The Second Opium War was a war of aggression against China jointly launched by Britain and France with the support of Russia and the United States. In order to further open the China market and expand the interests of aggression in China, Britain and France used the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in China as an excuse to jointly attack the Qing government under the pretext of Yarrow Incident and Ma Fu Incident.
1860, British and French troops invaded Beijing, and the Qing emperor fled to Chengde. British and French troops invaded Yuanmingyuan, plundered jewels and burned them. After Russia sent troops to participate in the war, it claimed that "mediation was successful" and coerced the Qing government to cede more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory, becoming the biggest winner. The war ended with the Qing government being forced to sign the Beijing Treaty.
The Second Opium War forced the Qing government to successively sign the Tianjin Treaty, the Beijing Treaty, the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty and other peace treaties, and the invasion of foreign powers deepened. As a result, China lost more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory in the northeast and northwest. After the war, the Qing government was able to concentrate on suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and maintaining its rule.
2. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was a peasant uprising war against feudal rule and foreign capitalist aggression launched by leading groups such as Hong Xiuquan, Yang, Xiao Chaogui, Feng Yunshan, Wei Changhui and Shi Dakai in Jintian Village of Guangxi during the period from the first year of Xianfeng to the third year of Tongzhi (1-0/864). It was1mid-9th century.
1864, with the fall of Tianjing, the capital of Taiping Tianjing, the movement failed.
3. Wuchang Uprising
Wuchang Uprising refers to 19 1 1 June 0 10 (191August/September) which took place in Wuchang, Hubei Province to overthrow the Qing Dynasty.
After the failure of Huanghuagang Uprising, the revolutionaries, mainly literary societies and progressives, decided to turn their targets to the Yangtze River valley and prepare to launch a new armed uprising in the two lakes region with Wuhan as the center. Through the efforts of revolutionaries, the epoch-making Wuchang Uprising was finally successfully launched in19165438+ 10 in June (the third year of Qing Dynasty).
The victory of the uprising gradually led to the demise of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the first democratic republic in Asia-the Republic of China, which was the beginning of the democratic republic in Asia and China and was a milestone in the history of China.
4. August 1st Nanchang Uprising
The August 1st Nanchang Uprising is usually called the Nanchang Uprising or the August 1st Uprising. It refers to1On August 6th, 927, the Communist Party of China (CPC) joined forces with the Kuomintang leftists and fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries, which opened the curtain for China to lead the armed struggle independently and create a revolutionary army.
1 August, 9271day, China led part of the National Revolutionary Army to hold an armed uprising in Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province.
The uprising was led by Zhou Enlai, He Long, Ye Ting, Zhu De, Liu Bocheng and Tan Pingshan. In July 1933, 1 1 The Provisional Central Government of chinese soviet republic, on the recommendation of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission on June 30th, decided that August 1 day would be the anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army. From then on, August 1 became the Army Day of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army and later the China People's Liberation Army.
5. Three major battles
The three major battles refer to the strategic decisive battle between China People's Liberation Army and the National Army of the Republic of China from1September 1948 to1June 1949, including Liaoshen Campaign, Huaihai Campaign and Pingjin Campaign.
1948, the People's Liberation Army captured Jinan, the capital city of Shandong Province, with 654.38 million troops and strong fortifications. . 22,423 Kuomintang troops were killed and 665,438+0,873 Wang was captured. The battle of Jinan was the beginning of the People's Liberation Army's conquest of key enemy fortified cities? . This battle kicked off the strategic decisive battle.
The three major battles in Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin lasted 142 days, including 44 regular divisions of the Kuomintang and 29 irregular divisions, which engaged in uprising, rebellion, peaceful reorganization and annihilation, with a total of more than 1.54 million people. The main military forces that the Kuomintang relied on to maintain reactionary rule were basically eliminated. The victory of the three major battles laid the foundation for the victory of the national people's liberation war.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-The Second Opium War
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Baidu Encyclopedia-Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement
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Baidu encyclopedia-Wuchang uprising
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Baidu encyclopedia-Nanchang uprising
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Baidu encyclopedia-three major battles