In contrast, Zhuge Liang, known to later generations, is the Zhuge Liang who can give orders and be close to the gods in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms written by Luo Guanzhong. For thousands of years, Zhuge Liang is the perfect representative of China people's ideals of self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world. His politicians and military strategists are full of legends. The real Zhuge Liang in history gradually blurred. Did his life really have such deeds as "borrowing from the east wind", "empty city plan", "borrowing an arrow from a grass boat" and "catching Meng Huo seven times"? How true are the stories of these generations of Wuhou?
The true story of Zhuge Liang in history is also rich and colorful, but he is also a mortal with flesh and blood. Although Zhuge Liang is knowledgeable, he is not omnipotent. Although he is proficient in strategy, he often miscalculates. Zhuge Liang has a noble personality, but he also has a fatal weakness in his personality.
The reflection wrote, "Zhuge Liang's words are clear, and Yang Du is also a human being. Zhuge Feng, a captain transferred from the Han Dynasty, is also a queen. The father is expensive, the word, and the late Han Dynasty was very kind to people. Liang was lonely in his early years, and he was declared the prefect of Yuan Shu Department from his father. Xuan Jiang and Liang's brother were both officers. In the Han Dynasty, Zhu Hao was chosen as Xuanzong. Su Xuan and Jingzhou Liu Mu are both old, so we should follow their example. Xuanzu, smart and diligent, is good at Fu Liangyin. He is eight feet tall, and every time he compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, he is incomparable. Bolingcui and Yingchuan are generous, hearty and friendly, and they can be called loyal. " This is Zhuge Liang's life record before he met Liu Bei.
Later, Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage and invited Zhuge Liang to come out of the mountain. At that time, some scholars questioned Zhuge Liang's "big right". Because in his early years, Lu Su's military strategy towards Sun Wu was similar to that in The Great Confrontation, which is not enough to show that Zhuge Liang copied it.
It is a fact that "Big Pair" has shortcomings. The idea is to take Jingzhou first and then Xichuan. There is nothing wrong with this, but Zhuge Liang wants to own Jingzhou and Xichuan at the same time, so that Xu will attack Sun Quan and Cao Cao all the way in the future. Jingzhou and Xichuan are thousands of miles apart, so it is extremely difficult to defend both places at the same time. Later, Jingzhou was defeated, Guan Yu was killed, Liu Bei sent troops to Wu Dong and was burned to death by Lu Xun, which started the first decline of Western Shu. This is also a testimony to the "big right" mistake. However, in that turbulent era, Zhuge Liang was able to draw up such a military strategy as "great confrontation", which shows his brilliance. We're just smart after the fact.
In fact, Zhuge Liang has never commanded any army for more than ten years after he came out of the mountain, and now he works in Hengyang, Hunan Province. His position is equivalent to today's "food director" and "tax director".
When Cao Cao went to the south of the Yangtze River, Liu Bei used Zhuge Liang for the first time in the military. Zhuge Liang lobbied Sun Wu with clever words, and finally Sun and Liu joined hands to resist Cao Cao. During the period, Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu were not qualified, so it can be seen that the saying that "the grass boat borrows an arrow" and "the east wind" is pure fiction.
After Cao Cao's defeat, Liu Bei took over Jiangnan. Only when Zhuge Liang was worshipped as a military commander, he was appointed as the commander-in-chief of Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha, and his taxes were adjusted to banish the army.
In Jingzhou, Liu Bei also worshipped a military adviser, and this person is Pang Tong, who is as famous as Zhuge, but I didn't see what he was capable of except offering serial tricks. In the 16th year of Jian 'an, Yizhou Pastoral Liu Zhang sent a law to meet Liu Bei and attack Zhang Lu. Pang Tong went with him, but he competed with Zhuge for credit, and ended up in a "falling phoenix slope". Zhuge Liang left Jingzhou, and Guan Yu was entrusted with Jingzhou affairs. Zhuge Liang began the greatest achievement in his life-conquering Chengdu. In the biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang, only these words are recorded: "Liang and Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others led the people to retreat from the river, enfeoffment the counties, and encircle the capital with their predecessors." Chengdu Ping, with Liang as the chief strategist, is in charge of the left general's office. When my ancestors went out, they often guarded Chengdu, with plenty of food and grass and soldiers. "
Ten years later, in the twenty-sixth year of Jian 'an, Zhuge Liang established Liu Bei as emperor, Liu Bei established Xishu, and Zhuge Liang led the prime minister to be a minister. Since then, the form of tripartite confrontation between the three countries has been set. Although Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of West Shu, Guan Yu was the second-in-command in the actual regime of West Shu, and Guan Yu was in charge of half of the country. There was a subtle and sensitive incident between Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu, and that was Guan Yu's death.
In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an, Guan Yu lived alone in Jingzhou. At that time, Zhuge Liang borrowed Liu Bei's idea and assumed that Liu Bei wanted Guan Yu to be in Jingzhou. In twenty-four years, Liu Bei became the king of Hanzhong and worshipped Guan Yu as a former general. That was the year when Guan Yu attacked Cao Cao.
Guan Yu's Northern Expedition lasted for half a year, and Jingzhou was empty. Zhuge was cautious all his life. After leaving Jingzhou for half a year, he didn't add a single soldier. Even if Guan Yu has good news, Jing Xiang is always incomplete. Doesn't Zhuge Liang know the importance of Jing Xiang? Or does he think that Sun Wu suddenly gave up spying on Jing Xiang because Sun Liu has been fighting for Jingzhou for decades? Zhuge Liang is very clear. At that time, there were many soldiers in West Shu, and Zhuge Liang would help Guan Yu without sending troops, which was quite different from his honest and cautious character.
The relationship between the characters in the three countries is complex and intriguing. Zhuge Liang's loyalty to Liu Bei is beyond doubt, and Guan Yu's loyalty to Liu Bei is even more beyond doubt. However, the two top figures loyal to Liu Bei often clash. The fact is not that after Huarong Road released Cao, Zhuge Liang spared Guan Yu's life and Guan Yu obeyed. The people Zhuge Liang uses must obey him. He said it himself. Zhuge Liang could not control Guan Yu, and Guan Yu's fate might have been decided at that time. Therefore, some scholars suspect that Zhuge Liang killed Guan Yu with the help of Wu Dong, which deeply touched Zhuge Liang's vivid view of history.
When Luo Guanzhong wrote The Three Kingdoms, he beautified Xishu and Zhuge Liang. But it is not difficult to see these from his familiar writing style of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which may be an interesting place in previous writings.
In the spring of the third year of Zhangwu, Liu Bei passed away and told Liu Chan to be wise with his father. Zhuge Liang followed Liu Bei's legacy and unified China was his greatest goal in life. But if you attack Wei in the north, you must first pacify the south. So there was the story of "seven capture Meng Huo".
With Zhuge Liang's cautious character, he would never take such a big military adventure. The name "Meng Huo" has never appeared in all historical records. In the History of the Three Kingdoms, there are only twelve words in Zhuge Liang's journey south. "In the spring of three years, the brightness rate went south and its autumn was flat." The History of the Three Kingdoms, which is the most convincing to the History of the Three Kingdoms, is too brief.
Scholars have studied Zhuge Liang's southern expedition. Some people say that he has been calling near Dali in Yunnan today, while others say that he has reached the border of Laos. As for "capturing Meng Huo seven times", Zhuge Liang may have destroyed seven enemy military bases, so it is really impossible to test it in the long history of 1000 years.
During the southern expedition, Zhuge Liang invented a weapon with extremely high lethality, which helped him a lot in the northern expedition to Cao Wei.
After the pacification of the south, it was recorded in the "History of the Three Kingdoms" that "the military capital will make the country rich and the people strong, and in order to rule the army, we will talk about martial arts and make a big fight. In five years, he led a great army to the north of Hanzhong ... "At this time, Zhuge Liang officially went north to crusade against Cao and wrote a famous" model "for thousands of years. There is also a record in the "Three Kingdoms" that "the first emperor did not start a business halfway, and the middle road collapsed. Today, profits are exhausted, which is a crucial autumn. " But the guards worked tirelessly at home, and those who were loyal to their ambitions forgot to be outside, covering up the special experience of the former emperor and wanting to report to your majesty. Sincerely, it is advisable to open a holy court, with the honor of the late emperor and the spirit of the people. It is not advisable to belittle yourself, quote wrong words, and block the way of advice from loyal ministers. Palace and mansion are integrated, so punishment and denial are inappropriate. If there are criminals who are honest and kind, they should be rewarded by this department to show your majesty's understanding, and you should not favor one over the other, making the internal and external laws different. Shi Zhong, Assistant Minister Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc. , are honest and sincere, are based on the advice of the first emperor left your majesty. Fools think that everything in the palace, big or small, should be discussed and then implemented, so that Zen can fill the gap and benefit widely. General Xiang Chong, good character, good military. He tried it in the past, and the first emperor called it energy, which was supervised by the public. Fools think that knowing the situation in the camp and consulting it will definitely make the line harmonious, and the advantages and disadvantages will be found. Pro-sages, far villains, this first Han is so prosperous; You little people, far from being wise ministers, have been so depressed in the Han Dynasty ever since. When the late Emperor was around, every time I talked to the minister about it, I always sighed and hated Yu Huan and Ling. Shi Zhong, Shang Shu, Chang Shi, joined the army. I know that I am the minister of Zhenliang's death sacrifice. I hope your majesty personally believes that the Han Dynasty will be prosperous.
"I this cloth, plow Nanyang, die in troubled times, not Wen Da. The first emperor didn't treat his ministers with meanness, and his accusation was self-defeating. He took care of his ministers in the thatched cottage and was grateful for what had happened in this world, so he promised the first emperor to drive him away. After the boat capsized, I was appointed as the defeated army and was ordered to face danger. I have been here for twenty years. The first emperor knew that I was cautious, and just when I was about to collapse, he sent a minister to attend a big event. Since I was appointed, I have been sighing all night, fearing that my entrustment will not work, so as to hurt my knowledge. Therefore, Luzhou in May was deserted. Now that the south is settled, there is enough armor. Authorized by the three armies, the north settled in the central plains, the arrogance was completely destroyed, the traitors were completely eliminated, and the Han Dynasty was revived, still in the old capital. The minister reported to the first emperor that he was loyal to his majesty.
"As for the consideration of gain and loss, I will try my best to speak out, and I will lose to you, Yi and Yun. May your majesty entrust me with the efficacy of bringing thieves back to life; If it doesn't work, it will defeat the crime of the minister suing the first emperor. [If there is no word to praise virtue, then] blame especially, Yi, Yun, etc. To show their blame for their slowness. Your majesty also requires himself, seeks advice from others, treats others with courtesy, and pursues the posthumous edict of the first emperor. I am very grateful to you. I should stay away from you now. I cried. I don't know what to say. So I stayed in Mianyang. "
Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition ended with the loss of a street pavilion. Ma Su was incompetent, and Liu Bei told him not to entrust him with reuse. Zhuge Liang still reused Ma Su. The biggest gain of his attack on Wei is to recover Jiang Wei, but he can recover Jiang Wei and thinks he is a general. He still does everything himself and doesn't give him too many opportunities to practice. After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wei inherited his legacy, but he only knew how to lead troops to fight and could not handle interpersonal relationships. Finally, Liu Chan suspected him and wanted to hurt his life. He also asked others how to protect themselves. Zhuge's employment can be seen.
In the winter of six years, Zhuge Liang returned to the customs and surrounded Chen Cang. This is Zhuge Liang's second Northern Expedition. Return because the food is exhausted.
In seven years, Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu and Yin Ping. Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, Wei, attracted many people to attack him, and when the light came out to Jianwei, Huai returned it. The whole story of the third attack on Wei. That is, in this attack on Wei, Zhuge Liang gradually alienated Wei Yan, once again revealing the flaws in employing people.
In nine years, Zhuge Liang returned to Qishan and retired with all the grain and cattle. He fought with Zhang Tai, the general of Wei State, and shot Tai. "Cattle herding Liu Ma" was invented by Zhuge Liang when he cut Wei for the fourth time.
"In the spring of the twelfth year, I learned that the masses were out of the valley. According to Wugong Wuzhangyuan, Sima Wangxuan and Weinan. " This is the fifth time that Wei was conquered as recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms. Ismail's plan is inferior to Zhuge's, but his plan is better than Zhuge's. Insist on fighting and eventually die of Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang died at the age of 54, leaving Wu with an autumn wind all night.
In history, Qishan was not six, only five times. Zhuge Liang was brave and good at fighting all his life. Strategically cautious, he refused to accept other strategies, so that several northern expeditions failed. It is an indisputable fact that officials in the West Shu have no access and no successors, whether it is romance or historical materials. A generation of celebrities has never been able to turn the tide, and it is difficult to change the trend of history.
The success or failure of Zhuge Liang's life has been debated by later generations, and many scholars have different opinions.
Do your best until you die. Regardless of Zhuge Liang's success or failure, his persistent pursuit and loyalty have always been admired by future generations. No wonder Luo Guanzhong mythologized him as the perfect idol in people's hearts.
Chen Shou also praised him for being "smarter than thinking, and even the profit and loss are all unexpected; Deduct the art of war, make eight pictures, salty to the clouds. Bright words teach people how impressive, don't be an episode. " So well received, and so on.