First, Wan Mu Huang Yan Zhongyuan cc copy 5?

Second, building houses, cooked food, fishing and hunting, farming. Before the invention of writing, myths and legends passed from mouth to mouth were all exaggerated accounts of ancient history by ancestors. Although there are exaggerated elements, it also contains some effective information to some extent. ?

Good at planting rice, advanced farm tools, and residential buildings are all dry-fence buildings. Boats and boats are the main means of travel, advocating natural things such as birds and the sun. ?

Lesson two?

First, the hereditary system of Erlitou culture replaced the abdication system, and the society of "the world is home" replaced the society of "the world is public"; Xia dynasty has established official positions; ~ there are a certain number of troops; ~ Set up prisons and enact criminal laws. ?

Secondly, the appearance of palace buildings shows that social differentiation is obvious; Bronzes and jade articles are mostly used as ritual vessels and sacrificial vessels, which to some extent reflect the strict social hierarchy and people's reverence for the gods at that time. ?

Archaeological excavations in material 1 confirmed the records of "city ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ?

Archaeological sites and relics have the function of confirming or supplementing literature records. ?

Lesson three?

First, the decoction is taken orally and used externally. Oracle Bone Inscriptions businessman B A C D. Administration: Implement internal and external service system. Jing: Attach importance to agriculture; The bronze casting industry is developed. Text: Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a mature writing. Thinking: worship ghosts and ancestors, salute. ?

Second, it helps to understand the economic situation, production and living conditions and ruling conditions of the Shang Dynasty. ?

The custom that businessmen should divine everything in material 1 confirms the statement in material 2. ?

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the direct record of the social life of Shang Dynasty, the first-hand material to study the history of Shang Dynasty, and also confirms the records of Shang Dynasty in some historical documents, making the history of Shang Dynasty a history of trust. Lesson 6 the formation of a unified centralized state?

Practice and evaluation?

1, it is often said that the advanced can become backward and the latecomers can catch up. Take the unification of Qin State as an example, and talk about the conditions that latecomers must have. ?

① Strong reform, catching up: for example, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to reform; ② The policy should be stable and continuous: although Shang Yang was killed, his political reform system continued; (3) Breaking the tradition and reusing talents: Qin broke the boundaries of patriarchal clan system, tried his best to absorb outstanding talents from other countries, entrusted them with heavy responsibilities and respected them as "guests". Due to the above reasons, Qin came from behind and became strong rapidly. Successively annexed six countries and established a unified great empire. ?

2. According to the contents of the fifth and sixth lessons, talk about the foundation, conditions and reasons for the formation of a unified country in the Qin Dynasty. ?

Political basis: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, wars broke out year after year, countries disputed, and big countries annexed small countries, forming the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States". Seven countries annexed neighboring small countries, developed the frontier, and completed regional unification, laying the foundation for the great unification of Qin. Economic base: iron farm tools are used in agricultural production, farming techniques appear, cultivated land area is expanded, private handicrafts and commerce are active, and economic ties between localities are strengthened; Theoretical basis: Legalists advocate the implementation of monarchical centralization. ?

Conditions and reasons: Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to reform the country with the goal of enriching Qiang Bing and annexing the world, abolishing the system of land acquisition, wasting the wealth of the world, encouraging farming and establishing the county system. Reuse talents to make the country strong. With convenient transportation and simple folk customs, Qin became the most powerful of the seven vassal States. ?

3. The emperor and centralization?

The emperor?

Prime minister, imperial doctor, Qiu?

Ting Wei treats ministers such as Su Neishi?

Husband?

Exploration and contention:?

All the above views are correct, but they are not comprehensive. We must comprehensively evaluate centralization of authority initiated by Qin from the viewpoint of historical materialism. ?

China is an agricultural country, and the scattered small-scale peasant economy is unable to resist natural disasters and foreign invasions; The natural economy can easily lead to political division. Centralization of authority, initiated by the Qin Dynasty, strengthened the central rule and eliminated the separatist factors. Build lanes and straights to ensure the smooth implementation of government decrees; Building the Great Wall to resist the Huns; Open border immigrants and enrich the strength of border areas; Unifying currency, weights and measures and writing has objectively promoted economic and cultural development and played a positive role in social development. Centralization of authority, established by Qin Dynasty, became the blueprint of China's political system in past dynasties, which had a great influence in the long agricultural society. We can't completely deny this system just because of Qin Ershi's death. "Qin died in politics, not in the system." Not all dynasties that practiced centralization died short-lived, and the rule of Han, Tang, Ming and Qing dynasties lasted for more than 200 years. ?

However, the core of centralization of authority established in the Qin Dynasty is the supremacy of imperial power, and the quality of rule depends largely on the personal quality of the emperor, the accumulation of ruling experience and the overall restraint of the ruling group. After Qin Shihuang's reunification, he could not meet the needs of social development, judge the situation and change course, thus intensifying social contradictions; Qin Ershi was fatuous, the world was in chaos, and II died, which is a typical lesson. Centralization of authority's fatal flaw led to the situation that ancient China society was in a cycle of chaotic control, which had a destructive impact on society. By the late Middle Ages, the centralization of absolutism seriously hindered the development of capitalism and led to the slow development of China society. ?

Lesson 7 Peasant Uprising in the Late Qin Dynasty?

History of reading pictures:?

Legends from top to bottom are: the former site of Chen Guang Uprising, the former site of Xiangguang Uprising, the former site of Chen Guang March, the former site of Xiang Liang Xiang Yu March, the former site of Liu Bang March, and the former site of Julu Battle. ?

Practice and evaluation?

1. Read the following materials and answer the questions. ?

In 2 15 BC, Qin Shihuang went to Jieshi and ordered the Jieshi Gate to be carved, saying, "The emperor is brave, virtuous and a vassal, and the first day is peaceful. If the battlements are broken, we will definitely stop them from crossing the river and clear the obstacles. The terrain is established, there are no caves in Li Shu, and the world is salty. Men enjoy their own fields, women study their own careers, and everything is in order. I have been blessed by various industries. I have been in the field for a long time and I am not at ease. " ?

(1), which words on the stone tablet reflect the positive influence of Qin reunification? ?

The first day was peaceful, the obstacles were removed, the world was salty, everything was in order, and there was no uneasiness ...?

(2) whether the eulogy on the carved stone conforms to historical facts? What is the reason? ?

Not completely in line with historical facts. Praising Qin Shihuang for destroying the six countries, establishing a unified country and eliminating the barriers between regions is conducive to cultural exchanges and economic development, which is in line with historical facts. ?

However, it is obviously against the historical facts to say that the people have no corvee, the world is at peace, and the people can live and work in peace and contentment, because after Qin unified the six countries, the rulers of Qin Dynasty practiced tyranny and constantly used the people's power for more than ten years: repairing the Great Wall, repairing the pool road, guarding the five ridges, building the Epang Palace, building the tomb of Mount Li and so on. Requisition of millions of laborers; Moreover, the laws of the Qin Dynasty were quite harsh, with severe penalties. One person broke the law and relatives and neighbors sat together. Coupled with exorbitant taxes and levies, the people of Qin dynasty lived in dire straits, which eventually led to the outbreak of peasant uprising at the end of Qin dynasty. ?

2. What are the historical facts related to these familiar idioms, such as "referring to a deer as a horse", "one pole can't hit it", "three chapters of the law", "besieged on all sides", "cross the rubicon" and "Xiang Zhuang's sword dance is intended to pay tribute to the public"? What do these facts show? ?

Calling a deer a horse: Zhao Gao usurped power?

Explain the crisis and decline of Qin Ershi and Qin Dynasty. In order to usurp the supreme sovereignty, Zhao Gao, the prime minister, did not hesitate to reverse black and white and confuse right and wrong. ?

Rise up: Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising?

Due to the tyranny of the Qin dynasty, the people lived in dire straits, which eventually triggered a large-scale peasant uprising, thus accelerating the pace of the demise of the Qin dynasty. Explain the importance of benevolent governance of rulers. ?

Chapter III: Did Liu Bang enter Guanzhong to win the hearts of the people?

In order to win the hearts and minds of the people in Guanzhong, Liu Bang made a covenant with the people in Guanzhong and won the support of the local people, which became one of the most important factors for Liu Bang to finally defeat Xiang Yu and win the world, and explained the truth that he who won the hearts and minds won the world. ?

Embattled: the battle of notes?

In the Chu-Han War between Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, Xiang Yu was finally defeated, which showed that Xiang Yu lost the support of his officials and the people because of his headstrong and cruel temperament, which led to his final failure. Students can also be educated in combination with reality. ?

Cross the rubicon: The Battle of the Giant Deer?

In 207 BC, the rebel army of Xiang Yu and the main force led by Zhang Han, the general of Qin State, fought at Julu. Xiang Yu did not fear the strong enemy and led the troops across the river. After crossing the river, Xiang Yu ordered the whole army: "Anyone who sinks a ship, breaks a cauldron, burns down houses, and leaves three rations to show that the foot soldiers will die, and no one will return to their hearts." In World War I, Julu defeated Qin Jun and Xiang Bing. Now people often use this idiom to express their determination to go all out. ?

Xiang Zhuang's sword dance is intended for Pei Gong: Hongmen Banquet?

After overthrowing the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu hosted a banquet in honor of Emperor Gaozu in Hongmen. At the banquet, Fan Zeng, Xiang Yu's counselor, motioned for Xiang Yu to kill Emperor Gaozu several times, but Xiang Yu ignored it because he could not bear it. So, in the name of sword dancing, Fan Zeng asked Xiang Zhuang to kill Emperor Gaozu. Seeing the emergency, Sean, the counselor of Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, went out to call Fan Kuai and said, "Now Xiangzhuang's sword dance is often aimed at Pei Gong." So Fan Kuai walked into the banquet hall with a sword and shield, accusing Xiang Yu of breaking his word. Xiang Yu was impressed by Fan Kuai's momentum, and Emperor Gaozu took the opportunity to escape. Later, people often use it as a metaphor for what they say or do. On the surface, they use an appropriate and pleasant name, but in essence they point the finger at people or things with ulterior motives?

3. Historical narration and historical interpretation are two levels of historical understanding. The so-called historical narrative is to describe events that happened in the past. Historical interpretation is to clarify the track of historical development and its significance. Which of the following materials belongs to historical narrative? What are the historical explanations? ?

Historical Narration: Wang Xiang's army fell behind the wall, serenaded without food, and the Han army and vassal soldiers surrounded him. That night, when I heard that the Han army was besieged on all sides, Wang Xiang was shocked and said, "Did the Han army get Chu?" He Chu has so many people! "Wang Xiang up at night, drink on the account. If you have a beauty, you will always be lucky; Good horses are famous and often ride. Therefore, Wang Xiang is a sorrowful and generous poet, who wrote a poem for himself, saying, "If you pull up a mountain, you will be angry with the world. If it is unfavorable, you will not die. "What can I do if I don't die?" Songs count, beauty and it. Xiang Wang cried several times, but both sides cried, afraid to look up. ?

Historical explanation: Chen She was the first to bear the brunt of his father's loss of government, and numerous schools of thought contended. However, the feather has no size. In three years, five princes destroyed Qin and divided the world. However, the government was crowned with feathers and the title was "Overlord". Although it is not over, it has not been seen since ancient times, and northern Henan cares about Chu, exiled the righteous emperor to stand on his own feet, and blamed the princes for turning against themselves. Be proud of your merits and demerits, don't learn from the past, and strive for your own personal wisdom. Call it a matter of overlord, and want to rule the world by force. He died in Dongcheng for five years, but he didn't feel guilty or blame himself. It is a fallacy to quote "God kills me, not the crime of using troops"! ?

Lesson 8 Reconstruction of a Unified Empire?

Practice and evaluation?

1, this generalization makes sense. The centralization established in the Qin Dynasty (including the centralization of the emperor, the composition of the central government and the county system) was the beginning of the centralized system in ancient China. The rulers of the Han dynasty inherited the Qin dynasty from the yellow emperor system, the central official system to the local county system. ?

2. Reasons for adopting the policy of inaction: Huang Lao's thought in the early Han Dynasty was in line with the people's desire to hate war and long for social stability; The tyranny of the Qin dynasty and the wars in the following decades have caused great damage to the social economy, and it is necessary to "share the interest with the people" and resume development. ?

Function: These policies are conducive to social stability and economic recovery, but they also make the power of the rich expand, and land merger, polarization between the rich and the poor and other factors stand out. ?

3. Angle: (1) The history of countries' hegemony and mutual annexation since the Spring and Autumn Period; (2) The centralized system initiated by Qin Dynasty and its inheritance in the Western Han Dynasty; (3) The cloth was the same in the early Han Dynasty. ?

Read the history of graphics?

General principles of inquiry: guide students to explore multiple information in pictures, teachers should supplement and expand information, pay attention to the effective interpretation of what they have learned, and pay attention to the interpretation of core information, that is, refer to answers 2 and 3. ?

Reference answer:?

1 reflects the development of pottery-making technology in Han dynasty. ?

2. It reflects the thought of attaching importance to agriculture of the rulers in Han Dynasty. ?

3. Reflect the principle of "death is like life" in the culture of rites and music. ?

4. Expand and explore: (1) the aesthetic value of pottery barn appliances; (2) It reflects the form of granary architecture in Han Dynasty; (3) It reflects the architectural form of the Han Dynasty, because the roof looks like a temple from the artifacts in the picture. ?

Lesson 9 The era of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty?

Read the history of graphics?

Compare the map of Qin territory with lesson 6, find out the similarities and differences between the two places, and talk about your understanding of this change. ?

The territory of the Qin Dynasty: east to the East China Sea, south to the South China Sea, west to Longxi and north to Liaodong. ?

The territory of the Western Han Dynasty: east to the East China Sea, south to the South China Sea, west to Qingji, and north to Le Lang. ?

On the basis of Qin territory, the Western Han Dynasty expanded to the west and north, especially in the west, and its sphere of influence extended to Congling. ?

The reason for this territorial expansion is that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty not only relieved the Xiongnu's threat to the north to a great extent, but also expanded its territory on this basis. ?

Practice and evaluation?

1. Read the following materials and answer the questions. ?

I foolishly thought that all people who were not in the six arts of Confucius were going their own way and not making progress. If the theory of evil monarch stops, the system and discipline will be unified, the statutes will be clear, and the people will know their actions. ?

-Ban Gu's biography of Han Dong?

What historical information can be drawn from the above materials? What judgment can be drawn from this information? ?

Dong Zhongshu believes that only the six arts initiated by Confucius, that is, Confucianism, is the right way, and all other theories must be eliminated at the same time. This is the so-called "evil monarch theory". Only in this way can we unify discipline and clarify the legal system, and the people will naturally obey. ?

From this information, we can draw a conclusion: Dong Zhongshu put forward the idea of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". The measure is not to promote and reuse people who believe in various theories other than Confucianism, with the aim of strengthening political unity and consolidating rule. ?

2. What changes have taken place in the mainstream ideology of China society from Qin Shihuang to Han Wudi? What are the main reasons for these changes? ?

Change: During the Qin Shihuang period, the mainstream ideology of society was legalism. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, it advocated "governing by doing nothing", giving priority to Taoism and adopting Confucianism. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he changed "inaction" into "promising" and "exclusive respect for Confucianism". ?

The main reasons are as follows: ① The change of social situation leads to the change of ruling policy and ruling ideology: the Qin Dynasty ruled the world by law, and tyranny intensified social contradictions, which led to the demise of Qin Ershi. In view of this, the rulers in the early Han Dynasty adopted the Taoist theory, and the economic depression in the early Han Dynasty required them to recuperate, so they adopted the policy of "governing by doing nothing". After experiencing the "rule of culture and scenery", the national strength of the Han Dynasty became stronger and stronger, and Emperor Wudi wanted to do something, so the Taoist thought of "governing by doing nothing" was replaced by the Confucian thought of "doing something". ?

(2) The change of the dominant position of the landlord class led to the change of the ruling ideology: during the Warring States and the Qin Dynasty, the system of "sealing the country" collapsed, and the old aristocracy declined. Legalists actively affirmed this fierce social change, and advocated a centralized political system, emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, which was in line with the interests of emerging landlords. Therefore, legalist thought has become the mainstream ideology. By the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the new system was gradually stabilized and the landlord class had rich ruling experience. Starting from the basic characteristics of our society-agricultural economy and deep-rooted family system, the rulers turned to advocate Confucianism, which actively shaped personality with the attitude of "joining the WTO", coordinated interpersonal relations with ethics and morality, and standardized social order. Therefore, Confucianism has become the mainstream ideology. The early Western Han Dynasty was actually a period of exploration and reflection of the landlord class. ?

3. Enumerate the measures taken in politics, ideology, culture and ethnic relations during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, so as to show that the Western Han Dynasty was one of the world powers at that time. ?

A: Politically:

In order to strengthen the centralization of the emperor and restrain the authority of the prime minister, the "internal and external dynasties" were established, thus depriving the prime minister of the right to participate in the decision-making of state affairs. ?

To establish a secretariat system, the central government will appoint supervisory officials and strengthen the central government's supervision and control over local governments. ?

In order to weaken the power of the princes, the "favor decree" was promulgated, which basically eliminated the hidden danger of local division. ?

Through the above measures, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened the centralized rule. ?

Ideology and culture: "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone", and set up a doctor of the Five Classics to make Confucianism an official school, while other schools "ousted" outside the official school. Imperial academy was established in Chang 'an to teach the Five Classics and select officials from them. Established the "exclusive" position of Confucianism in official studies. The formation of ideological and cultural unity is of positive significance to social stability. ?

Ethnic relations: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, through three wars against Xiongnu, generally relieved Xiongnu's threat to the north. Set up four counties in Hexi to strengthen control over the western regions. The government has also set up counties or other administrative agencies in the southwest, northeast, southeast and west to exercise effective jurisdiction. Let China culture spread to all parts of the world. ?

Exploration and competition?

The evaluation of historical figures should follow the principle of seeking truth from facts, and put historical figures in the historical background; It is necessary to comprehensively and objectively analyze the class nature and times of historical figures and prevent generalizations; Is it necessary to observe whether the activities of historical figures are conducive to the development of productive forces, social progress and national unity?

Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi were famous feudal emperors in the history of China, and their achievements had a great influence on that time and even later generations. However, while creating great achievements, the two historical figures also have certain limitations. ?

Qin Shihuang?

At the end of the Warring States period, there were disputes among the seven countries and social unrest. Qin Shihuang completed the annexation of six countries, unified the whole country and created a relatively stable living environment for the people. Qin Shihuang established a centralized state machine, which was conducive to the unity of the country and became the blueprint of the political rule system of successive dynasties. After the reunification of the whole country, Qin Shihuang adopted a series of measures such as unifying currency, weights and measures, writing and so on, which was of positive significance to the progress of society and the development of productive forces. However, Qin Shihuang could not adapt to the transformation from ruling a small country in western China to ruling the whole country. The laws he executed were too harsh, which made the people miserable. He even took extremely cruel measures such as burning books and burying Confucianism to maintain his rule, which directly or indirectly caused considerable negative effects and eventually led to Qin's short life. ?

Emperor Wu of Han dynasty

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the monarch in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. The changed socio-economic and political situation has adjusted the ruling policy and ideology and made some achievements. In ethnic relations, compromise was adopted to change the serious border troubles caused by the weak national strength of the northern Xiongnu in the early Western Han Dynasty. With the wealth accumulated in 70 years' rest and recuperation, the Xiongnu's threat to the north was largely relieved through three wars against Xiongnu. This has created a prerequisite for national unity and stability. Politically, the establishment of the secretariat system and the promulgation of the "favor decree" consolidated centralization. The establishment of "internal and external dynasties" greatly weakened the power of the prime minister and strengthened the imperial power. It has a certain role in promoting national unity. Ideologically, he changed Huang Lao's thought of governing by doing nothing, abandoned legalists who advocated severe punishment and strict laws, and adopted the strategy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which formed the unity of ideology and culture, and Confucianism became the ruling ideology of successive dynasties and the mainstream ideology of society. The period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the prosperous time of the Western Han Dynasty, which also had a far-reaching impact on later generations. ? However, Emperor Wudi's military exultation, increasingly luxurious life, and large-scale construction led to the depletion of savings for decades since the Han Dynasty, which caused disasters to the people of the Western Han Dynasty. Faced with the growing social contradictions, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had no choice but to apologize. The Western Han Dynasty also began to weaken from its peak.