Sanhanjiang Village between Hanjiang Gate and Yijiangmen in Nanjing is said to be the former site of Bao Shipyard. There are many large rectangular ponds on site. Among these shipyards, these eight docks are called "One, Two, 65,438+0953, 65,438+0957 and 65", which can be said to be the historical testimony of the ancient working people in China who made treasure ships.
In the process of shipbuilding, the design of ship model and the use of dock for shipbuilding are recorded in historical documents. In the Song Dynasty, a large ship was built at the Huanghuai Credit Terminal, and in the Ming Dynasty, it was recorded that "twenty-five ships left the terminal, and the terminal was a place for shipbuilding". Zhang Zhongyan of the Jin Dynasty described the process of making model boats by hand, which were only a few inches long. This shows the procedure of designing and building warships more clearly than the "wooden sample" description of warships. Dating back to the Qin and Han Dynasties, wooden and ceramic vessels were found in tombs of the Han Dynasty many times, which were similar to ship models. This can at least say that the conditions for manufacturing ship models were already met during the shipbuilding process. The discovery of the site of the Qin and Han Shipyards in Guangzhou seems to be enough to prove that in history, China shipbuilders built and launched their ships with slipways.
1974 The site of Qin and Han Shipyards excavated in Guangzhou at the end of this year is a huge ancient shipyard with three parallel shipyards and a wood processing yard. The slideway and slideway are combined into one, and the shape is similar to that of a railway. It consists of sleepers, skateboards and wooden piers. Sleepers come in two sizes. The width of the skateboard can be adjusted. 1 Berth, the center distance between two skateboards is1.8m, and the ship width should be 3.6 to 5.4m.: The center distance between the two skateboards in Berth 2 is 2.8 meters, and ships with a width of 5.6 to 8.4 meters can be built. There are two rows of wooden piers supporting the hull on the skateboard, thirteen pairs, arranged in pairs, about one meter high. It is more suitable for drilling holes, nailing and sewing in the bottom of the ship.
There is a wood processing site on the south side of berth 1, and there is a "wood bending cow" structure on the site for baking and bending wood. Lead blocks for marking were also unearthed, which were used for marking when blanking. Cast iron, iron chisel, "chisel" for nails and seams, as well as square cone-shaped wooden hanging ball (used to take vertical lines) were unearthed in the shipyard.
The considerable shipbuilding foundation in Qin and Han Dynasties created favorable conditions for the high development of ocean-going sailboats in China in the late Tang and Song Dynasties, which made our sailboats famous in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean for more than 1000 years.
Ship characteristics
The performance of ancient ships in China is good, mainly including the following four points:
First, fast navigation. For example, Jiangsu sand boat has many masts and high canopy, which can make full use of wind power, shallow draft, small resistance and good fast navigation. The bird's bow is swollen and its body is long and straight. Because of its good profile, it is almost as fast as sand boat and tiger boat in speed. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Huaiyang class ships, Jiangxi red ships and other ship types also had the characteristics of fast sailing.
Second, anti-sinking. The sinking resistance of ancient ships in China is world-famous. Ships in the Tang Dynasty were all sewn with tung oil and lime, which made them have good sinking resistance. Some people think that the eight-slot ship in Jin Dynasty was eight watertight compartments. Although there is no definite proof, it did have the conditions to make watertight compartments at that time. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the watertight cabins of China ships were well-known at home and abroad. Many foreign friends mentioned the China ship, so they should praise the anti-sinking and watertight compartments of the China ship (one compartment and two compartments leaked water, but the whole ship did not sink). In the west, watertight compartments did not appear until18th century.
Third, seaworthiness. There are many kinds of ships in ancient China, which can be adapted to local conditions. Different ship types can adapt to different geographical environments. For example, there are many beaches along the northern coast, and China boatmen have created flat-bottomed sand boats. You can sail against the wind and headwind, even against the wind and water. As for inland river vessels of various water systems, many of them are seaworthy.
Fourth, stability. In the Song Dynasty, 800,000 Jin of ballast iron was used to maintain the stability of the dragon boat. The lucky boat is divided into four floors, and the bottom floor is filled with ballast. This shows that China shipbuilders have always attached great importance to the stability of ships.
Before the 9th century A.D., there were floating boards on both sides of sea bream in Tang Dynasty, which played a stabilizing role. This is the origin of flash board. In the Song Dynasty, there were four or six floating boards on each side of the sea stork ship map, which was simplified to one in the Ming Dynasty. This is a tarpaulin, which covers the sliding head. Later, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, two Shui Mu stalks were added to the bottom of the boat, just like today's dragon tendons, which played a stabilizing role. The emergence of Shui Mu is a great progress. The sand boat is also equipped with a bamboo safety basket, which is usually hung at the stern. When encountering wind and waves, put some stones in the water to prevent the ship from shaking. Therefore, the safety and stability of China ship was praised by the world at that time.
Ship power
Fully and skillfully using wind power is one of the symbols of the high development of ancient ship technology in China. It is a great progress to propel by manpower, from paddle to paddle. As the saying goes, "one paddle and three paddles" means that the efficiency of paddles is twice or even three times that of paddles. Rowing with paddles, half doing real work and half doing virtual work; The whole movement process of sculling is doing real work, which greatly improves the efficiency of ship propulsion tools. The shipbuilding sites in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the ships in the Han Dynasty, the appearance of efficient propellers, the appearance of stern rudder and the use of sails show that the ancient shipbuilding technology in China has matured in the Han Dynasty.
During the Han and Wei Dynasties, China boatmen often turned their sails to a certain angle, and their use area increased or decreased with the wind.
Song people said: "The wind has eight sides, so it is not feasible to take the lead." This shows that before the13rd century, China could sail on all seven sides except against the wind. Western sailboats could not do this until after the sixteenth century.
As for sailing against the wind, it has a history of more than 400 years in China. The record of sailing against the wind was first seen in sand boats. "The sand boat can adjust Russia to play strong winds!" Ships sailing against the wind must go (diagonally), otherwise they can't move forward. In order to keep the correct course, it is necessary to "adjust" (change the direction in turn) and take a zigzag route. When sailing against the wind, the tarpaulin, stern rudder and sail should cooperate closely.
A tarpaulin is installed on both sides of the double mast sand carrier, and the tarpaulin on the downwind side is used in turn during adjustment. Put the flashing into the water and extend below the bottom of the ship to increase the resistance of the ship's lateral movement and reduce the yaw angle of the ship.
Chinese boatmen have created all kinds of sails. For example, both are sand boats, but the awnings are different: the awnings of inland river sand boats are long and narrow; The awning of the offshore sand boat is relatively wide and short, about twice as wide and about one third shorter. Probably because of the strong sea breeze, the awning of seagoing ships must lower the wind pressure center. The sail of the South China Sea sailing boat has a curved or curved leeward edge, which is small at the top and wide at the bottom, so that the wind pressure center is reduced and it is not easy to be overturned by the wind.
The use of sails, from the initial single-mast single sail, said that the sail is not big and the ship can't run fast. Later, it gradually developed to three sails, four sails, five sails, seven sails and even twelve sails. It is also found that hanging sails at the masthead is the most effective. The so-called "hood top can lift the hull lightly", which will speed up the navigation when the wind is downwind. Adding "flower arrangement" on both sides of the canopy can keep the hull away from the side. "Flower arrangement" is often used in crosswinds. Adding a "canopy skirt" under the canopy can reduce the wind pressure center.
Although adding awning can make full use of wind power, it also increases the complexity of operation and the labor of boatmen. In case of a sudden storm, if you can't lower the sail in time, you will be in danger of breaking the mast and capsizing the boat. So it is gradually simplified that a mast has only one sail, and the area of the sail increases, which makes it possible to make full use of wind power, which is convenient and labor-saving. After the Ming Dynasty15th century, the sails of Chinese sailboats were gradually simplified. From simplicity to complexity, and from complexity to simplification with the same efficiency, this is the general law of the development of things.
In ancient times, most ships in China used wind power, especially for long-distance voyage. As for short-distance sailing, paddles are often used. 1000 years, the emergence of paddle boats (vehicles and ships) has also played a huge role.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi built a ship with a distance of thousands of miles and sailed for more than 100 days. A thousand-mile boat may be an oar boat. Gaoli (733-792) in the Tang Dynasty created the paddle boat, which is clearly recorded in the history books: "For a warship, help two wheels to tread it, and the wind and waves are broken, and the disease is like a sail." (Biography of Gao Li in the Old Tang Dynasty) Paddle steamers developed on a large scale in the Southern Song Dynasty. Yang Yao (? -1 135), his subordinate Gao Xuan once made many paddle boats. In the Song Dynasty, large paddle boats were twenty or thirty feet long and could accommodate seven or eight hundred soldiers. Yang Yao's paddle boat is two or three times heavier than the building, carrying more than 1000 people and drawing about ten feet. The number of paddle boats has increased from four and eight to twenty, twenty-four and thirty-two. At that time, there was a flying tiger warship with four ships, four wheels and two shafts, and each paddle generally had eight blades. From then on, until the late Qing Dynasty and the early 20th century, there were only a few paddle boats in southern China. The power of a paddle boat is manpower, not as good as sailing. So although it reached a climax in a certain period, it was not widely used in the end.
An open boat, also known as an open boat, changes the propeller into a paddle wheel propulsion, and changes the intermittent propulsion of the paddle wheel into the rotary propulsion of the paddle wheel (continuous operation). The emergence of paddle steamers is a great progress in ship propulsion technology. Starting from Gaoli in the Tang Dynasty, paddle boats in China were seven or eight hundred years earlier than those in the West, and paddle boats did not appear in Europe until the 15th and 16th centuries.
After the ship's power problem is solved, the sailing direction is equally important.
This problem can be divided into two aspects, one is to master the curriculum, and the other is to find the right direction. Master the course and lean against the rudder. As we know, a boat propelled by oars can have no stern rudder, while a sailboat must have a stern rudder. In China, the stern rudder of pottery vessels in the Han Dynasty (unearthed from the Han Tomb in Guangzhou) can clearly see the signs of development from "tip" to rudder, marking the appearance of stern rudder at that time. China boatmen invented the stern rudder about four centuries before the west. Later, it gradually developed, and even had a positive rudder, a second rudder and a third rudder. For more than two thousand years, China shipbuilders have created various kinds of rudders, such as elevators, balance rudders and perforated rudders. Both the balance rudder and the perforated rudder can reduce the steering torque and make the steering labor-saving. China had a balance rudder in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
As for using a compass to identify the direction, it is an outstanding achievement of China's navigation technology. Ships sailing along the coast don't need instruments to tell the direction. The old helmsman is familiar with the depth of the coastal water, and he often only has the helmsman on board. Sailing on the ocean, the helmsman must obey the command of the "fire chief" (the fire chief is the so-called "navigator" today). The so-called "only the needle board is the long palm of fire", that's all. Sailing in the ocean, looking around, the compass has become an indispensable navigation instrument. "Look at the stars at night, the sun during the day and the compass in the dark." The compass is one of the four great inventions in China. It was used for navigation in the Song Dynasty, which was an outstanding achievement of China's navigation technology, two centuries earlier than the West.
ship form
China is one of the countries with the longest shipbuilding history in the world. Historically, there are many kinds of wooden boats in China. By the 1950s, it was estimated that there were about 1000 species, and there were as many as 200 to 300 species of marine fishing boats. Sand boat, bird boat, lucky boat and wide boat are the most famous ship types in ancient China, especially sand boat and lucky boat.
Sand boats appeared in Chongming, Jiangsu Province in the Tang Dynasty. Its predecessor can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period. The sand boat was called "anti-sand gondola" in Song Dynasty, "gondola" in Yuan Dynasty and "sand boat" in Ming Dynasty.
Generally speaking, the carrying capacity of sand carriers is 4,000 to 6,000 stones (about 500 to 800 tons), 2,000 to 3,000 stones (about 250 to 400 tons) and 89,000 stones (1more than 200 tons) were used as seagoing ships in the Yuan Dynasty. During Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty, there were 5000 sand boats in Shanghai. It is estimated that the total number of junk boats in China at that time exceeded 1 10,000. Sand boats are widely used, and there are traces of sand boats along the river and coast. During the heyday of shipping in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the annual transportation volume reached more than 3.5 million stones. Sand boats on ocean routes are also very active. As early as before the Song Dynasty, at the beginning of 10 century, there was a record that China went to Java by sand boat. There are murals in India and Indonesia. At the beginning of the 20th century, some people thought that the junk on the route from northern China to Singapore was the kind of ship that traded from China to the Red Sea and East African ports before the Middle Ages.
/kloc-In the early years of the Ming Dynasty at the beginning of the 0/5th century, Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Ocean and traveled to more than 30 countries in more than 20 years, writing a glorious page in the history of world navigation. More than 200 ships were dispatched once 100, including more than 40 treasure ships and more than 60 ships, carrying more than 27,000 people. At that time, shipbuilding was carried out in Nanjing and Taicang, concentrated in Liujiagang, Taicang. The captain of Zheng Hebao is about150m, the rudder length is1.107m, and the sail has 12 sides. This is the largest sand boat.
Five-masted sand boat
Sandboat has many characteristics: first, the bottom of the sandboat is flat, so you can sit on the beach and not be afraid of running aground. It is also safe in the wind and waves. Especially when the wind direction and tidal direction are different, because the bottom water level is shallow, it is less affected by the tide and safer. Second, the sand boat can adjust Russia to resist wind and waves (see the section on ship power for details), and can sail with the wind and water, even against the wind and current, with good seaworthiness. Third, the initial stability of the ship is great, and there are various devices to maintain stability, so the stability is the best. Fourth, there are many masts and sails, and the height of sails is conducive to the wind, shallow draft, small resistance and good navigation.
The bow of the sand boat is square and the tail is square, commonly known as "Zhong Fang"; Spacious deck, small depth and low freeboard; Truss arch is adopted to make the deck release waves quickly; There are "sails" to facilitate the installation of elevators, and "fake sails" to facilitate the operation of sails: more masts, more sails, faster speed, and large rudder area, which can be lifted and lowered. When going out to sea, some rudder blades fall below the bottom of the ship, which can increase the rudder effect and reduce drift. In shallow water, the rudder can be raised. The flat keel for the shaft is relatively weak, and its width is 40% to 50% of the same level, but it is larger. It's the longitudinal beams on both sides of the sandbox, which are very thick and strong. There are many of them. How big is each side of the large and medium sand table? Four to six, straight to the head, Kawaguchi entrance (the longitudinal material before and after the sandbox hatch) is also very strong, and the front and rear are straight. Therefore, the structural strength is still greater than other sailboats of the same class. Multi-layer watertight cabin is adopted to improve the sinking resistance of the ship. Level 7 wind energy can sail unimpeded and resist wind and waves, so sand boats can sail as far as Africa.
Fortune ship is a sharp-bottomed seagoing ship, which is famous for sailing in Nanyang and the open sea. Song people said: "Fujian is the best place for sea ships." In the Ming Dynasty, Fuchuan was the main warship of our navy. In ancient times, lucky boats were as high as buildings, with wide bottoms, high ends and fenders on both sides. The whole ship is divided into four floors, the lower floor is equipped with earth and stone ballast, the second floor is occupied by soldiers, the third floor is the main combat site, and the upper floor is the combat site, commanding, sending bow and arrow artillery down, which can often defeat the enemy. The bow of the lucky boat is very high, and it has a strong impact device. Under the downwind, you can plow and sink enemy ships, and many ships can win. With a draft of four meters, Wisdom Fofo Agbo is an excellent warship in the deep sea. 1In July and August of 974, a Song Dynasty seagoing ship was excavated in Houzhu Port, Quanchuan Bay, Fujian Province. It is flat and wide, with a sharp bottom, and its plane is nearly oval. There are 14 rows of boards from the keel to the side. One to ten rows of wooden boards are stacked in two layers, and eleven to thirteen rows are stacked in three layers, with a total thickness of eighteen centimeters (eight centimeters in the inner layer, five centimeters in the middle layer and five centimeters in the outer layer). Even use protection? This is a fact. The overlap and butt joint of ship plates are mixed. Hemp, bamboo shavings and tung oil ash are mixed in the seam. The restored Quanzhou ancient ship 13 cabin is 34.55 meters long, 9.9 meters wide and 3.27 meters deep, with a displacement of 374.4 tons.
In the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, China's seagoing ships were famous for their large size, heavy load, strong structure and strong wind resistance. Since then, Arab businessmen have often traveled to and from Southeast Asia by Chinese sailboats. In the middle of the ninth century and after the late Tang Dynasty, the seagoing ships built by China were more welcomed by people in many Asian and African countries. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the shipbuilding industry in China developed further. Many foreign friends often use "the most progressive shipbuilder in the world" to praise our country's boatmen.
The characteristic of ancient shipbuilding technology in China is that it can create excellent ship types that can adapt to various geographical environments and different performance requirements. For example, the ark of the Zhou Dynasty was a catamaran. During the Warring States period, there was an original ship, which was also a catamaran. The two ships were connected in parallel, which not only improved stability, but also made it easier to load and carry people. The ships of the Han Dynasty were very tall and magnificent. During the Three Kingdoms period, the captain of the sea was more than twenty feet. Jin Lu Xun (? -4 1 1) as an eight-slot ship. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi wrote A Thousand-Li Ship. In the Tang dynasty, with the sea stork, a new type of water boat appeared, called the inclined-footed river boat. The largest boat (paddle boat) in Song Dynasty is 36 feet long and 4 feet wide. In the Ming Dynasty, there were treasure ships of Zheng He, as well as new ships such as two boats, centipede boats, serial boats and mother boats. Even the wrecked ship is divided into two parts, the first part is to blow up the enemy ship, and the second part is to take off the wrecked ship and return. Even if it is a broken ship, it is very convenient to be used for folk transportation for a long time. It can be divided into two sections in a curved river to facilitate turning. There is a small boat hidden behind the mother-child boat. When people were angry after the enemy lines and ships were destroyed, the soldiers returned by boat.
China boatmen are also good at absorbing the advantages of two excellent ship types and combining them to create new ship types. For example, the river-sea dual-purpose ship in the Song Dynasty is a new type of ship with lake bottom, warship cover and sea-going ship head and tail. Another example is the Fuzhou wooden boat during the Kangxi period in the early Qing Dynasty, also known as the three unlike boats. It is not like a sand boat, a bird boat or an egg boat. In fact, it is a new type of ship created by absorbing the advantages of these three types of ships.
/html/keji/739508.html You can see the link above.