.
It vividly depicts a changing blue light and a natural scene of water and sky.
Lu Ye Chu Cai's frontier poems are more distinctive, especially the seven-rhythm. For example, there is a poem in Xin 'an county, a rural area in summer: the vast sea is full of white waves, and the Tianshan Mountains are full of wind.
The first frost is very refreshing, and the month is twice as cold as the Mid-Autumn Festival.
The first four sentences of a poem "Yinshan" write: "In August, Yinshan is full of snow and sand, clear and dazzling. Insert the sky into the cliff, spray the clear moon, and the sea is covered with mountains and clouds. " These two poems seem to make people feel the blue sky and sand sea in the northwest frontier, which is a magnificent and desolate scene.
Chu Cai was an official in the Jin Dynasty as a royal family in the Liao Dynasty, and Yanjing was trapped, which made him feel the sense of national subjugation again and surrendered to Mongolia. The political struggle between the upper classes in Mongolia plunged him into deep distress. Although he was walking on thin ice, he was finally involved in the stormy waves of political struggle. All these make him express the feeling of life like a dream in many places in his poetry creation. He was attached to Buddhism, and was named Zhan Ran Jushi, hoping to seek "self-restraint" from "Fahai in Wang Yang". The poet wrote in "Expressing Sorrow": "A few pieces of paper will rise and fall through the ages, and a game of chess will win or lose in a thousand years. So seeing through the human dream, I began to believe that an empty door is strange. " This is a true portrayal of his thoughts.
Chu Cai also wrote some works reflecting his family background and homesickness. In "To the King of Li County in Western Liaoning", the poet claimed to be "I am a flower with eight leaves in Dongdan", indicating that he is the eighth grandson of the King of Dan in eastern Liaoning. In two poems of Homesickness, the author wrote: "The old mother plays the piano and books to amuse herself ... and there are books in the basket to teach her children." "I don't know myself as a butterfly when I am drunk, and I don't know myself as a fish in my dream", which expresses the poet's sincere feelings of missing his mother and homesickness.
In the preface to Collected Works of Zhan Ran laity, Wang Lin praised Lu Ye Chu Cai's poems, saying that "his plain prose in Wen Ya moistens the stone" and "his elegance is elegant and thin", which means a lot of praise. The summary of the catalogue of Sikuquanshu said: "Today, the poetic language of Sikuquanshu is true in essence, just as it means, not as a work." More realistic.
Ye Lvzhu, the second son of Chu Cai, is also a master of poetry and prose. The anthology he left to later generations is "The Drunk Collection of Shuangxi", with more than 770 works, including Fu, Yuefu, five-character poems and seven-character poems, as well as essays, hymns, poems and eulogies. This is a huge and rich literary work. The themes of Shuangxi's poems are diverse, such as hanging on the past, singing about things, singing about history, writing about scenery and so on. Zhao called him a "thirteen-song poem" in the preface to "The Collection of Drunken Weng in Shuangxi", which entered the Tang Dynasty when it was written. In Wang Wanqing's postscript, he emphatically affirmed the unique style of Lu Ye's poetry, that is, "the air is lofty, fresh and unique, which is different from the way of predecessors, and the emotion is like riding the wind and taking the air, which is really immortal".
Northeast literature in Ming Dynasty is mainly represented by Han literature. During this period, most of the Khitan and Jurchen nationalities who entered the Central Plains have merged with the Han nationality and gradually lost their original historical ties with the Northeast. Mongolians and jurchen entering the Liaodong border are in the state of using their own national language or no written language, and their contact and understanding of the feudal culture of the Han nationality is extremely limited, let alone literary creation in Chinese. Therefore, Han literature works became the mainstream of Northeast literature in this period. The objects of creation are mostly local officials in Northeast China in Ming Dynasty, ci ministers and remonstrators eager to defend Northeast China, and poets and writers in Northeast China. There are many poems written by people traveling in Northeast China in Ming Dynasty, but most of them are written by officials, and there are no famous writers or poets. The form of the work is just chanting the scenery, which has little influence. During this period, only the descendants of Feng from Guangning (now Beizhen County, Liaoning Province), Zhu from Qiantunwei (now Suizhong County, Liaoning Province), Liaoyang people, Yizhouwei (now Yixian County, Liaoning Province) and others were recorded, among which the most famous and influential people were.
He Qin (1437— 1509) was born in Yizhou Wei (now Yixian County, Liaoning Province). Since the name "Coco Ren Shan" came into being, Liaodong people have called it "Mr. Coco". My ancestral home is Dinghai, Zhejiang, and my parents came to Yizhou from the border. In the second year of Chenghua (1466), He Qin was awarded the subject by a scholar, but his suggestion was not accepted, so he returned to his hometown, built three huts at the west foot of Yiwulu Mountain, and studied hard behind closed doors for more than ten years. Later, I mainly taught the children in the village to engage in education. In the first year of Hongzhi (1488), Liu Ji, a university student, recommended Shaanxi Zuo to participate in politics, but she did not go to work because of her advanced age. At the age of 74. In his early years, he accepted Neo-Confucianism because he read Zhu He's Recent Thoughts. When he was an official in the capital, he just happened to catch up with Chen Xianzhang, a Guangdong Neo-Confucianist known as "Living Mencius", to visit the capital. When I first met Chen, I fell in love with him and immediately became a teacher, which became a turning point in the development of my thoughts. After returning to his hometown, he "exhibited the fine scenery of the former Holy Olympics", read books about sex, played around the clock, and lived a secluded life of "Maotang in the distance of white clouds". Although he lives far away from his teacher Chen Xianzhang, they have kept in touch with each other. Chen Xianzhang taught him: "To learn, we should cultivate a clue from meditation before we can discuss it." . He Qin felt inspired and devoted himself to it. After nearly ten years of "pondering", He Qin thought that he had mastered the samadhi of Neo-Confucianism and developed his theory of learning from others. The main purpose of Chen Xianzhang's study is "to be quiet and realize", while He Qin is "to do", emphasizing that "reading is behavior-oriented, and doing is filial piety-oriented", so we should think attentively, silently and reflexively. His dedication and practice are devoted to practicing the teachings of ancient sages and sages, starting with words and deeds, and asking people to further govern the country, retire and manage their families, be filial at home and serve the country faithfully. This is the greatest feature of He Qin's philosophy. Therefore, in North Korea, he cracked down on bureaucrats who did nothing all day regardless of the sufferings of the people. In the village, he also did some practices that were "conducive to corruption", such as calming down disputes, teaching people filial piety and harmony, and strictly distinguishing between men and women. His theory still has positive social significance at this point.
He Qin has been engaged in educational practice in his hometown for a long time, and the core of his educational thought is based on Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, which advocates cultivating ruling talents with feudal morality for the ruling class. He Qin believes that the main task of education is to make people read and understand, and to distinguish between justice, interests and evil. "If you don't study and don't understand, how can you serve the country faithfully and do your best?" He said: "The book of sages is definitely not just about teaching people the imperial examination." Therefore, he opposed the practice of teaching the four books and five classics of the imperial examination in Ming Dynasty as the main content at that time, but started from primary school and gradually proceeded. While reading sage books, he also asked students to participate in social practice, learn martial arts and take part in agricultural weaving, so that students felt that "learning is useful, learning is useful", followed by articles and politics. These thoughts had a great influence in Liaodong area.
He Qin devoted himself to spiritual practice all his life and paid little attention to poetry and writing. After his death, his son He collected his last manuscript, memorized his words and deeds, and compiled The Collected Works of Mr. Coco into nine volumes, including one to three volumes of words and deeds, four to nine volumes of letters and essays, eight volumes of manuscripts and nine volumes of sixty-five poems. His poems don't pay attention to the rhythm of poetry, but they are a group of "words of benevolence and righteousness, which have a lot to do with famous religion" His articles are also eloquent, clumsy and unpretentious. He wrote some philosophical poems. In his later years, he loved mountains and rivers. Whenever the weather is fine, he often likes to take his children and students to climb mountains, sing and swim in Yiwulu Mountain. In the poem "Mount Lushan", he described the pleasure of climbing: winning the Japanese Union? Traveling abroad, I like to go deep with Jiake.
Qianyan sits in the clouds, and the scenery urges wine to raise money.
The pen is like a flower, and the drunken rock bird is like each other.
In the clouds of the blessed land, people today naturally don't understand.
He also often fishes by the Daling River alone. "Hogg points to the road. He is proud of this fish!" In order to get rid of political frustration and boredom, every day, "wild birds chasing each other and Mao Xuan sleeping in the afternoon" is used to express disappointment and avoidance of real politics by playing mountains and rivers. This thought contradicts his theory, which shows that He Qin's practical thought is not complete. After He Qin's death, he was buried in the Ming Valley of Yiwulu Mountain. Zheng De fourteen years (15 19). Xiangxian Temple was established in Liaozuo Academy, and this philosopher was selected as one of the six sages who entered the temple. In the sixteenth year of Zheng De (152 1), Li Shangming, an imperial envoy from Liaodong, requested to be listed as a famous minister of science at that time and published a collection of works for him. In the history of ancient cultural thoughts in Northeast China, He Qin is the only renowned Neo-Confucianism, educator and writer since the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
(2) Exile and Exile Literature in Qing Dynasty
In the early years of Shunzhi, the vast majority of northeast soldiers and civilians joined the war in which Manchu aristocrats seized state sovereignty, which temporarily brought the political, economic and cultural development of Northeast China to a standstill in the early Qing Dynasty, resulting in an empty and desolate scene of "empty cities and ruins, fertile fields and thousands of miles, no soil and no people". After entering the customs, Manchu and Han soldiers and civilians mainly settled in the capital and major cities in China. Under the direct influence of the advanced culture of the Central Plains, many learned families famous for their poems have emerged, and the situation of Liaodong literati all over the country has emerged. They and their descendants made outstanding contributions in the history of literature development in Qing Dynasty. However, these people mainly live in the Guanzhong area, and some people have never even been to the Northeast, and gradually separated from the real society and folk life in the Northeast. Their cultural achievements may or may not reflect the development of northeast culture at that time. In Northeast China, in order to achieve the political goal of governing the country by force, the rulers of Qing Dynasty began to take a series of measures to consolidate the base areas in Northeast China, enrich military equipment and border defense, gradually implement a comprehensive ban policy, strictly limit the spread of Han culture in Northeast China, and promote the traditional education of "riding and shooting in Mandarin" among Manchu people. Therefore, in this period, immigrants and immigrant literature really changed the cultural outlook of Northeast China, reflected the social history and real life of Northeast China, and represented the mainstream of the development of Northeast literature in the early Qing Dynasty.
From the early years of Shunzhi to the early years of Qianlong, the Qing Dynasty held a large number of political prisoners suspected of anti-Qing and losers in the group remonstrance struggle. As well as all kinds of prisoners involved in the literary inquisition and the imperial examination case, they were sent to the northeast, which is known as the "extremely cold land". The exile was originally in Shenyang, followed by Kaiyuanshangyangbao, Ningguta (Ning 'an, Heilongjiang Province), Jilin Wula (Jilin City), Heilongjiang City (Aihui) and Qiqihar. Many refugees are innocent victims of crimes of impunity, especially working people, bureaucratic gentlemen and scholars. Many talented people live in China. Due to the sinister environment, many people died in poverty and most people were forgotten. Famous scholars in the world include Han Ke, Chen Menglei, Chen Mingxia, Chen Zhilin, Sun Yun, Qi Bansun, Hao Yu, Li Chengxiang, Wei Yan, Ji Kaisheng, Fang Gonggan, Fang Dengfeng, Fang Shiji, YueYang, Wu Zhaoqian and others. Despite the difficult situation, immigrants still write diligently and never give up chanting. Their cultural activities filled the blank of Northeast culture in the early Qing Dynasty and made indelible contributions to the continuation and development of Northeast culture that was once interrupted in the early Qing Dynasty. The Central Plains culture, which absorbed a large number of talents from inside Shanhaiguan, especially the floating literati, became a prominent feature of the northeast culture in the early Qing Dynasty. At the same time, immigrants have made outstanding contributions to changing local social atmosphere and cultural concepts, promoting the development of folk education, and developing and defending the northeast frontier. This paper mainly introduces Han Ke, a former mountain survivor, and Wu Zhaoqian, a frontier poet.
Hank (1611-1660), commonly known as Han Zong? , the word ancestral heart. I stayed in Qianshan, a native of Boluo, Guangdong. He is the son of Han, the minister of rites in the Ming Dynasty. Hank lived in an era of alternating Ming and Qing dynasties and violent social unrest. When he was young, he had the idea of escaping into an empty net and became a monk at the age of 29. In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), he came to Nanjing, the capital of Hong Guang regime at that time in Nanming, witnessed an epic scene of people's anti-Qing struggle in the south of the Yangtze River, and wrote a private history "Fu Bian" describing ministers who died in Nanming and violated the taboos of the Qing court. In the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), Ji Angji was exiled to the south of Shenyang as a monk. Xin was the first person exiled to Northeast China in the early Qing Dynasty for writing about disasters.
Xinneng gave lectures in Shenyang. He once gave lectures in seven temples, such as Puji and Guangci, and the people who came to listen to his lectures were "like a duck to water". Many reprimanded officials and scholars were friends with the letter at first, and later with the law. Hank's influence is also growing, becoming the founder of Buddhism in Northeast China. In addition to preaching Buddhism, Han Ke mainly devoted himself to poetry creation. The same exile experience gave him a certain * * * language with the vast number of wanderers. They often get together to sing poems and sing to each other. In the seventh year of Shunzhi, at the initiative of Han Ke, they organized the first literary group "Tian Bing Poetry Society" in the northeast of Qing Dynasty in Shenyang. The establishment of Tian Bing Poetry Society was the first fashion in Northeast China in the early Qing Dynasty, which promoted the prosperity of poetry creation and played a positive role in the development of Northeast culture. This also makes Hanke himself a core figure in Liaoshen poetry circle and occupies an important position in the cultural history of Northeast China in the early Qing Dynasty. The harsh environment and hard exile in the snow cellar did not make him feel depressed, but contributed to the harvest of his poetry creation. In the poem "Send to Jiangnan Tongshe", he wrote: The day is full of drought, and now it belongs to Liaoyang.
I don't think Li Bai can sing Yelang when he returns early.
Xin is a adherent of the Ming Dynasty. On the surface, his writing is inseparable from Zen. In fact, he is an anti-Qing scholar with rich feelings, clear love and hate and firm national integrity. Xinneng experienced great historical changes in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the combination of national hatred and family hatred made him feel like a flood, filled with grief and indignation. He wrote many immortal poems with blood and tears, to remember the old friend who died in the country and control the atrocities in the Qing Dynasty. In the poem Tears, the poet wrote: I have two lines of tears, and I have been crying for ten years.
Close the door every day and spill cold bones on the ground.
It is better to sprinkle the East China Sea and drift to Humen.
About 1500 poems in Qianshan Poetry Collection were collected by his disciples, and a large part of them described the natural scenery, customs and hardships of exile in Northeast China. Northeast China has become his second hometown, and he has deep feelings for the mountains, rivers, grass and trees here. In his later years, Han Ke almost visited temples, valleys and nymphs in Qian Shan. He compared Qian Shan to a newly discovered Xanadu: "My hometown has been full of Jingzhen for a long time, and the Xanadu is in Qin". Hank's poems are unpretentious, bold and unrestrained, expressing the poet's positive, optimistic and cheerful attitude towards life and indomitable national spirit. Han Ke was buried in Shuangfeng Temple in Qian Shan after his death. Chen Menglei, a famous scholar in the middle and Qing Dynasties of Kangxi and editor-in-chief of The Collection of Ancient and Modern Books, made a special trip to Hanque when he visited Qian Shan. He and Ning Guan, who lived in Liaodong in the Han Dynasty, are considered to have a great influence on northeast folk customs and culture, which shows that Hanke has a far-reaching influence on northeast folk customs, culture and religious circles.
Wu Zhaoqian (1631-1684) was born in Wujiang county, Jiangsu province. He grew up in a family with a scholarly family for generations, and became quite famous as a teenager. In the 14th year of Shunzhi (1657), he was selected after the rural examination in Jiangnan, but was dismissed for cheating in the examination room and exiled to Ningguta (now Ning 'an County, Heilongjiang Province). During his exile, Wu Zhaoqian mainly taught in the library, and personally participated in the battle of Ningguta soldiers and civilians against invading Russian troops. He was hired as an aide and mentor by Ba Hai, the general of Qingningta. He was able to make friends with many senior officials of Manchu and Han, and learned a lot about the frontier situation and the fighting process. These experiences greatly broadened the poet's horizons and enabled him to accumulate rich literary creation materials. The poet made friends with many literati in Ningguta, including Fang Gonggan and his son, Qian Dewei and Yao, and read The History of Poetry until late at night. In the summer of Emperor Kangxi's 4th year (1665), he and Yao formed the "Seven Poems Society", which met three times a month, divided topics and rhymed poems, making contributions to the spread of the Central Plains culture and the development and prosperity of poetry creation in Ningguta area. In the twentieth year of Kangxi (168 1), with the help of Nalan, Xu and others, he ended his 23-year exile and died three years after returning to China.
Wu Zhaoqian was a famous frontier poet in Qing Dynasty. From a young genius living in the colorful south of the Yangtze River, he suddenly degenerated into a rogue guarding the desolate and cold outside the Great Wall. The ups and downs of the poet's fate often make him sad. However, the poet did not completely indulge in self-pity after disillusionment. Unfortunately, experience and turbulent life did not let him completely put down his pen. On the contrary, it provided Wu Zhaoqian with an extremely rich creative source, which enabled him to create many poems with a wide range of themes and rich contents. Reflected in the style of poetry, it changed the past and was tragic, especially in later years. The long-term life on the frontier gave the poet a chance to observe the sufferings of the frontier soldiers and civilians, thus creating many realistic poems with people's characteristics, reaching the peak of poetic art, and finally forming his simple, vigorous, vigorous and tragic frontier poetry style.
Wu Zhaoqian's poems were included in Chunqiu Collection, and about 300 of them were sent to Northeast China, which is the essence of the poet's life creation. The content of poetry includes investigating the geography of mountains and rivers, telling stories of characters, praising the natural scenery in Northeast China, and describing the national customs and people's lives in Northeast China. One of them describes the hunting life of the people beyond the Great Wall: "The eagle is light in brocade sleeves and arms, and bows out willow shadows. Domineering, arrogant, gestures? Sound. " Very vivid. His poem "Ode to Changbai Mountain" is full of words and dazzling. Emperor Kangxi praised it after reading it, and was deeply moved by its magnificent momentum, rich quotations and gorgeous words. There are about 40 or 50 poems reflecting the military and civilians' struggle against Russia in the Qing Dynasty, which fully affirmed the just position of the Qing Dynasty, showed the poet's positive attitude and patriotism in the struggle against Russia, and had distinct ideological and infectious characteristics. The objects of praise include commanders, generals, ordinary soldiers in the Qing Dynasty, immigrants and scribes from all walks of life who were incorporated into the army. Among them, the famous anti-Russian scholar Sabusu said that "a title of generals in ancient times can make the country prosperous, but you should know that a title of generals in ancient times is not home". There are northern teenagers "Haidong athletes take a bath in iron clothes, and the battlefield will be besieged several times"; There are also grand occasions such as "the mighty flag flutters, belongs to the country, and the war horse welcomes the car".
On his deathbed, Wu Zhaoqian still remembers the mountains and rivers of Ningguta, where he spent the most precious 23 spring and autumn years in his life. Wu Zhaoqian is an influential poet in the history of Northeast literature, and his Chunqiu Collection is a precious treasure of Northeast literature.