The Yuan Dynasty was a feudal dynasty established by the Mongolian minority in ancient China.
Mongolians originated in the eastern part of the Ergon River in the upper reaches of Heilongjiang, and then gradually spread to the vast areas of the Mongolian Plateau.
Before Genghis Khan established People's Republic of China (PRC), Mongolians had no written language. Later, they borrowed Uighur to write Mongolian, creating the Mongolian language of Uighur characters.
By 1260, Kublai Khan ordered Basiba, a Buddhist, to create "Mongolian neologisms" in Tibetan as the official language of Mongolia. Therefore, the history of Mongolia before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China was recounted later, which was brief and there were some mistakes.
The Secret History of Yuan Dynasty is a historical book compiled during the period from Taizong (Wokuotai) to Xianzong (Mengge) in Mongolia, which was written in Mongolian and Uighur characters. This history book is of great value for understanding Mongolian history in the first half of12-13rd century. ?
Yuan Shizu was unified for two years (126 1 year). At the suggestion of Wang and Russia who participated in politics, Kublai Khan set up the Hanlin National History Institute and began to compile national history. In 1 year, Mongolian Hanlin Academy was established to record historical events in Mongolian.
The establishment of these institutions made the thirteen imperial capitals of the Yuan Dynasty have complete records except Yuan Shundi, which provided the main historical basis for compiling the history of the Yuan Dynasty.
Taizu Temujin
Taizu Temujin (1 162- 1227)? 1206 was called Khan, and he was in office for 22 years.
Taizu Temujin, the surname of the Baobao clan in Qiyuan is Bao's name Temujin, a Mongolian. 1206 was elected as "Genghis Khan" by Mongolian nobles. After that, it carried out large-scale aggression and expansion, and collapsed in 1227, with the temple name Taizu.
Edit this passage of Taizong Wokuotai
Taizong Wokuo Terrace (1186-1241)? /kloc-ascended the throne in 0/229, and/kloc-ascended the throne in 0/3? Genghis Khan's third son, Wokuotai, was supervised by his fourth son, Tuo Lei, for one year after Genghis Khan's death. Wokuotai 1229 was enthroned. 1234, United with the Song Dynasty to destroy the State of Jin. He captured the Southern Song Dynasty in 124 1 and died at the age of 56. ? Zhao ci- (1242- 1246) was called Empress Zhaoci in, and her surname was Nai Mazhen, who was the sixth empress of Wokuotai. After Wokuotai's death, Empress Zhaoci failed to recommend Khan.
Edit this paragraph and settle in Gui You.
Gui You (1206- 1248)? 1246 acceded to the throne for 3 years? The reason why Emperor Taizong was noble was that his eldest son and his mother was Ma Su. 1246 acceded to the throne and 1248 died at the age of 43. ? Queen Qin Shu-? (1248- 125 1) was called the queen of Qin Shu in that year and the third queen of Yuan Dingzong.
Edit this passage, Brother Meng.
Brother Xian Zongmeng (1208- 1259)? 125 1 year acceded to the throne for 9 years? Xianzong, surnamed Bao, named Meng Ge, the grandson of Genghis Khan, and his father Tuo Lei. After he acceded to the throne, he continued to expand while changing the political system. 1257, occupied Dali. 1259, when attacking Sichuan Fishing City, Meng Ge was killed by cannon stone. At the age of 52.
Edit this paragraph, ancestor Kublai Khan
Ancestor Kublai Khan (12 15- 1294)? 1260 acceded to the throne and reigned for 35 years? Ancestor Kublai Khan, surnamed Bao Te, father Tuo Lei, brother Meng. /kloc-acceded to the throne in 0/260, and 1279 destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, making its capital mostly. Change the name of the country "Yuan". 1294 died at the age of 80.
Edit this paragraph into a case of auricularia auricula
Auricularia chengzong (1265- 1307)? /kloc-ascended the throne in 0/294, and/kloc-ascended the throne in 0/3? Chengzong, grandson of Kublai Khan, the third son of Crown Prince Jin. Known as the "good at keeping things" king. He died on 1307 at the age of 42.
Edit this paragraph of five seamounts.
Wu Zonghai Mountain (1281-1311)? 1307 acceded to the throne for 4 years? Wu Zong, a famous seaman, is the grandson of Prince Zhenjin of Yuan Shizu, and his father answered Ma Bala. Haishan gained the throne by military strength. Therefore, centralization will be strengthened after the accession to the throne. He died in 13 1 1 year at the age of 3 1 year.
Edit this passage about the education of benevolence and love.
Renzong loves education and Baba University in Ba Li, Ba Li (1285- 1320)? 13 1 1 year,1year? Renzong, who is famous for his love of religion, is the younger brother of Wu Zongdi, a well-connected man. After he ascended the throne, he took Confucianism as the ruling tool and got rid of the disadvantages of Wuzong. He died on 1320 at the age of 36. ? Yingzong (1303- 1323)? /kloc-acceded to the throne in 0/320 and reigned for 4 years? Yingzong, surnamed Bao Te, is a famous scholar with eight thorns and the son of Renzong. English sects reformed politics after he ascended the throne. Quite cheerful. Strict law enforcement. 1323, the court coup was killed. He is 2 1 year old.
Edit this paragraph, Taiding Emperor Sun Tiemu.
Taiding emperor timur (1276- 1328)? 1323 acceded to the throne and reigned for 5 years? Taiding Emperor, also known as Sun timur, is the direct grandson of Prince Jin of Yuan Shizu, and his father is Gamma. 1323 crowned emperor. Basically retained the reform achievements of Renhe and the British dynasty. 1328 died at the age of 53.
Edit this passage, Tianshun Emperor Azijiba.
Tianshun Emperor Achijiba (1320- 1328)? /kloc-0 acceded to the throne in September, 328, and was in office 1 month? Tianshun Emperor, named Azijiba, son of Taiding Emperor. 1 month in office, defeated and fled, unaccounted for.
Edit this passage of Timur, a literate scholar
Timur (1304- 1332)? ( 1328.9- 1329. 1; 1329.8-1332.11) for five years? Wenzong, the famous Timur, the second son of Wuzong. In the civil war, Tianshun Emperor was established with Shaduzi with thorns, and he ascended the throne after victory. He died on 1332 at the age of 29.
Mingzong and Xuan Shi edited this passage.
Ming Sect and Xuan Shi (1300- 1329)? (1329.438+0-1329.8) on the job, August? The eldest son of the Ming Sect named He. Poisoned after eight months in power. When I was 30.
Edit this lesson of Ning.
Ning Zong Yi class (1326- 1332)? (1332.10-1332.11) has been working for more than a month? Ningzong was named Lin Yi, the second son of Yuan Mingzong.
Edit this passage of Shun Di Tuohuan Timur
Shun Di Tuohuan Timur (1320- 1370)? (1333- 1368) reigned for 36 years? Shun Di, whose real name is Huan timur, is the eldest son of Mingzong. During which a large-scale peasant uprising broke out. 1368, Xu Da, the general of Zhu Yuanzhang, led the Ming army to attack Dadu, fled and Yuan died. 1370, Shun Di died at the age of 5 1 year.
The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty
1260 in March, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu established the unified system of the Yuan Dynasty, appointed scholars of the Han Dynasty, and set up administrative institutions such as Zhongshu Province, Fu Xuan Sidao 10 and Yanjing Zhongshu Province to take charge of the government affairs of the Han Dynasty in the Central Plains, thus consolidating its dominant position in the Central Plains. Alibaba Bug is also called Khan in Mobei, and it is said that it is in Mobei area. Kublai Khan himself led his troops north. In the first year of Zhiyuan (1264), Ali Buge surrendered. At this point, Kublai Khan controlled the situation in Lingbei. At the beginning of the war with Alibaba Brother, Kublai Khan had admitted that Xu Liewu had the right to rule the land west of Amu Darya, and the Persian land directly owned by Khan became a vassal state of Ilihan. A long-term war broke out between Ili khanate and Empress Shu Chi (see Qincha khanate) established in Qincha grassland, and Great Mongolia was divided. The Central Plains and the Han Dynasty became the focus of Kublai Khan's regime. In the early days of the Yuan Dynasty's unification, the Yuan court adopted the advice of the Han literati, followed the traditional system of the Central Plains, and took various measures to fully protect the special rights and interests of Mongolian rulers, which basically laid the scale of the Yuan Dynasty's political system. In the fourth year of China's reunification (1263), Kaiping was the capital? In the first year of Yuan Dynasty, Yanjing was promoted to Zhongdu? . In four years, we began to build a new city in the northeast of Zhongdu Old Town. In November of the eighth year of Zhiyuan, it was announced to the world that Dayuan was formally founded. Nine years, promoted to metropolis.
Unify the whole country
In the fifth year of Yuan Dynasty (1268), the Yuan army besieged Xiangfan, an important town in the Han River, and the soldiers and civilians of Xiangfan refused to defend the isolated city for six years. On the 10th day of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan army captured Fancheng (see the map war of the Yuan Dynasty in Xiangfan). In June of the following year, Kublai Khan ordered Bo Yan to supervise the army and divide the troops into two roads. All the commanders in the Song Dynasty surrendered without fighting. In February, 12, Jia Sidao was forced to supervise various elite soldiers to resist the Yuan Army. At this time, he still tried to make peace by offering money, but Bo Yan refused. In the first month of 13th year, Zhao Kuangyin, Emperor of Song Dynasty? On the table, Yuan falls and Song dies. 16, Sichuan was completely occupied, and Wang Wei was driven out of Yashan in the Southern Song Dynasty. With the end of 1279 Yamen naval battle and the unification of the Yuan Dynasty, the confrontation between the north and the south since the separatist regime in the late Tang Dynasty and the long-term coexistence of five or six ethnic regimes in China have promoted the consolidation and development of a multi-ethnic unified country.
Overseas exploration
After the demise of the Song Dynasty, Kublai Khan launched a series of wars against neighboring countries. In eighteen years, he attacked Japan in two ways. Because the Yuan army was hit by a hurricane in Eagle Island, Japan, how bad the warships were, and almost all the drowned people were wiped out. In nineteen years, he crossed the sea from Guangzhou to seize the city, and Lien Chan lasted for more than a year. 2/kloc-from 0/year to 22/year, Tuohuan (Kublai Khan), king of Zhennan, invaded Annan (now northern Vietnam) and was forced to quit his division because of summer rain and plague. In 2003, Yuan soldiers invaded Myanmar (now Myanmar) twice from Yunnan. In 29 years, he set sail from Quanzhou and invaded Java Island (now Java Island in Indonesia), and the ruler of Java Island fell into Yuan's hands. ?
The battle with the northern king
At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, after Kublai Khan consolidated his rule in the Central Plains, he immediately began to restore Khan's political control over the kings of the western regions. After he ordered Wokuo Terrace, Wang Hai made a pilgrimage. In six years, the Queen of Haidu, Bala and Shu Chi, Munger Timur, united against Khan and Ilihan Abaqa. In the eighth year of Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan ordered Namuhan, the prince of Beiping, to leave the town of Ali Muli. In thirteen years, Namuhan and his followers rebelled against Wang Xiliji (Meng Gezi). In August, Bo Yan led the Yuan Army to break through Erhai Lake. In twenty-four years, the vassal king headed by Naiyan rebelled in Liaodong. Kublai Khan scratched his face. In twenty-six years, Haidu and Chagatai Uighur Rusi Khan dispatched troops to defeat Namuhan and Guerra (the grandson of Kublai Khan), the clan kings at the edge of the town, and entered the forest. Kublai Khan led the army to make a personal expedition for the last time, and returned to the forest, leaving Bo Yan to guard. In the first month of the thirty-first year of Zhiyuan, Kublai Khan died in Dadu, and the temple was famous for its ancestors. His grandson timur ascended the throne for success. From the first year of Dade (1297) to four years, the Yuan Army confronted Haidu and Duwa many times in the north. Haidu wins first and then loses. After the injury, he and Du Wa withdrew from Lingbei and died in autumn and winter this year.
Chengzong "holds himself"
Yuan Chengzong was appointed as the ancestor of the old minister and went on strike against Japan and Annan. His internal affairs were based on Kublai Khan's rule, and the country was relatively stable, so he was called the king of perseverance. In the fifth year of Dade, the Yuan court sent Liu Shen to invade the eight hundred daughter countries in the southwest (now northern Thailand and other places). Yuan army harassed all the way. Song Longji, a local official, dispatched troops to send Liu Wei, a female local official, to the poor valley, and the people in eastern Yunnan rose up. In November, Liu was summoned to the city. In the spring of seven years, Snake Festival and Song Longji were captured and killed one after another, and the division of the Southern Expedition was also dismissed. In the eighth year of Dade, Yuan Ting made an appointment with Duwa and Wokuotai Urus Khan Chaba (son of Haidu). Although Khan maintained the integrity of Lingbei Province, he was forced to admit the fact that Urus of Chagatai controlled the area west of Hami.
"Martial Men Giving and Receiving" and the Changes of South Slope
Chengzong fell ill every year in his later years, and Queen Bruhan came to power. At the beginning of the eleventh year of Dade, he became a pawn, and Bruhan, the left prime minister Ahutai and others sought to establish Ananda, the king of Anxi, who was guarding Hexi, as emperor. Right-hand Prime Minister Hara Hassan secretly sent a special envoy to meet with Wang Haishan in Huaining, North China, and Li, who was driven out of Beijing by Bruhan, in South China. On March 2nd, Li Ba of Ba Li, Ai Yu lured Ananda, punished Ahutai and others, and greeted Haishan Imperial Seal in the north. Seamount is a mercy seat, which is for Yuan Wuzong. Haishan appointed cronies, improper government decrees and chaotic state affairs. In the first month of my senior year, Wu Zong died. The Crown Prince loves Ba Li Li Bada, which is located in Dadu, Yuan Renzong. Deeply influenced by China culture, he took active measures to reform the government and bureaucracy. In the second year of Qing dynasty (13 13), the imperial examination system was restored; Yan Youchu, Yuan Ting also sent people to Henan, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places to inspect underground fields and verify taxes. Renzong was too soft on Zong Qixun and kept making concessions under the pressure of the king. He also violated the oath of succession to Wu Zongzi and made his son Desbarax the Crown Prince. Seven years? Injong died, and Schobadra succeeded to the throne, namely Yuan Yingzong. Yingzong is determined, thinking and doing something, and is determined to reform. The court summoned retired ministers with experience in governing the country, which was superior to their ranks; Act as a helper and earn a helper; Promulgate the "universal system" to change the chaotic phenomenon of different government decrees and different punishments for the same crime; Cut off redundant staff, save floating fees, reduce taxes and fees, and ease rural power. In August of the third year of Zhi Zhi (1323), Yingzong returned from Shangdu to Dinanpo (northeast of Zhenglan Banner in Inner Mongolia) and died of iron loss. In September, Sun Ye timur (Ganma Lizi) acceded to the throne. The following year, it was renamed Taiding, which was called Taiding Emperor in history.
The Battle between the Two Capitals and Yan Tiemu's Authoritarianism
During the reign of Emperor Taiding? The Yuan court gave the nobles luxury and gained many benefits by improving their services. The country's financial resources are exhausted and official management is more corrupt. He Zhi died in Shangdu in July of the first year (1328). In August, since staying in Dadu, Xin Yan timur (the son of Chuang Wu) welcomed the second son of since into Beijing. In the same month, Liang Wangchan (nephew of Emperor Taiding) was appointed as the youngest Crown Prince of Emperor Taiding, Araghi Ba, located in Shangdu, changed to a natural place and attacked Dadu in various ways. In September, Tu timur set up Dadu, changed the calendar to Yuan Dynasty, and announced that his eldest brother would die. Going back to the north will immediately give way. Liaodong, Guanshan and Sichuan and Sichuan have set out to respond to the capital. The war between the two capitals developed into a large-scale civil war. In the second year of the calendar (1329), the first month, and the world? He Lin in the north, that is, the throne, is for Yuan Mingzong, and then set off for the south. Mingzong recruited many cronies to work in provinces, hospitals and Taiwan Province. In August, Mingzong died of poisoning. In mid-August, Tu timur once again said that the emperor was located in Shangdu, which was Yuan Wenzong. After the restoration of timur in the Yuan Dynasty, Yan timur was the only prime minister and the president of the world. In the early years of Wenzong, Zhang Kui Pavilion was set up, with Confucian scholars as consultants and an art supervisor to translate Confucian books in Mongolian? , printed classics. In the second year of Shunzhi (133 1), Shi Jing Grand Ceremony was written. In August of the third year of Shunzhi, Wenzong died. A testamentary edict made the son of Mingzong emperor. Yan timur named Lin Yi, the second son of Ming Sect, as Emperor Yuan Ningzong in the testamentary edict. Ningzong died a month later. Yan timur, at the insistence of the literate Sect, was forced to see off the eldest son of the Ming Sect in exile in Jingjiang (now Guilin, Guangxi) and return to Beijing. In June of the fourth year of Shunzhi, Tuohuan Timur was located in Shangdu, known as Yuan Shundi in history.
Intensification of contradictions
After Yan timur's death, Bo Yan was in charge of state affairs, and most of the officials in Zhongshu Province and Privy Council came from his family. A large number of Mongolian nobles and bureaucrats were transformed into big landlords by giving and grabbing. Han landlords also wantonly annexed land. At this time, after the abolition of the imperial examination, Bo Yan further ordered that Han Chinese and southerners be forbidden to study Mongolian and Semu literature, so as to block their official careers; He also tried to abolish Shun Di and establish a new one. What he did deepened the social crisis at that time. In the sixth year of Zhiyuan, Bo Yan's nephew Tuotuo demoted him. Shun Di came to power in Tuotuo. The following year, he changed his name to Zheng Zhi, announced "Geng Hua", resumed the imperial examination, banned horses, reduced the amount of salt, and revised the three histories of Liao, Jin and Song. Once, politics was relatively clear.
The demise of the yuan dynasty
In May of the 4th year of Zheng Zheng (1344), the Yellow River burst its banks. In April of the 11th year, Shun Di ordered Jia Lufa, ministers of the Ministry of Industry, Daming and other migrant workers to dig a new river. Time is tight, officials take the opportunity to cheat, and the people suffer even more. At the end of the tenth year, Shun Di issued paper money indiscriminately again, which led to soaring prices. After Jia Lu's talk, Han, the leader of the Northern School, and his brother decided to seize this opportunity to launch an armed uprising. The head of the rebel army is marked with a red scarf, so it is called the Red Scarf Army. In October of the 11th year, Xu Shouhui proclaimed himself emperor. Take Qiushui as the capital, establish political power, end the title, and change the yuan to make peace. Fang Guozhen and Zhang Shicheng are the two insurgents with the greatest influence and the widest range of activities in other non-Red Scarf Army systems. Fourteen years in the first month. Zhang Shicheng claimed to be the king of honesty, with the title of Zhou and God bless. In February of 15th year (1355), he arrived in Bozhou and established the Northern Red Scarf Army regime-Song and Jianyuan dragons and phoenixes. Han Liner is the emperor, also known as Wang Xiaoming. /kloc-In May of 0/8, Liu Futong occupied the capital of the Song Dynasty and made it the capital of the Song regime. In August of 19th year, the Yuan army breached the capital, and Liu Futong protected Han Liner to flee to Anfeng. In February of the 23rd year, Zhang Shicheng attacked an Feng. Wang Xiaoming sent someone to Zhu Yuanzhang for help. In December of the 26th year, Zhu Yuanzhang welcomed Liao Yongzhong to Wang Xiaoming, went through the formalities, sank to death, and died in Song Dynasty. In May of 20 years, Chen Youliang captured Taiping? , kill Xu Shouhui, claim to be the emperor, the big fellow title, gaiyuan's sense of honor. Ming Yuzhen, the right-hand man of Longshu Province, was renamed Tiantong in March of 22, claiming to be the emperor and occupying the whole Sichuan. In the seventeenth year of Zheng Zheng, Zhang Shicheng surrendered and named him Qiu. In September 23, he claimed to be the King of Wu. In the first month of twenty-four years, Zhu Yuanzhang called the king of Wu. In February, Chen Youliang's son Chen Lixiang Zhu Yuanzhang, Han Wu. In August, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Xu Da and Chang Yuchun to attack Zhang Shicheng. In September of the first year of Wu (1367), Zhang Shicheng was captured and hanged. In November of the first year of Wu, he surrendered. In the first month of the following year, Zhu Yuanzhang was the emperor, with the founding name Ming and the year Hongwu. In the same month, Fujian was pacified, and then Guangdong and Guangxi were also owned by Ming. In the tenth year of the first year of Wu, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Xu Da and Chang Yuchun to lead the northern expedition. In July of the first year of Hongwu, Yuan Shundi led his empresses and princes to flee to Shangdu. On the second day of August, Xu Da led the Northern Expedition Ming Army into Dadu, and the Yuan regime was overthrown. Yuan Shundi continued to flee to the north, and Hongwu died in Yingchang in April of three years.