After H. Bekkerel discovered the radioactivity of uranium, M. Curie and P. Curie first investigated the radioactivity of various substances and found that thorium is also radioactive, and the radioactivity of uranium is much greater than that of pure uranium; Relying on scientific speculation and precise experimental technology, 1898 discovered radioactive elements polonium and radium in uranium deposits, creating a new science-radiochemistry. According to the traditional concept, to confirm the discovery of an element, a sufficiently pure compound or an element sample that can be witnessed should be provided. Under very difficult conditions, they extracted a small amount of pure radium salt from tons of uranium mine waste residue. Finally, the existence of radium was confirmed by spectral analysis and atomic weight determination. Because of their contribution to radioactive research, they won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics together with Bekkerel. 19 10 at the radiology conference held in Brussels, Belgium in September, she and some experts put forward the suggestion of establishing radioactive standards for radium, which should be established for both radioactive research and radiotherapy. The congress adopted Curie as the radioactive unit of radium to commemorate P Curie, and decided that M Curie was responsible for the preparation standard of radium. M Curie won the 19 1 1 nobel prize in chemistry for discovering the elements radium and polonium, separating radium and studying the properties and compounds of radium. During the First World War, she and her eldest daughter, I. Joliot-Curie, participated in the battlefield medical service and undertook the X-ray work of the wounded. She actively advocated the use of radium in medical treatment, so that radiotherapy (also known as Curie therapy in the early days) was popularized and improved, and nuclear energy benefited mankind.
The drugstore apprentice who "came back to life"
1870 At a crossroads in Paris, there is a very famous old drugstore called Bentley Pharmacy. One day, the shop was very quiet, except that the pestle and mortar made a slight and even sound. It was several apprentices grinding medicine, and an old pharmacist with reading glasses was turning over a thick book, looking for the chemical molecular formula of medicine. At that time, medical chemistry was very developed in Paris, and chemists and doctors believed that chemical methods were the magic weapon to save lives and overcome death. However, limited by the level of scientific development, chemicals at that time were only effective for a few very simple diseases. Among the apprentices in the pharmacy, there is a clever young man, that is, Movasan. Just as he was grinding the medicine carefully, suddenly, the door of the drugstore was knocked open and a middle-aged man stumbled in. His face is brown, he is sweating, he has difficulty breathing, and his eyes are terrible. "Help-help-"he whispered out of breath. Everyone in the drugstore put down their work and gathered around him. "What's the matter with you?" The old pharmacist asked, "I was poisoned by arsenic, and I took it as medicine." Now, the medicine has worked. " I have a terrible stomachache. "The old pharmacist slowly took off his glasses, shook his head and whispered," There is no way out, at this time. There's nothing the best doctor can do. Do you have anything else to say? Please speak quickly and we will tell your family about your will. "The atmosphere was so tense that everyone was silent." Please wait a moment! "Movasan said loudly. He pushed his way through the crowd, pushed to the front, looked at the patient, turned around and took some antimony potassium tartrate and ferric chloride from the medicine rack to give the patient some "people", and then gave the patient some other medicines. As a result, the patient's condition soon eased. After two days of treatment, the patient recovered completely. Afterwards, a tabloid in Paris reported the incident with the title of "Drugstore Apprentice", and many Parisians knew Movasan's name.
paul ehrlich
Paul Hirsch
"There are no restrictions on scientific research and no racial barriers.
..... people who are committed to scientific research should first avoid entering the door.
"This is a German bacteriologist, immunologist and chemist. Goodbye.
French pioneer ehrlich said when he accepted the Nobel Prize.
Words. Because of his outstanding contribution to immune research, he and Russia
China embryologist and immunologist Mechnikov tied for first place.
1998 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology and Medicine.
Elbow a patient with a "magic bullet" was born in Stern, Silesia, Germany. My father is a Jewish doctor. One day I will have a child.
Suffering from racial discrimination, I am determined to be a good doctor. At that time, nothing was visible to the naked eye.
The germs seen in France are rampant on the European continent and all over the world, and infectious diseases are taken away.
Thousands of lives. Ehrlich witnessed all kinds of hardships. He just entered medical school.
Determined to use all life energy to declare war on small bacteria. He said, "I must invent one."
Plant a magic bullet, so that it only shoots germs in the human body, but does not dare to harm the human body. .
When he was at school, his cousin Wigert was classifying tissues and bacterial cultures.
Dyeing research. 1878, Wigert discovered that different kinds of bacteria are sensitive to different dyes.
Materials have different receptivity. Ehrlich was very interested in this and learned from Wigott.
Dyeing methods, and soon began their own research. The students laughed at him for doing nothing.
"Fantasy doctor", he doesn't care. He has worked in Waffle, Fruz, Strasbourg,
Frejborg and Leipzig studied in university medical school and were influenced by Ke, a pioneer of bacteriology at that time.
Think there is the support of pathologist heydrich. 1878 was pushed after graduation.
It was recommended to the largest pathology institute in Europe at that time and became the pioneer and pioneer of experimental pathology.
Assistant professor of Lin University. Before long, he found that not only bacteria, but also
Different tissues in organisms also have different dyeing abilities. Since then, dyeing analysis has become
This paper introduces an indispensable method for anatomists to dissect tissues.
Ehrlich completed a well-known experiment: methyl blue dye was injected into one.
After living in mice, physiological anatomy showed that only the nerve endings of mice were stained and withered.
Blue, while muscle and bone feed are not dyed. Why is this? Ehrlich's reason is: Yes.
There will be some attraction between dyes and nerve endings. So, can you find a way?
Dyes that are attractive to bacteria in the body have the effect of killing bacteria with drugs.
He began to realize his idea of a panacea.
The sensitivity of organisms to dyes was studied, and the method of identifying biological cells by dyeing was put forward.
And this is the first major contribution of satiety. Ehrlich was a student of Kegu, wasn't he?
Yu Koch has always been impressed by the way he dyes bacteria. because
Dye can penetrate the bacteria on the glass sheet, leading to the death of bacteria. So, how to use it
To kill bacteria in the body, we must first identify normal human cells and tissues and diseases.
The difference between bacteria, in this way, can avoid "jade is afraid of burning." In the course of this research, he found many kinds of white blood cells, that is, white blood cells which are huge and easy to be stained by eosin.
Grain, which he called "eosinophil", was later called "ehrlich's sperm".
Cells. " 1882, he observed and described the phagocytosis of white blood cells on red blood cells.
Phenomenon. His discovery made a great contribution to the development of histology. 18
In the afternoon of 1996, ehrlich was appointed as the director of Sturgetz serum laboratory near Berlin. male
Using microscope to study blood, gf to study the perception of organic tissues to dyed substances.
This reaction, which looked like nitrogen, was later called "ehrlich reaction". Diazo compounds can be mixed with Xu.
Organic compounds produce color reaction and can be used to extract urine, blood or plasma.
Take things for dyeing test, and through color contrast, we can distinguish diseases in human body and animals.
Bacteria and normal cells and tissues. Ehrlich first identified Shao Xi with this dyeing method.
Various types of cell leukemia, study normal cells and pathological cells in blood. "Egypt since:
Leahy's reaction has been passed down to this day, and it is very simple to apply. It is called hematology and immunity.
The father of popular hematology.
Ehrlich met a series of questions in his research: Why did he use the same dye?
Some paper towels are red and some are blue? Why can the nucleus accept some kind of staining?
Color, cytoplasm can't? Why is diphtheria toxin harmless to pigeons and fatal to babies?
Death? He concluded that there must be basic differences between different cells and tissues.
Ehrlich thinks that "chemical affinity" is the tungsten spoon to uncover the mystery of life, and he puts forward existence.
The theory of combining organisms with surrounding chemicals (food, drugs, etc.). )-side chain theory,
In addition, the theories of immunochemistry and chemotherapy are scientifically derived.
Ehrlich thinks that antigens have binding groups or "side chains", which he calls "binding".
Cluster ",the toxic antigen has a" toxic cluster "representing its toxicity. Antibodies are body cells that are resisted.
A substance produced after initial stimulation. Antibodies also have side chains or binding clusters that can interact with antigens.
Combination families make special combinations. 1897, he called the antibody a receptor. He concluded that:
Receptors with different chemical properties can bind to different antigens and tie knots on somatic cells.
Taiwan reaction, after that, the receptor can not play its normal role, and the cell will produce more receptors, some of which fall off and enter the blood stream; Receptors in the bloodstream can react with antigens,
So as to protect body cells. Ehrlich believes that lymphocytes are involved in the formation of receptors. he
At the same time, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages are also helpful because they can
It leads to the cracking of particle antigens such as bacteria and makes its components absorbed by lymphocytes.
Ehrlich first quantitatively studied the precipitation reaction between toxin and antitoxin.
He established the antibody theory and explained in detail the reaction of organism tissue to bacterial infection.
Resist. Because of his research, scientists later began to use the name "immunochemistry".
Words. Ehrlich is therefore called the pioneer of immunochemistry.
Ehrlich first explained the immune process by chemical reaction. He thinks that antigens and antibodies
The combination between them is a kind of chemical combination, just like the combination of strong acid and strong base, completely towards
Evolution in one direction is rarely reversible. He developed a neutralization reaction between toxins and antitoxins.
Different from the neutralization reaction of acid and alkali, they do not obey the law of multiple proportion; such
In fact, the combination does not always have a certain strict proportion. Valdette was founded after him.
The above phenomenon can be completely explained by the adsorption theory. But ehrlich's side chain theory is
.9 has played a considerable role in the development of immunology. His theory is gradually being
Other contents have been enriched and continue to exist in modern immunology. His receptor said
Reflected in the concept of binding valence of antigen determinant and antibody, and his theory about antigen
The concept that antibody binding has chemical properties is also very popular in modern immunology.
Development. Of course, the understanding of this reaction in modern immunology is far from that of Burleigh.
The viewpoint is complete and correct, but ehrlich's theory has become the pioneer of modern immunology, which
Really contributed a lot.
Ehrlich has been working in robert koch Institute of Infectious Diseases since 1890.
Preside over the work. He has done a lot of research on immune phenomena. He pointed out that immune serum has
Bacteriolytic effect, the antibody with this effect is called mediator. He regards the mediator as an anti-mediator.
In this process, it has two affinities: one is the affinity for complement.
(the so-called complement cluster), and the other is the affinity for red blood cells (the so-called cell family). He admitted.
Because each serum has a variety of complements acting on various sensitive antigens. This theory is based on
Later, further research by scholars opened the way.
Ehrlich went to Frankfurt-on-Rhine from 1898. He first continued his laboratory research on immune phenomena in the laboratory of Frankfurt Hospital, and then specialized in biography.
Treatment of infectious abscess. "In 904, he completed the study of diphtheria toxin and found that.
Weiping used to neutralize diphtheria toxin. But he is not satisfied with this attempt.
This antitoxin is made in the laboratory. Although it was unsuccessful, it pointed out the direction for future generations.
He also turned to chemotherapy for cancer and made initial progress. At the same time,
He published "Complete Papers on Immunology" and "Relationship and Research between Toxins and Antitoxins".
Way ",these works are regarded as authoritative works. From-'906, he gave birth.
Director of George Speer Institute.
After ehrlich made great contributions to medical theory, he spent all his old age.
Department of energy into the development of chemical drugs, in order to realize his years of fantasy-
Use. Bullets that suppress strangeness shoot out germs in the human body. He talks about dyes, English
Lay the foundation for his chemotherapy. Because some dyes can selectively give bacteria
And protozoa, it is possible to find something that can be absorbed by parasites alone.
Quality, can kill parasites without harming the host. 1904, he finally found the first place.
A dye "Atok Silver" which can kill silver worms in human body is also called "Trypanosoma Red". Trypanosoma
The product is larger than bacteria, and it can be easily found under the microscope and injected into the blood vessels of mice. it
It can reproduce constantly and finally kill mice. Ehrlich from a chemistry magazine.
Speaking of the test report, it shows that trypanosoma can be "Atok Mountain", that is, p-aminobenzene.
Swelling to death. However, the consequences of treatment are tragic. Although the patient no longer died of lethargy, it became
Turn a blind eye to ... He decided to change the chemical structure of benzophenone so as to kill only trypanosoma.
The purpose of not hurting the optic nerve. He took the initiative to synthesize thousands of expanded benzene compounds, and then
Among these drugs, there are five mentioned in the existing literature, namely
He ordered No.5, No.594 and No.6 of the Sixth Army and No.914 and No.6 of the First and Second Army.
Ehrlich and his assistant, Japanese friend Dr. Qin Zuoshiro, participated in this research.
In the experimental work, they tried to change the molecular structure of "tweezers red" year after year.
I often fight day and night in my own laboratory, sometimes I don't go home for several nights in a row, and I just fold a few books and put them on the bench in the agricultural laboratory as pillows to sleep for a while. He was a father.
Carefully arrange the molecules of Trypanosoma Red, and add, delete or replace atoms. He wants to
Joe knows exactly how many doses are needed to kill a person without causing 1 adverse reactions.
Yes
Trypanosoma red with changed chemical structure has been used for 605 times.
Yes, but the mice infected with trypanosoma were still running around when they were injected.
Died painfully in the jump.
In the long and arduous battle, ehrlich's confidence never wavered.
Yes. He firmly believes that shooting the "bomb-filled" feet of trypanosoma can be made. When he
When 1909 tested compound 606, ehrlich finally found one.
An effective molecular formula is "expanded vanadium amine", which is dioctyl dioxygen. He named it.
For "Salfo powder" (meaning safe swelling agent), it can kill trypanosoma in mice and horses, while
Does not cause blindness or jumping diseases.
At that time, the laboratory in ehrlich was boiling, and people were worried about the 600.
The success of compound 06 has been hailed for 24 years, and various structures have been screened out.
This expanded benzene compound contains much heavy transfer and tenacious will here.
Ah, me
Dicyanobioxybenzene invented by ehrlich later became the commercial drug name "Six"
O six ". Why can a "panacea" like "606" only kill trypanosoma but not harm it?
Hurt the human body? He explained that pathogens and human tissues have different metabolic patterns.
This "606" drug only affects the unique metabolic pattern of pathogens. It's like a guide
Like a bomb, it tracks and chases trypanosomes in the human body without hurting the nerves.
The invention of "606" saved Africans from sleeping sickness. but
Yes, at that time, J. had a widespread syphilis, which was caused by a worm.
Caused by spirochetes. Both men and women, even newborn babies, the Ministry of
May be infected with this terrible disease. This disease has a history of 400 years in Europe.
It is spreading all over the world. This is a sexually transmitted disease, which is highly contagious in the early stage and will develop in the later stage.
Cardiovascular syphilis, neurosyphilis or other organ syphilis, or latent for many years to become recessive.
Syphilis. After several years of painful torture, the patient finally died of heart disease or became a delusion of irregular menstruation. This disease can also be passed on to the fetus through Indian women, which will make the next generation congenital.
Sex syphilis. How many thousands of patients wish to have a good medicine to make them feel better.
The pain of getting rid of this guilt is 1.
Can "606" kill Treponema pallidum and save thousands of syphilis?
How is the patient? In the hot summer of 1909, ehrlich and his assistants.
This tense battle.
They first put a little pus from the patient's sore shell on the rabbit's tujiu.
The liquid allowed the spirochete to breed in the blood city, so the rabbit could not grow up near Tujiu.
The pain in the door proves that the rabbit is infected with syphilis.
They gave the sick rabbit another injection of "606". The next day, I found it difficult.
The healed wound healed unexpectedly, and the wound healed completely after two days.
Even the spirochetes in the rabbit's blood are gone. Less than a month. rabbit
Jing completely recovered her health. They repeated this experiment many times, as long as a needle "sticks into O 6"
It can eliminate the spirochete in rabbit Ding Xiu, and the discussion of disaster has been successful.
Although the dosage of "606" used to treat syphilis is much larger than that used to treat sleeping sickness.
A lot. Is it safe to use such a large dose in the human body? Will it be like a "silver bug"
"That led to the patient's blindness red?
They increased the dose of "606" injected into the childless body and tested the knot.
Fruit or-'cut smoothly. Ehrlich was filled with the joy of victory at this moment, and informed him of his own good.
Friend Dr. Alta: "606" DJ is used to treat syphilis loyalists 1.
One day,'1:,ehrlich and Qin Zuobalang ran to the bottom of the welfare of women in Flange.
A prostitute with severe syphilis was found in the district, and she was given an injection of "six".
O six ". A week later, the prostitute smiled and reported to the two scholars, thanking them.
They saved their lives.
Syphilis is no longer thin. I, ehrlich, sent the sample of "606" to the doctor.
Go to the hospital for trial. 19 10 in April, the first batch of reports were sent back to prove the application of "six"
Six "treatment of syphilis is successful.
Ehrlich's fantasy came true in May of the same year, when he was in Bathbaz Medical College for one year.
At the meeting, his invention was announced to the whole world. The news of working all over the world brought a cranial sound to Qian Qian's thinking about ten million toxoplasmosis. The efforts of ehrlich and others initiated chemistry.
Methods of treating infectious diseases abroad. 19o In the afternoon of September, he published an important book, Spiral.
An attempt to learn therapy ",which makes him a; Therapeutic CD. This great scholar
He died in Bad Humboldt on August 20th, 19 15. He invented "606",
This percentile has become a symbol of his perseverance and courage to explore.