War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression 1546 ~ 1565 occurred in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the southeast coast of China, and lasted for 19 years. The Ming army led by Qi Jiguang suffered repeated defeats, which became the earliest maritime anti-aggression war in China, and provided many valuable experiences for the coastal defense struggle.

Japan and China are close neighbors across the sea, and since the Qin and Han Dynasties, there have been more exchanges. In the early Ming Dynasty, the imperial court tried to improve Sino-Japanese relations, but Japan still refused to mend it for the Ming Dynasty on the grounds of Yuan Shikai's old grievances of expedition to Japan. Due to the abnormal diplomatic relations between the two countries, some Japanese samurai and businessmen carried weapons and smuggled and robbed along the coast of China. These Japanese pirates are called "Japanese pirates". However, due to the consolidation of coastal defense, the enemy's invasion is difficult to become the general trend. In particular, Ming Chengzu was able to allow Japanese officials and businessmen to trade in China, and at the same time, he continued to strengthen coastal defense and often sent troops out to sea to patrol the Japanese pirates, so that the Japanese did not dare to invade China's coastal areas on a large scale.

However, since 1436, Ming politics became increasingly corrupt, especially after Jiajing 2 1 (1524), Prime Minister Yan Song was in power for more than 20 years. For personal gain, he formed gangs, annexed land and accumulated wealth, and six-tenths of the frontier defense salary fell into his hands, which led to the abandonment of coastal defense. He also sheltered officials and generals who had contacts with Japan, framed the governor against Japan, and accepted bribes from big profiteers who colluded with the Japanese. This further encouraged the enemy to invade. Some refugees fled to the island and were also used by the Japanese. At the same time, due to the development of overseas trade, some businessmen, especially some wealthy businessmen in Zhejiang, regardless of the interests of the country and the nation, smuggled through Japan and plundered coastal areas.

After the middle of Ming dynasty, the health care system gradually became corrupt, and a large number of officers and men appeared in health care institutions. 1449, there were 3,258173 guards in the "DuDu" and "Jinyiwei" of the Fifth Army, and there were actually1624,590 guards (Shuidong Diary, Volume 22, Number of Guards in the House). The vacancy rate is over 50%. 1550, Mongolian troops invaded the Great Wall, and the situation in the capital was critical. The main force of the Ming army was deployed in Beijing and the Great Wall, and the coastal defense was more empty and the shortage was more serious. For example, Zhejiang Jinwuwei has only 1 104 people, accounting for only about 20% of the original. The warships along the coast suffered particularly serious failures. "Warships and sentry ships are one in ten" (Ming History 150 Biography of Zhu Wan). Not only that, the surviving officers and men, the old, the weak, the sick and the unemployed; Most officers are people who have seen the world, not soldiers. In this case, the enemy's invasion is not only frequent, but also larger and larger. From 1553 to 1556, Japanese invaders invaded the coastal areas of Zhejiang Province almost every month (see Chen Maoheng: A Brief Study of Japanese Pirates in Ming Dynasty). Thousands of people were killed. Captured men, war forced them to become pioneers; Women were plundered and ravaged. Gold, silver and property were robbed and urban houses were burned, which seriously threatened the lives and property safety of people in the southeast coast of China and hindered the local social and economic development. The atrocities of the Japanese invaders aroused strong resistance from the soldiers and civilians along the coast of China.

1546, the Ming government appointed Zhu Wan as the governor of Zhejiang to supervise the coastal defense affairs of Zhejiang and Fujian. Zhu Wan actively rectified the coastal defense, trained the army and killed 96 pirates, including Li Guang, the leader of Tongwo. The landlords in Zhejiang and Fujian ordered Fujian and Zhejiang officials to "illegally kill Wan" (Ming History, Volume 205, Biography of Zhu Wan), and Zhu Wan was wronged and committed suicide. From then on, "the local tyrants on board were complacent and treacherous, and dared not ban the lawsuit" (Ming History, Volume 55, Riots along the Coast). The enemy's arrogance is even more arrogant. 1555 At the end of April, more than 20,000 Japanese invaders invaded Jiaxing, and Zhang Jing immediately ordered General Lu Tang to ambush and intercept one of them. At the beginning of May, the enemy rushed back to Wang (now north of Jiaxing, Zhejiang), where Lu Tun stopped the front and pursued the rear. Tang Kekuan led the navy to attack, and the nearby militia also took part in the war and defeated the enemy. After the battle, he was arrested and executed for being framed by Zhao Wenhua, Song's confidant. Since then, the Japanese pirates have been rampant again. It was not until the patriotic general Wei Jiguang was transferred to Zhejiang to train a new army that the struggle against the Japanese pirates in the southeast coast took a new turn.

Qi Jiguang (1528~ 1588) was transferred from Shandong to Dushi, Zhejiang in the autumn of Jiajing twenty-four years, and was promoted to general the following year. 1in September, 559, more than 4,000 people were recruited in Yiwu to form a new army mainly composed of farmers and miners. Qi Jiguang gave this new army a rigorous training. It is emphasized that the duty of the army is to "protect the people and defend the place" (Ji Xiaoxin's book Volume 18 begins with "If a newcomer is as strict as Jin Yan, please turn to public service"), and they are required to learn the spirit of Yue Jiajun's "loyalty to the country" and "freezing to death without demolishing the house and starving to death without plundering", and soldiers are prohibited from infringing on the interests of the people and killing prisoners of war. He emphasized that soldiers should "learn the daily command and operation skills according to the general situation", instead of learning "to put up an empty shelf in order to look good in front of others" ("Ji Xiaoxin's Book", volume 6, volume 18, comparative article). Therefore, according to the actual needs, Qi Jiguang stipulated the use methods of various weapons, thus greatly improving the combat effectiveness.

1560 in March, Qi Jiguang adjusted its deployment, established its strategic deployment on land, vigorously reorganized its health centers and strengthened its maritime defense. 1561April 19, 16 The ship landed from Xiangshan, Fenghua to Xifengling, disrupting the front line of Ninghai Group, and then invaded Taizhou (now Linhai, Zhejiang) in three ways. Qi Jiguang saw that the new river was swift and there were more troops in Ninghai, so he decided to lead the troops from Haimen and Taizhou to rescue the new river, and he personally led the main force to suppress the pirates in Ninghai. Tang defeated the enemy in Xinhe, and the enemy of Ninghai got wind that Qi Jiguang led the troops to suppress the Communist Party and fled in succession, but the enemy of harassment still went to the temple to attempt to invade Taizhou Fucheng. Qi Jiguang went south, arrived outside Taizhou on the afternoon of 27th, intercepted the enemy in Huajie, "Five Wars and Five Wins", beheaded at the level of 380 * *, captured Jukui II alive, and drowned "("Qi Shaobao Chronicle Compilation "). Soon, Qi Jiajun won a great victory in Changsha (now southeast of Wenling County, Zhejiang Province). After a month of fighting, Kouxi, who invaded Taizhou, was annihilated, and Qi Jiguang was promoted to commander-in-chief for his merits. At the same time, General Lu Tang and General Niu Tianxi also defeated the Japanese invaders in Ningbo and Wenzhou, and the Japanese invasion in Zhejiang was basically calmed down.

Japanese pirates fled to Fujian after being devastated in Zhejiang. 1562 in July, the Ming court ordered Qi Jiguang and his 6,000 troops to enter Fujian to suppress the Japanese invaders, which was defeated repeatedly. From 10, "I stayed in Fujian for a few feet" (Ming History Volume 2 12 Biography of Qi Jiguang).

After Qi Jiguang returned to Zhejiang, the Japanese invaded Fujian, attacked Xinghua and occupied Pinghaiwei. /kloc-in the spring of 0/563, Qi Jiguang went to Yiwu to recruit soldiers again and rushed to Fujian. In March, Qi Jiguang and Yu led the troops to attack Pinghaiwei and drove away the enemy. 165438+ In October, 20,000 Japanese invaders besieged Xianyou. When Qi Jiguang heard the news, he sent troops to reinforce the defenders of Xianyou, and transferred 6,000 officers and men from Zhejiang. At the end of February, 65438+sent troops to suppress and even broke the fourth base, which dealt a heavy blow to the enemy and solved the siege of Xianyou. At the beginning of the second year, Qi Jiajun once again marched into southern Fujian and defeated the enemy in Tongan and Zhangpu. Then 20,000 Japanese pirates harassed in Chaozhou, Guangdong. In A.D. 1564, under the leadership of Yu, it was composed of recruited farmers and cooperated with other troops, which quickly put down the Japanese invasion in Guangdong. The following year, the people of China won the final victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the Ming Dynasty was the first large-scale war against foreign invasion from the sea in the history of China. It has effectively dealt a blow to the Japanese pirates, safeguarded the safety of people's lives and property in the southeast coastal areas of China, and restored and developed the social economy of the damaged coastal areas. After 65,438+00 years of continuous attacks on the Japanese pirates, their strength was completely wiped out, and the Japanese ronin and samurai were terrified, which is obviously of great significance to defending China's coastal defense.

However, because the maritime rights and interests have not been defined, conflicts and even wars caused by trade and plunder are inevitable in the era when capitalism begins to rise. In other words, this war does not mean the complete victory of our coastal defense struggle. On the contrary, it shows that our coastal defense struggle has entered a new historical stage. Seizing marine islands, resources and sovereignty will soon become one of the focuses of coastal countries' struggle. Strongly calling for marine awareness, grasping the significance of maritime rights and interests and strengthening the importance of coastal defense construction.

War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in Ming Dynasty was the earliest anti-aggression war at sea in China, which provided many very important experiences for the coastal defense struggle. For example, in peacetime, it is necessary to strengthen coastal defense construction, develop maritime weapons, and build a coastal force that can attack and defend.