Daxia was a feudal separatist regime of northern minorities established in the inland of Ordos during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. In 407 AD, Hao Lianbo modeled on the political system of the Central Plains Dynasty, set up 100 officials, established Daxia State, and set the southern end of Hetao as its capital, named "Wantong" (now Beibaichengzi, Nanjing County, Wushen Banner). From the founding of the People's Republic of China to 43 1 year, it was destroyed by the Northern Wei Dynasty and was founded for 25 years. In its heyday, its territory was "Qinling Mountains in the south, Pujin in the east, Qin Long in the west and thinner than the river in the north" (Gu Zuyu: a summary of reading history), which roughly included the north of Weishui in Shaanxi, Hetao area, the south of Shanxi and the east of Gansu, and Hetao area was its ruling center. In the first month of A.D. 43 1 year, He Li Anding attacked and destroyed Western Qin, and in June of the same year, he intimidated more than 100,000 people in Western Qin. Up to now, in the south bank of the Yellow River northwest of Linxia, Gansu, when trying to cross the river, it was attacked by 100 thousand cavalry led by Qian Mu, the leader of Tuyuhun, who was captured and destroyed in the summer. It has been 25 years since Helian Bobo proclaimed himself emperor and He Li Anding was captured.
Xia (ad 6 18- ad 62 1)
Xia Kingdom was founded by Dou Jiande, the leader of the peasant uprising army in the late Sui and early Tang Dynasties. In 6 18, Dou Jiande listened to Kong Deshao. The name of the founding of the people's Republic of China was Xia, and it was changed to Wufeng, calling itself. Dou Jiande's life is very simple, because he doesn't like meat, and he often eats vegetables and rice without millet. His wife Cao Shi is also dressed simply, and there are only a dozen male and female servants. After the capture of Liaocheng, as many as 1000 maids were captured, and all of them were beautiful, but Dou Jiande released all the maids. I also listened to "Xiao Guo" by hundreds of officials and more than ten thousand people in the Sui Dynasty. At the same time, Dou Jiande, a talented official, was appointed: Pei Ju, assistant minister of Huangmen in Sui Dynasty, was the left servant in charge of the election. Pei Ju set up a ceremony for Dou Jiande and empowered him to legislate, which made Jiande happy and made him visit every time, which had a certain influence on the development of Xia regime. In 62 1 year, Dou Jiande was sent to the Tang Dynasty by Eight Seals. The Xia Guo built by Dou Jiande also perished. On July 1 1, Dou Jiande was killed in Chang 'an at the age of 49.
Xixia (A.D. 1038- A.D. 1227)
Xixia (A.D. 1038 to 1227) refers to a feudal regime established by the Tangut in western China from A.D. 65438 +0038 to A.D. 65438 +0227 in the history of China. Tuoba Sigong occupied Zhou Xia (now Hengshan County, northern Shaanxi Province), and was named after Zhou Xia when the People's Republic of China was founded, which was called "Daxia" in history. The historical roots of Xixia can be traced back to the early Tang Dynasty. At this time, the party township began to grow. Among them, Tuoba Chi resigned from the Tang Dynasty and was given the surname Li. He moved his people to Qingzhou (now Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) and sealed Xigong. Settled here from now on. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Tuoba Sigong Ping, the leader of the Tangut Department, was given the surname Li and the Duke of long summer for his contribution to the Huang Chao Uprising. From then on, Tuoba Sigong and his descendants named Li became local buffer forces together with Xia Guogong. Another way of saying this is that the Xixia royal family is descended from Xianbei people. Li Yuanhao, the founding monarch of Xixia, claimed to be the Queen of Xianbei in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the History of Song Dynasty (Volume 485) and Biography of Xia Guo, the words Yuan Hao appeared on Song Renzong's badge: "My ancestor was the emperor, and it was the last luck of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which laid the foundation for the later Wei Dynasty." Liao History (1 15) Xixia Notes: "Xixia is the Queen of Wei Tuoba." History of Jin 134 Biography of Xixia: "Xia was founded in the old days, and his minister, Luo Shichang, wrote a genealogy of the times, saying that the Yuan and Wei dynasties were in decline, and those living in Songzhou took the old surname as Tuoba." Xinhua News Agency, February 29, 2008: Archaeologists recently discovered a Li family cemetery in Tuoba Department in Paiziwan Village, Nalinhe Township, Uxin Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. From the Five Dynasties to the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, several very precious epitaphs were unearthed from the Li family cemetery in Tuoba. The epitaph used a long paragraph to describe the origin of the Li family in Tuoba, clearly indicating that the family was a "local Hakka family, and the Wei family was a strange family." Li of Tuoba Department is a "big family that moved here later, descended from the Northern Wei people", and once again linked the Tangut Tuoba Department with Xianbei Tuoba. The military power in the early Song Dynasty aroused Li's dissatisfaction. Although they obeyed Song's orders at first, the contradiction between them became more and more serious. 1032, Li Yuanhao, son of Li Deming, succeeded Xia Guogong and began to actively prepare to leave the Song Dynasty. He abandoned Li's surname first and called himself his surname. In the second year, in the name of avoiding his father's taboo, he changed the name of Ming Dow in the Song Dynasty to show his way. Start Xixia's own year number. In the following years, he built palaces, set up civil and military classes, stipulated the service of officials and civilians, established the military system, established the name of the army, and created his own national language (Xixia language). 1038, 10, 1 1, Li Yuanhao proclaimed himself emperor and made him a hero. Daxia (1362- 137 1) was a dynasty established in Sichuan in the late Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and was later destroyed by the Ming Dynasty. 1363, Ming Yu Zhen proclaimed himself emperor, with Chongqing as its capital and the title of "Daxia". 1366, Ming died of illness and his son succeeded to the throne when he was young. 137 1 year, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, sent troops to attack Shu, was defeated, surrendered and died in the summer, and Sichuan was ruled by the Ming Dynasty.
Early and Middle Xixia Period
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xixia adopted the strategy of uniting Liao and resisting Song, and constantly invaded the Song border. The Xia-Song War did not subside until 1044. Song acknowledged Xia's separatist status, and Xia became a vassal of Song. In addition, the Song Dynasty also "gave" some property to Xia every year. But in the same year, a war broke out between Xia and Liao. Xia achieved an equal status with Song and Liao. After Li Yuanhao's death, his son Li Langlian, who was under 2 years old, became emperor, and his mother did not have Tibetan dictatorship. Liao attacked Xixia, defeated Xia, and fell to Liao. Li Bingchang, his son, was imprisoned by his mother Liang after he ascended the throne. 1063 Tubo, Jade Tibetan, Flower, Ma Guixia. Liang and Song started another war. After his failure, he was forced to cede power to Li Bingchang. After Li Bingchang's death, his three-year-old son Li Ganshun succeeded to the throne, and Liang came to power again. Restart the war with Song and Liao. After Li Ganshun came to power, he adopted the strategy of attaching himself to Liao and making peace with Song. The war has been decreasing year by year, and the social economy has been restored and developed. 1 1 15 years, the Jin dynasty was founded and began to attack the Liao country. 1 123, Emperor Liao Tianzuo was defeated and fled to Xixia. At the same time, Jin emissary went to Xixia to persuade Li Ganshun to capture the Liao emperor alive and send him to Jin to ensure that Xixia would not be attacked by Jin. Seeing that the demise of Liao was irreversible, Li Ganshun agreed to the terms of Jin. Since then, Xixia has returned to gold. When Jin destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, Xixia followed its trail and gained thousands of miles of land. After Li Ganshun's death, his son Li Renxiao succeeded to the throne. There was a powerful famine and earthquake in Xixia, and the people were miserable, which triggered a great people's uprising. Li Renxiao's reform has promoted social and economic development and maintained social stability.
From Huanzong to Zongshen
After Li Renxiao's death, his son Li Chunyou succeeded to the throne, and his political corruption led to the decline of the country. 1206 His cousin Li Anquan usurped the throne and killed Li Chunyou. Li Anquan changed the policy of attaching to money and began to attach to the increasingly powerful Mongolian people at that time. He waged a war with Kim for more than ten years, which weakened the two countries. Moreover, during his reign, the people of Xixia were poor, the army was weak, and the degree of political corruption was extremely high. However, Li security himself is very corrupt, addicted to debauchery, indifferent to politics all day and complaining everywhere. Besides, Ang Lee's strategy of resisting Mongolia's gold did not bring him Mongolian friendship. As early as 1205, Mongolia began to attack Xixia. To 1209, Mongolia went to Xixia three times. Summer is irresistible. 12 1 1 year, there was a palace coup in Xixia, and Li Zunxu usurped the throne. Li Zunxu still maintained the style of Xiangzong (Li Anquan), and Xixia politics became more corrupt. 12 16 Xixia angered Mongolia by refusing to send troops to help Genghis Khan's western expedition, and Mongolia attacked Xixia for the fourth time the following year. 1223, because Li Zunxu claimed that he didn't want to be the king of national subjugation, he gave way to Prince Li.
The demise of Xixia
Under the repeated corruption of Xiangzong and Zongshen, Xixia was finally terminally ill and hopeless. Although Li was a talented person who managed the country well, he still could not save the fate of Xixia regime. Li intends to use Genghis Khan's western expedition against Mongolia. Unexpectedly, the secret leaked out, 1224 Mongolia conquered Yinchuan. Li surrendered to Mongolia and sent hostages to save the country. 1225 After Genghis Khan's victory in the Western Expedition, he began to attack Xixia. Li died in 1226, and his nephew was promoted to emperor. 1227 Li E surrendered to Mongolia. Genghis Khan is dead now, but he won't send out obituary, lest Xixia go back on his word. After Li Yi surrendered, he was killed according to Genghis Khan's will, and the Tangut was also exterminated. Xixia perish
Brief introduction of Shang dynasty
BC 1600 to BC 1046. Shang Dynasty is the second hereditary dynasty in China history after Xia Dynasty. From Taiyi (Tang) to (Zhou), Anyang experienced a history of nearly 600 years.
Shang royal family
The Shang royal family is a descendant of Qi, the son of the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor. Because Qi helped Yu control water, he was named Shang Hou by Shun. In the Tang Dynasty, with the help of Yi Yin, Xia Jie was defeated and the Shang Dynasty was established, which was considered to be a move of "relying on people in harmony with heaven".
Establish Shang dynasty
Before the late summer of Shang Tang and the establishment of Shang Dynasty, Shang tribe was a tribe mainly engaged in animal husbandry and flourished in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. When the Shang Dynasty established its rule, it made its capital in Nanbo (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and made its capital in Shangqiu six times. Later, when I was in Pan Geng, I moved to Yin (now Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province), so the Shang Dynasty was always called Yin Shang, and its sphere of influence greatly exceeded that of Xia Dynasty. Archaeologists have discovered a large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, which shows that the characters in Yin and Shang Dynasties were fully and widely used and developed more maturely. The structure of Chinese characters has basically taken shape in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Through the study of Oracle bone inscriptions, our understanding of Shang Dynasty is more detailed and reliable.
contribution
Oracle Bone Inscriptions reflects the record of astronomical phenomena in Shang Dynasty and the application of trunk and branch timing method. Agriculture, animal husbandry and aquaculture in Shang Dynasty developed rapidly, especially handicraft industry. The smelting and manufacturing of bronzes were quite mature, and all kinds of commonly used utensils, ritual vessels and wine vessels were very exquisite. The famous Simuwu Dafang Ding, weighing 875 kilograms, is one of the outstanding representatives.
King Wu's attack
The story of King Wu's attack on Zhou recorded the process of the demise of Shang Dynasty. Ji Fa, the leader of Zhou tribe in Weihe River valley, joined forces with other tribes to crusade against Shang Dynasty. Shang Zhouwang, who ruled Shang Dynasty at that time, was also a tyrant like Xia Jie, which has aroused people's jealousy. In order to fight against King Wu, Zhou Wang armed a large number of slaves, but these slaves defected at the front. In fact, it was a slave uprising, and Zhou Wang burned himself to death in panic. The Shang Dynasty perished and was replaced by the Zhou Dynasty. When Qi's grandson was in power, the influence of Shang developed further, and many tribes nearby were conquered or controlled by him. About BC16th century, Shang Dynasty was established when the soup was boiled in summer. It's all Bo. After the establishment of Shang Dynasty, Tang learned the lessons of Xia Dynasty, implemented the policy of "leniency for the people" and paid attention to the development of agricultural production. At the same time, the Quartet conquered and extended its territory to the border areas in the west, and the rule of Shang Dynasty was gradually consolidated. According to records, from Tang Cheng to Pan Geng, businessmen "don't often leave the city" and moved the capital five times. After Pan Geng moved to Yin, the Shang Dynasty developed in politics, economy and other aspects, especially in the fifty years of Wu Ding's rule, which was the most prosperous period of the Shang Dynasty. Wu Ding was quite famous among the kings of Shang Dynasty.
Found a state
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Shang Tang learned a profound lesson from the demise of the Xia Dynasty, abolished the tyranny of cruelly oppressing the people, and adopted the policy of "forgiving the people and governing the business", which eased the internal contradictions of the Shang Dynasty, stabilized the political situation, and became increasingly powerful. He conquered many tribes around him and won a series of victories. Therefore, it is recorded in Mencius Teng Wengong that Tang "has eleven personalities and is invincible in the world". Yan Wu of Shang Dynasty also recorded that "there was soup, and I was a strong man, so I dared not enjoy it or come to the king", which reflected that Shang Dynasty had become a powerful country under the rule of Tang Dynasty. After Shang Tang and Jacky, they have made great contributions in handling government affairs, stabilizing the political situation and developing production. After Zhong Zhong's death, Yi Yin played a particularly prominent role in politics and became an important assistant and elder statesman in Shang Tang's period. After Shang Tang's death, his son Tai Ding died young, and Tai Ding's younger brother Vaike succeeded him. After the death of Waic, his younger brother Zhong Ren succeeded to the throne; After Ren Zhong's death, Tai Jia, the son of Yiting, succeeded to the throne, and Tai Jia was the eldest grandson of Shang Tang. According to "Historical Records of Yin Benji", "Emperor Tai Jia was established for three years, unknown, tyrannical, disobedient to the soup method, and chaotic, so Yi Yin was placed in the same public." Tai Jia lived in Tonggong for three years, repented and blamed himself, and Yi Yin welcomed Tai Jia back to his office. Since then, Tai Jia Xiu De obeyed the law, the vassals surrendered, and people's lives were relatively calm. This story reflects Yi Yin's unremitting efforts to implement Shang Tang's strategy of governing the country and keep the Shang Dynasty in a long-term stability. This story has a long history, so Yi Yin gained the reputation of "benevolence and righteousness".
Move the capital to another place
However, the greedy nature of the ruling class determines that the struggle for power and interests within the royal family is inevitable. It is recorded in Historical Records Yin Benji; "Since middle school, disciples have abandoned it and made more contributions, which is more chaotic than IX, so the princes are not in the DPRK." From Pan Geng, it shows that during this period, the Shang royal family fought for the throne with internal strife and foreign invasion. During this period, the Shang Dynasty moved the capital several times. According to documents, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital five times. Chronology of Bamboo Slips records that Bo moved to Xiao, He moved to Xiao, Zu Ti moved to Pi, Nan moved to Yan by Pi, and Pan Geng moved to Yan, which is called Yin. However, so far, archaeologists have only discovered four capital sites: Erlitou in Yanshi, Zhengzhou Mall, Yanshi Mall and Yinxu in Anyang. These four plots of land are all very large, all of which are more than three or four million square meters. Archaeologists have found important remains of large palaces, tombs and workshops in these four sites, such as Palace No.1 found in the middle of Erlitou site, with an area of 10000 square meters. Large-scale city walls have been discovered in Yanshi, Luoyang and Zhengzhou. A large-scale sacrificial site was also found in the Yin Ruins in Anyang. From these findings and documents, we can know that the Shang dynasty established a relatively complete state institution, including various officials, standing armies (left, middle and right divisions), laws and regulations, criminal regulations and so on. However, there are still different views on the relationship between these capitals and the names recorded in the literature. Only Yin Ruins in Anyang is the capital of Wang Shi after Pan Geng, and their views are quite consistent.
Reasons for moving the capital
Historians have different views on the reasons why the capital was moved many times in the history of Shang Dynasty. However, as can be seen from Shangshu Pan Geng, moving the capital is related to internal political struggle. For example, although Pan Geng claimed to "move the capital to benefit the people", he threatened those who didn't listen to his orders with "I was killed, I have no education, and I have nothing to plant in this new city" (I will kill them all and keep the evil seeds from staying in the new city), which reflected the fierce internal struggle. After Pan Geng moved to Yin, it eased the contradictions within the royal family and promoted the social and economic development. Pan Geng is known as the master of "Zhongxing", which laid the foundation for the arrival of Wu Ding's flourishing age. Wu Ding is Xiao Yi's son, Pan Geng's younger brother and Pan Geng's nephew. When he was young, Xiao Yi invited him to live in the folk for a period of time to understand the hardships of people's lives. After he acceded to the throne, he made great efforts to govern, did not dare to abandon peace, made great efforts to govern, and determined to revitalize the great cause. He went out to crusade against the devil, the earth, Qiang, people, tigers and other countries. The scale of the war is not small, and thousands of troops are often used. The largest one is 13000. In these battles, Zheng served many small countries, expanded his territory and captured a large number of prisoners. Wuding cultural remains are quite rich, including palaces, tombs and workshops. The bronze industry, which represented the development level of social productive forces at that time, made breakthrough progress, such as the appearance of ternary alloy of copper, lead and tin; Separation casting technology has been widely used; The output of bronzes has greatly increased, and there have also been Si Muwu Dafang Ding, and even Fang Yi, Sanlian and other heavy weapons. Wu Ding's achievements in the bronze industry marked that the bronze age in China entered a prosperous period. In addition, great achievements have been made in textiles, medicine, transportation and astronomy. The flourishing age initiated by Wu Ding laid a good foundation for the development of social production in the late Shang Dynasty and even the prosperity of Western Zhou civilization.
Sacrifice to heaven and ancestors
Sacrificing to heaven and ancestors has a long history in China, and such remains are frequently found in prehistoric archaeology. With the emergence of agriculture, people worship heaven to pray for a good year with good weather. This is a kind of nature worship. Ancestor worship is also called soul worship. From the memory of ancestors, dreams are understood as the souls of ancestors. People offer sacrifices to their ancestors in order to seek their blessings. The situation of "being at home in the world" since the Xia Dynasty has greatly changed the content of primitive religion. Because the emperor is the highest ruler in the world, in order to maintain his rule, he combined ancestor worship with nature worship and created supreme gods such as heaven or god. It can be known from the literature that there was a "heaven" god in Shang Dynasty. Oracle bone inscriptions in Shang Dynasty were discovered by chance in 1899, presenting ancient Chinese characters buried for more than 3,000 years to the world for people to understand. The discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions made the existence of Shang Dynasty indisputable and the history of Shang Dynasty a history of trust. 150,000 pieces of Oracle bones unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang recorded many things that happened in Shang society. After several generations of collation and research, it reveals its rich contents and opens up an important way for studying the history of Shang Dynasty. Oracle Bone Inscriptions has "Emperor" or "God". Therefore, when Shang Tang attacked, he said, "There are many crimes in Xia, which are determined by destiny", "Xia is guilty, and the son is afraid of God's will and dares not be unjust", and played the banner of "God's will" to encourage the sergeant and allied forces to carry out God's will and fight bravely. But the God in the sky and the Emperor (Shang King) on the earth are opposites. In order to carry out God's will, Xia Di communicated with God through witches. When worshipping ancestors, the Shang king used five kinds of sacrifices to the ancestors after the good ones. Thousands of sacrificial pits were found in the sacrificial site of Yin Ruins in Anyang, and Wuding sacrificed hundreds of people at one time. This situation reflects the importance attached by Shang kings to ancestor worship, because God is both the supreme god and the ancestor god.
Be destroyed
After Wu Ding's death, the peace and prosperity he initiated did not last long. After Zu Geng and Zujia, especially during the period of Di Yi and Di Xin, the domestic contradictions were very sharp, and the governors from all directions rebelled in succession. Faced with this situation, Di Xin, King of Shang Dynasty, did not think about reform, did not listen to advice, and blindly pursued a life of extravagance and extravagance, further intensifying domestic contradictions. At the same time, militaristic, mobilized troops to conquer Dongyi, increased the burden on the people, and made the domestic forces empty. Zhou Wuwang's army attacked Konoha, a commercial suburb, and Shang Zhouwang organized its forces and rushed to fight. As a result, the king's army had no fighting spirit, and the "former disciple defected" cleared the way for Wu Wang's army. Seeing that the tide was over, Di Xin fled to Lutai, took out Yu Pei and set himself on fire. Shang dynasty is over.
Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 BC)
The development of history is always unbalanced. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the Central Plains region has entered the prosperous period of the Bronze Age, while some surrounding areas are still relatively backward. Therefore, driven by wealth and interests, the wars between Zhou people and other ethnic groups have been almost constant. Jianghan basin is the base of barbarians. Zhao Haoqi led the army to conquer the barbarians, but met with strong resistance from the barbarians. The army of the Zhou Dynasty was almost completely annihilated, and Zhao Haoqi also died in Hanshui River. This was a serious failure of the Zhou Dynasty in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and it lost its ability to control the southern countries. Mu Wang and Xuan Wang also made expeditions to the south, but neither achieved significant results. Yi people in the east often invade the surrounding areas, and wars continue. Ugly Hou Yufang couldn't bear the slavery of the Zhou Dynasty, and "led the south and the east, and recruited the south and the east", which shocked the ruling and opposition parties and hit Chengzhou all the way. Zhou Wang sent the Sixth West Division and the Eighth East Division to battle, but he was still unable to resist. Relying on the reinforcements of the princes with the same surname, they won. Gourong in the northwest was the most important foreign invasion in the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the reign of Mu Wang, the influence of the dog army gradually increased, which hindered the communication between the Zhou Dynasty and the northwest countries. Recruit the western dog army, "seize its five kings", and move a group of dog army tribes to Taiyuan, opening up the road between Zhou and northwest countries. Since then, the dog has repeatedly invaded the surrounding area. Wang You, the son of Wang Xuan, dotes on Bao and wants to kill Prince Yijiu, and makes Fu Bo, the son of Bao, the heir to the throne. Yijiu's mother is the daughter of Shen Hou. Shen Hou colluded with Dog Rong to attack Zhou Wang, and killed You Wang at the foot of Mount Li. Dog Rong took the opportunity to plunder a lot of treasures. The Western Zhou Dynasty is over. Appropriate mortar with the help of governors, ascended the throne, is for the king. He moved to Luoyi, and history entered the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. In 77 1 year BC, the dog Rong killed the king of seclusion and destroyed the Western Zhou Dynasty. The following year (that is, in 770 BC), Prince Xuanjiu of Wang You moved the capital from Haojing to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan), which is known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. In 59 years (256 BC), the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was destroyed by the State of Qin, and * * * spread to 25 kings for 5 15 years. After Zhou Youwang's death, Prince Yi Jiu acceded to the throne for Wang Ping. In view of the ruin of Hao Jing and the threat of dog Rong, in 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi and established the Eastern Zhou Dynasty under the protection of princes such as Zheng, Qin, Jin and Wei. According to Zuo Zhuan Zuo Zhuan
There were more than 140 countries in the Spring and Autumn Period. The most important countries are Qi, Jin, Chu, Qin, Lu, Song, Zheng, Wei, Chen, Cai, Wu and Yue. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was widely used in Niu Geng. The excavation of plowshare crowns in subways in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan and Hebei shows that plowing has been popularized in the Central Plains. Water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the climax of water conservancy construction focusing on farmland irrigation gradually appeared. There are many types of water conservancy projects, such as pond water storage, irrigation and flood diversion, canal irrigation and multi-head water diversion. The architectural technology of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty has reached a high level. The famous Luban, that is, Lu Guoren, is an outstanding representative of folk craftsmen, and later generations are honored as the founder. Most of the architectural relics of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty found in archaeological excavations are palace ruins, and the most common architectural components unearthed are tile-slabs, bronze bucket arches, bronze ornaments, bronze house models and so on. From this, we can imagine the grandeur of palace architecture in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, great powers fought for hegemony and wars were frequent. Due to the political, military and economic needs, the vassal States spared no effort to expand roads to more remote and dangerous places on the basis of the traffic trunk lines of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which objectively promoted the development of traffic. The Silk Road, which spread westward in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, even crossed Eurasia. At that time, the use of carriages was very common. At this time, the "Ji Wang" directly under the jurisdiction of the Emperor of Heaven was greatly reduced under the constant harassment of Emperor Rong and the constant encroachment of governors. In the end, there are only one or two hundred miles left in Chengzhou Fiona Fang, which is the site of the western corner of Henan today; At the same time, the emperor's power to control the vassals and his direct military power were increasingly lost. The son of heaven not only demands from the ruler economically, but also is often dominated by the ruler politically. But the son of heaven, in the name of the Lord of "* * *", still has appeal. As a result, some vassal States, which became stronger with the development of local economy, actively developed their own power under the banner of the royal family.
There is baa on Baidu.