The Napoleonic Wars were 1799- 18 15, Napoleon was in power (1799- 1804) and Napoleon I's Empire (1804-18/. 1799165438+10. After Napoleon established a military dictatorship, France went to war with the second anti-French alliance (Russia, Britain, Austria, Turkey and the Kingdom of Naples) and was in a very difficult situation: at that time, the French expeditionary force of General Napoléon Bonaparte was conducting an expedition to Egypt (see Napoleon's expedition to Egypt). Suvorov's expedition to Italy and Switzerland (1799) ended French rule in Italy (see suvorov's expedition to Italy and suvorov's expedition to Switzerland), and Austrian troops in the upper Rhine River may invade France; Britain imposed a blockade on French ports. In order to reverse the situation, Napoleon decided to defeat 6.5438+0.5 million Austrian troops in northern Italy, forcing Austria to withdraw from the war, thus making Britain lose its foothold in the mainland and forcing the allies to hold peace talks. The hastily organized French reserve, secretly assembled on the Swiss border, crossed the Alps into the Po River valley and appeared behind the Austrian army. 1800 In June, Napoleon defeated the Austrian army in the Battle of Marengo (see the Battle of Marengo). In the same year, in 65438+February, the French army commanded by General Morrow defeated the Austrian army in Hornlinden, Germany. In February of the following year, France and Austria signed the Peace Treaty of Luneville (180 1). In the same year, in June 5438+10, France signed peace treaties with Turkey and Russia respectively. Britain was forced to sign the Amiens Peace Treaty with France because it lost its allies (1802). However, this peace treaty did not eliminate the contradiction between Britain and France. Napoleon tried to defeat Britain, so he began to assemble the French navy and expeditionary force in the Buren area. However, the failure of the French-Spanish joint fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) prevented Napoleon from landing on the British Island. In order to establish a new anti-French alliance, Britain launched active diplomatic activities. Russia is deeply disturbed by France's expansion in Europe. Although it has serious differences of opinion with Britain, it has accepted Britain's proposal to join the EU. In April 1805, 1 1, Russia and Britain concluded the Petersburg Covenant, thus laying the foundation for the third anti-French alliance. Sweden, Denmark, two Sicilian kingdoms and Austria participated in the alliance. The countries of the alliance plan to send an alliance of 500 thousand people. 1805 At the end of September, Napoleon deployed 220,000 French troops on the Rhine. The French army took advantage of the scattered allies and went out to the rear of the Austrian Danube Army and defeated it in the Battle of Ulm (1805). The Russian army that arrived in the war zone was in trouble. Russian military commander Kutuzov skillfully maneuvered his army out of the encirclement and joined a Russian army and the remnants of the Austrian army in Olmi. However, in the Battle of Austerlitz (1805), the Russian-Austrian coalition forces were defeated. Austria withdrew from the war and concluded the Pressburg Peace Treaty with France (1805). The resolute action of Napoleon's army led to the disintegration of the third anti-French alliance and consolidated France's position in Europe. Napoleon's attempt to make peace with Russia was a complete failure. 1806 The Paris Peace Treaty signed by the Russian Plenipotentiary on July 20th was rejected by the Russian State Council. 1In September, 806, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden formed the fourth anti-French alliance. Prussia issued an ultimatum to France on June 65438+1 October1in the same year, demanding that the French army withdraw from the Rhine. Napoleon refused Prudential's request and sent troops to invade Thuringia, and then Prussia. 65438+ 10 On June 4th, the French army defeated Pu Jun in the battle of Jena-Orr (1806). 1806165438+1On October 28th, Russia declared war on France. Napoleon tried to defeat Russian troops in Poland and East Prussia after one or several battles, and forced them to sign a peace treaty in favor of France. However, Napoleon failed to realize this plan. In the initial large-scale battle of Puutusk (1806), Napoleon failed to surround the Russian army. Subsequently, in the bloody battle near Prussia-Elau (1807 65438+1October), the two sides were neck and neck (see Prussia-Elau Battle). However, Napoleon won World War I in friedland on June 1807, and then went to the Russian border. Napoleon dared not cross the Neman River because he knew that Russia's military resources were not exhausted. This war may turn into a protracted war against France. The Russian government has no allies on the mainland and is at war with Persia and Turkey, so it has to accept the French proposal for peace talks. 1In July, 807, France, Russia and France concluded a peace treaty in Jilizte. Russia participated in the continental blockade and declared war on Britain in June 65438 +08071October +65438. After the conclusion of the Gillette Peace Treaty, Napoleon actually controlled the whole of Western and Central Europe. 1807, the French army entered Portugal via Spain. However, the recklessness of the French in Spain caused strong dissatisfaction among the Spanish people. 1808, an uprising broke out in Madrid. Since then, the Spanish people have started an armed struggle against the French occupation forces (see the Franco-Spanish War). 1809 65438+ 10, Napoleon left a considerable number of troops in Spain under the command of Marshal Ney and Marshal Sirte, and returned to France himself, because a new war was brewing in Central Europe. The British government has drawn Austria into the fifth anti-French alliance. In July of the same year 1 1, Austria was forced to sign the Shenbrunn Peace Treaty with France (1809). In the 1809 Austrian-French War, Napoleon's army made great efforts to win, because the fighting quality of the Austrian army was improved. During this period, Napoleon also encountered the national liberation struggle of European people against French rule. 1In April of 809, farmers in Tyrol held an uprising under the leadership of Goff. Anti-French uprisings also took place in Prussia, Westphalia, Brunswick and Saxony. Although these uprisings were suppressed by the French army, they proved that a new force emerged in Europe to resist Napoleon's oppression. A huge Napoleonic empire was formed in successive wars of aggression. 18 1 1 year, 7 1 10,000 imperial residents. War reparations borne by the defeated countries and taxes levied on the supply forces. The direct plunder of European countries, as well as the favorable tariff rate for France-all these ensured the fixed income of Napoleon's government, the French bourgeoisie and the warlord class. But at the same time, the internal and external contradictions of Napoleon's empire also weakened his own strength. Due to frequent conscription and tax increases, the dissatisfaction of residents from all walks of life in France is growing. The blockade of French ports by the British navy made it difficult for France to transport colonial goods into the country, which caused crises in some industrial sectors. Russia's vigilance against France's expansion is the backbone of the mainland to prevent Napoleon from realizing his plan to compete for world hegemony. Napoleon's aggressive policy was increasingly directed against Russia. He began to actively carry out diplomatic and military preparations for the Russian war. 18 12 In the spring, France formed a military alliance with Prussia and Austria respectively. According to the Covenant, in order to fight against Russia, 20,000 Pujun troops and 30,000 Austrian troops were commanded by Napoleon. The governments of other French vassal countries also began to train their troops to explore Russia. After learning that France was preparing for war, the Russian government took measures to strengthen the army and prevent it from being isolated in wartime. 1812 in April, Russia and Sweden concluded the Petersburg Covenant, stipulating that both sides would act together against France. Both sides believe that Britain, which is at war with Russia, must be brought into the alliance. After the war broke out, Russia and Britain concluded a peace treaty. Ending the war with Turkey and concluding the Bucharest Peace Treaty (18 12) is a great political victory for Russia. Napoleon called up 600,000 troops and mobilized 1 372 guns to explore Russia. On June 24th, 2002, Napoleon's advance troops crossed the Neman River and invaded Russian territory. The Russian people rose to participate in the Great Patriotic War (18 12) and fought against foreign invaders (see Russian 18 12). The complete defeat of Napoleon's army in Russia became the beginning for Europe to get rid of French oppression. The political situation in Europe has undergone tremendous changes. Under the pressure of the national liberation movement (18 13), the Prussian government concluded the Kalix Covenant with Russia. This Covenant laid the foundation for the formation of the sixth anti-French alliance. The Tepli Treaty of Adoption (18 13) clearly stipulated the obligations of the Allies. The victory of the French army in the Battle of Dresden (18 13) did not change its unfavorable strategic position. In the Battle of Leipzig (18 13), the French army was defeated and then began to retreat to the other side of the Rhine. 18 14 At the beginning of this year, the allied forces invaded France and entered Paris on March 30th (see Battle of Paris). Napoleon signed the abdication edict and was exiled to the island of Elba. On May 30th of the same year, Paris signed a peace treaty, and France lost all the territory it had conquered since 1792. Thus, the Bourbon Dynasty was restored in France. 18 14 10 in June, European countries held a meeting in Vienna to solve the problem of European polity. However, the era of the Napoleonic Wars is not over. Knowing that French residents were deeply dissatisfied with Louis Stanislas Xavier's policies, Napoleon led a small army to land in France on March 18 15 and 1 day, and easily resumed his rule. The countries attending the Vienna Conference formed the seventh anti-French alliance (Russia, Britain, Austria and Prudential, etc.). ) and decided to dispatch 700,000 troops against Napoleon. 1815 June18, the Battle of Waterloo (the last battle of the Napoleonic Wars), the French army was defeated. On July 6th, the Allies invaded Paris. Napoleon abdicated again. 1815165438+1On October 20th, France and the countries of the Seventh Anti-French Alliance signed a new treaty in Paris. For France, the provisions of the new treaty are stricter than those of the 18 14 treaty. Comments: Lenin called the war of invading other countries' territories for the purpose of plunder an imperialist war. He wrote: "Napoleon's imperialist war lasted for many years, occupying a whole era, showing an extremely complicated scene in which imperialist relations and national liberation movements were intertwined. As a result, history is powerless. The decisive purpose pursued by the warring parties in the war and the massive use of troops in combat operations have changed the characteristics of the strategy. Concentrate infantry and cavalry, with the support of artillery, and give the enemy a fierce attack, which has become the basic method of combat operations. Napoleon's strategic feature is to try to decide the success or failure of the war or the whole war with one or several total decisive battles. In order to create a favorable situation for the overall decisive battle and ensure the advantage over the enemy in the main attack direction, Napoleon conducted a large-scale military exercise extensively. The Napoleonic Wars further developed tactics. Troops of all countries adopt deep combat formation, that is, the formation of scattered shooters combined with infantry columns. The reserves became part of the battle formation. The depth of the column configuration has enhanced the infantry's assault force in the battle, and the army can make more extensive maneuvers on the battlefield. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, the improvement of many new tactics was largely inseparable from Napoleon's commanding ability. The Napoleonic Wars decided the basic development trend of military art in the first half of the19th century.