Song dynasty (960- 1279)
It can be divided into two stages: Northern Song Dynasty (960~ 1 127) and Southern Song Dynasty (11279).
History of song dynasty
The Song Dynasty (960- 1279) is an era in the history of China, connecting the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and the Yuan Dynasty. According to the changes of the capital and territory, it can be further divided into the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, which are collectively called the two Song Dynasties. The establishment of the Song Dynasty was to avoid the separatist regime and eunuch chaos since the late Tang Dynasty. 1 127, Hui Di and Qin Emperor were captured by the Jin people, forcing the Song Dynasty to move southward. 1279, Song died in Mengyuan in the naval battle of Yashan. But relatively speaking, the Song Dynasty was also one of the most prosperous times in China's history in terms of economy, culture and education. With the revival of Confucianism, the society is permeated with the atmosphere of respecting teachers and attaching importance to education, science and technology are advancing by leaps and bounds, and politics is more open and honest. There was no serious eunuch chaos and local separatist regime in the last Song Dynasty, and the number and scale of mutiny and civil strife were relatively small in the history of China. Chen, a famous historian, said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has developed for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties." A considerable number of western and Japanese historians believe that the Song Dynasty was the Renaissance and economic revolution in China's history.
Interpretation of country names
After the Duke of Zhou succeeded to the throne, he was appointed as our special envoy to return to Germany, and the German army was stationed in Songzhou (now Shangqiu, Henan). The following year, Zhao Kuangyin mutinied and acceded to the throne in Chen Qiao. Because of its prosperity in Songzhou, its country is called "Song" and its capital is Bianliang (now Kaifeng). During the reign of Jingkang, Jin Bing captured Bianjing and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. Zhao Gou, the ninth son of Huizong, rebuilt the Song Dynasty in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), which was called "Southern Song Dynasty" in history.
Song dynasty guozuo
After the mutiny in Chen Qiao, Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin designed a military system. The core of this military system is to prevent military commanders from supporting themselves. The military system designed by Zhao Kuangyin was so complicated that there was no military coup in the whole Song Dynasty. Compared with other dynasties in China, the wealth theory of the Song Dynasty is relatively long. The Song Dynasty lasted 18 emperors for 320 years. However, the titles of other dynasties in China were generally short, and the long title of the Song Dynasty was an exception in the history of China.
[Edit this paragraph] At the beginning of the People's Republic of China
Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu
The founding emperor of the Song Dynasty was Mao. He was an inspector in front of the temple in the Zhou Dynasty, but he became Zhou Shizong's right-hand man after the Zhou Dynasty because of his outstanding military exploits. After Sejong's death, Emperor Gong, who succeeded to the throne, was still young, so he had the ambition to be emperor. During the Spring Festival in the seventh year of Xiande, some henchmen lied that Liao soldiers had arrived. At that time, Fan Ju, the prime minister, asked Zhao Kuangyin to lead the army north to defend the enemy. On the third day of the first month, Zhao Kuangyin arrived in Chen Qiaoyi. That night, when he was sleeping soundly, he was given a yellow robe by his people, and he was called the son of heaven. When the bureaucrats in the later Zhou Dynasty learned that there was nothing they could do, they had to face the reality. Duke Zhou was forced to abdicate.
In July of the second year of Stegosaurus (96 1) and October of Kaibao (969), Song Taizu took over the military power (the dramatic theory of "relieving the military power with a glass of wine" was circulated in history), deprived the military power of the heavily armed generals and military commanders of local officials, entrusted them with empty posts, and led the army with civilians. The military power and financial power were all concentrated in the central government. It is not uncommon for soldiers under the general's jurisdiction not to know the general, so the Song Dynasty was saved from the situation in the Tang Dynasty. However, it also led to the long-term military malaise in the Song Dynasty, which made the Song Dynasty repeatedly defeated in foreign wars.
Zhao Guangyi, Song Taizong
Another cause facing Song Taizu is to unify the whole country. After consulting with Zhao Pu in Hakodate, Zhao Kuangyin decided to go south first and then north to unify the whole country. Zhao Kuangyin was the first to kill Nanping and Chu. Later, it perished in Houshu, Nanhan and Nantang. Mao was bent on unifying the whole country, and he also set up a stock company to save money and grain, hoping to redeem sixteen States from the Liao Dynasty in the future. In August of the ninth year of Kaibao (976), Taizu once again went north. However, Mao died suddenly on 10/9, leaving a historical mystery of "the sound of candles and axes". His younger brother, Zhao Guangyi, was busy on the throne, and the cause of national reunification was temporarily suspended. Song Taizu's brother Zhao Guangyi acceded to the throne, and the temple was named Taizong. After the reign of Emperor Taizong was stable, he continued the cause of national reunification. First, Chen Heqian from Zhangzhou, Fujian and Quanfu surrendered, and then the Northern Han Dynasty perished. In May (979), in the fourth year of Taiping and Xingguo, Emperor Taizong set out from Taiyuan for the Northern Expedition, taking advantage of the downfall of the Northern Han Dynasty, regardless of the opposition of his ministers. At first, Yizhou and Zhuozhou were recovered. Emperor Taizong was full of ambition and ordered an attack on Yanjing. The result was a fiasco in the Gaoliang River. After this campaign, the strategy of Song Dynasty was passive. In the third year of Yongxi (986), Emperor Taizong made another northern expedition, and the result was a great defeat. Yang Ye, a famous soldier, was also killed in this battle. Later, the Song Dynasty also failed in the war against the Tangut, and a popular uprising broke out in Sichuan. Emperor Taizong's administration had to focus on the internal deficiency and external reality. Emperor Taizong himself was arty and liked poetry and songs, so the government paid special attention to cultural undertakings, and the Song Dynasty paid attention to the opening of education. Tang Taizong also likes calligraphy, and is good at cursive script, official script, running script, seal script, stereotyped writing, flying white, especially flying white. Even the words on Chunhua Yuanbao, the currency of the Song Dynasty, are too patriarchal.
Emperor Taizong's accession to the throne is quite doubtful, because folklore has always said that Zhao Kuangyin was killed by Zhao Guangyi. In order to ensure the legitimacy of the regime, Zhao Guangyi put forward the death theory of his mother Du Tai, that is, the "Golden Chamber Alliance". The alliance of the golden chamber originated from Du Taihou calling Zhao Pu into the palace to record his last life. Queen Mother Du said that after Zhao Kuangyin's death, she would preach Guangyi, Guang Mei (later renamed Mei Ting) and Dezhao (the eldest son of Zhao Kuangyin). This suicide note is hidden in the synopsis of the golden chamber, so it is called the alliance of the golden chamber. Although there is a saying of the alliance of golden chambers, Emperor Taizong successively forced the son of Taizu, De Zhaohe Fang De, to die, and demoted Mei Ting to Zhou Fang. Two years later, Mei Ting died in court. Yuan Zuo, the eldest son of Emperor Taizong, was also abolished because he sympathized with Mei Ting, and another son, Yuan Nuo, died suddenly. Finally, Xiang Wang Yuan Kan was made a prince and renamed Heng. In the third year of Daoguang (997), Emperor Taizong died, and Li and eunuchs attempted to establish themselves as emperors. Due to the proper disposal of Prime Minister Lv Duan, Zhao Caiheng ascended the throne smoothly, and the temple name was Zhenzong. Song dynasty also began to enter its heyday.
[Edit this paragraph] Step into a prosperous time
Zhao Heng, Song Zhenzong
After Taizong's death, Zhao Heng, a true Sect, succeeded him to the throne. In the last years of Taizong, Zhenzong pursued Huang Lao politics and did nothing. Since the Northern Expedition of Yongxi, the Liao Dynasty frequently plundered the border area between Song and Liao Dynasties, which eventually evolved into a large-scale invasion of Song Dynasty in the first year of Jingdezhen (1004). Prime Minister Kou Zhun defended War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. As a result, the clan really got involved, and Song Jun's morale was greatly boosted. He was at loggerheads with the Liao army under Zhoucheng, and the Liao army was forced to make peace. After several negotiations, the two countries successfully held peace talks. The main contents of the peace treaty are: Song gave Liao silk 202,000 yuan and silver/KLOC-0,000,000 yuan every year, and both sides were brother countries. Historically, the peace treaty was called "the alliance of the Yuan Dynasty".
Later, Kou Zhun gradually fell out of favor and was finally dismissed. True Sect began to trust courtier Wang Qinruo. Wang Qinruo is good at catering, knowing that Neo-Zen wants to create a peaceful atmosphere in the world, so he strongly advocates Neo-Zen meditation. Wang Qinruo himself joined hands with another prime minister, Wang Dan, and created many auspicious images in various places, which won the true meaning. Results In the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008), Zhenzong amenorrhea occurred three times. This has seriously consumed the strength of the people.
True Sect and Empress Liu have no children. Once, Zhenzong accidentally fell in love with Liu's maid Li. Results Li He gave birth to a son (Zhao Deyi) in the third year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 10), which was later Renzong. Later, Liu and another concubine, Yang, raised the child. In the Mid-Autumn Festival in the second year of Tianxi (10 18), Zhenzong officially named Zhao Deyi as a prince and renamed him. On February 20th, the first year of Ganxing (1022), Zhenzong died. When the Prince succeeded to the throne, Liu was honored as the Empress Dowager, acting as military affairs agent before Injong came of age. From then on, Liu began the era of listening to politics for sixteen years.
Fan Zhongyan, who "worries about the world first, and enjoys the world later", was always in the shadow of Liu in the early days of his administration until Liu's death. Although Empress Injong is Cao Shi, she has always liked a Zhang Guifei. However, Zhang came from a humble background and never became a queen. In the sixth year of Emperor Youdi (1054), Zhang died on the eighth day of the first month. In fact, Renzong regarded the funeral as a gift from the queen and named him Wencheng Queen. As a result, two queens died in my life, unprecedented.
After Li Yuanhao proclaimed himself emperor in the third year of Qing Dynasty (1038), several years of war broke out between Song and Xia Dynasties, and Song Jun suffered repeated wars and defeats, which led to an increase in money and grain. Later, Renzong appointed capable ministers such as Fan Zhongyan, Lv Yijian, Fu Bi, Bao Zheng and Han Qi to celebrate the New Deal, which achieved good results. This country has entered the most prosperous stage since the founding of the People's Republic of China. However, some old-school figures claim that these reformist officials unite and tout each other as cronies. Because Renzong always hated the idea of forming a party for personal gain, these bureaucrats were later demoted to local officials. The short celebration of the New Deal is over. In the frontier, Renzong appointed General Di Qing, who successively suppressed the rebellion of Nanman farmers and the provocation of Xixia.
After Injong's death, Zhao Shu succeeded to the throne. He is the grandson of Zhao Yuanfen, the younger brother of Zhenzong. In the seventh year of Jiayou (1062), he was established as the Crown Prince. When Yingzong was ill, Empress Dowager Cao was in charge of politics at first. After May of the first year of Zhiping (1064), Yingzong took charge. However, half a month after Britain came to power, the Puyi incident broke out and the debate lasted 18 months. The time was caused by Prime Minister Han Qi's request to discuss the birthright of Yingzong's father. So the DPRK is divided into two factions. One school thinks that Wang Pu, the father of Yingzong, should be called Bo Huang, while the other thinks that it should be called Huang Kao. In the end, Queen Cao issued a letter calling for the imperial examination of the father of Yingzong. Settle the argument. But on the whole, Yingzong was still a promising monarch. He continued to employ former ministers and boldly explored new ones. Yingzong also attached great importance to the compilation of books, and the compilation of Zi Tong Zhi Jian was advocated by Yingzong.