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When was the first light in China?
When did the word "lamp" come into being and when did the word "lamp" originate? Before the Warring States period, no objects named after lamps were found. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty, there were no words such as lights and candles. The "candle" that appeared in people's daily life in the Western Zhou Dynasty should be the earliest record of lighting appliances. The "candle" in the Western Zhou Dynasty should be a kind of torch made of flammable materials. , so you can hug? , used to hold the torches that have been lit, called candles; Piles of fine grass and branches placed on the ground for lighting are called Liao; Candles placed outside the door are called big candles, and those placed inside the door are called palace candles. The earliest existing lamp in China is from the Warring States Period, which was published in The Songs of the South? It is recorded in Evocation that the name stirrup appeared in the Warring States Period. In the Zhou Dynasty, "stirrup" and "Deng" were universal, "Er Ya? Interpretation: "cajanus cajan is a bean, bamboo bean is a bean, and tile bean is a board." Xu Xuan said, "Don't be a lamp today. No, it's not. Jin Guo Pu Yun: A ritual vessel. The ancients called stirrup a lamp, which should be an excuse for the meaning of this word. The development history of lamps and lanterns "fire" is the main tool for human ancestors to resist wild animals, and lamps and lanterns are also developed because of "fire". According to the earliest records in ancient books. The appearance of lamps and lanterns and the warring states period. At that time, the structure of lamps was relatively perfect and the shape was beautiful. It can be seen that before it, the invention and evolution of the lamp has been quite a long time, but the process description has been lost. Jade hook moire lanterns Most of the Warring States lanterns are made of metal or clay, and only jade lanterns are peerless. Jade lanterns are made of sapphire from Hotan, Xinjiang, with brown immersion marks in some areas. The lamp consists of three parts: a plate, a handle and a seat, which are carved with three pieces of jade and glued together. The upper lamp plate is round and shallow, and the center of the plate is raised with five petals. The handle in the middle is cylindrical, decorated with raised trefoil relief, with waist in the middle and moire under the waist. The cover of the lamp holder is decorated with five petals of persimmon and hook moire, and the soles of the feet are also decorated with hook moire. The humanoid bronze lamp and spoon was unearthed in Gebu Village, Zhucheng, Shandong Province on 1957. The lamp height is 2 1.3 cm, and the disc diameter is 1 1.5 cm. On the whole, it is a man in a short coat with a lamp in both hands. This person holds a curved bamboo-shaped vegetable handle in each hand, and the sub-tenon under the vegetable is inserted into the vegetable handle, which can be disassembled at will as needed, and the structure is exquisite. The human foot is a curved panlong plate. When unearthed, it was equipped with a long-handled copper spoon for oiling. This bronze lamp is ingenious in design and novel in shape. Experts believe that it should be used by the court of Qi State during the Warring States Period. During the Warring States period, the lamps were mainly bronze, and most of them were aristocratic practical devices. Ceramic lamps are often regarded as pottery beans because they are no different from traditional pottery beans, so they are not classified as lamps. This kind of lamp is used by the lower class, and the jade lamp is a practical appliance used by the upper class. During the Warring States period, except for a few multi-branch lamps, lamps can be roughly divided into two categories: figurine lamps and imitation household lamps. Multi-branch lamp (also called tree lamp) is a rare kind of lamp. The most representative is fifteen lamps, which are shaped like a lush tree and support fifteen lamps. The lamps are strewn at random, decorated with Youlong, songbirds and monkeys. The figurine lamp is the most representative of bronze lamps in the Warring States period. The figurines of these lanterns are men and women, mostly lowly locals. The way to hold the lamp is to stand with open arms and hold the lamp above your head; Some people lie on their backs, their hands stretched out and their lights held in front. A Terracotta Warriors and Horses arrived in Three Lamps District. There are two kinds of lamp discs: ring groove shape and disc shape. The former has three supports, and the latter is mostly one support. The imitation of household lamps is basically the evolution of some daily necessities, mainly imitating common utensils such as beans, ding and reeds. Most of them are bean-shaped pottery lamps, but there are also some bronze lamps that imitate Ding and Reed. The lamps cast in the Qin dynasty are also extremely gorgeous. Goose's foot lamp, shaped like a goose's leg, holds a circular lamp plate with three lamp posts on it, which can light three candles at the same time. Camel lamp is a practical lighting appliance made of bronze, and it is also an exquisite handicraft. On a rectangular flat-bottomed seat stood a two-humped camel with its head held high and its tail hanging down. A man sat on the camel, his feet behind him, and his hands firmly grasped the lamp post of a round lamp plate. The whole bronze sculpture is beautifully made, and the images of people and camels are mainly curved, with vivid expression as the purpose and no attention to details. On the whole, the base, camel, figure, lamp post and lamp plate are integrated, and the person on the hunchback is as light as a canopy, and its center of gravity design is extremely scientific and reasonable. The appearance of camel in this sculpture provides valuable information for studying the cultural exchange between Chu and northern minorities. Types of lamps Lighting lamps, fluorescent lamps, oil lamps, kerosene lamps, copper lamps, iron lamps, lanterns, street lamps ... decorative lamps, neon lamps, lanterns, lanterns, cartoon lamps, palace lamps, warning lamps, navigation lamps, traffic lights, warning lamps ... special function lamps, shadowless lamps, searchlights, spotlight lamps ... The use and principle of fluorescent lamps; When the power switch is just turned on, the mercury in the fluorescent tube is heated and evaporated by the filaments at both ends of the tube, forming thin mercury vapor. The high voltage generated by ballast is applied to both ends of the lamp tube, so that the mercury atoms ionize electrons, and the electrons collide with the mercury atoms after acceleration, so that the gas is rapidly decomposed, arc discharge is generated, and ultraviolet rays are excited. Ultraviolet light re-excites the phosphor coated on the tube wall, giving off soft light. It does not contain infrared rays, so its light is very mild and does not hurt the eyes; Because there is no hotline, it is more energy-saving to use; It also gives off many beautiful and colorful lights. It depends on the nature of the chemicals contained in the phosphor, such as magnesium tungstate coated with blue-white light and cadmium borate coated with red light. Steam lamp: It is composed of all kinds of steam sealed in a glass tube, and emits light by passing current. Their structure is a bit like fluorescent lamps. Because many light bulbs emit light from different angles at the same time, a shadowless lamp is produced. The luminous principle of xenon lamp: ultra-high current, through quartz tube filled with xenon without tungsten wire, makes gas collide to produce arc light as bright as day, and then converts the voltage into 8,000V, thus stably and continuously supplying the xenon lamp bulb with light. The characteristics of HID lamps are closer to the white light of the sun than the yellow light of general halogen lamps. The color temperature of HID is close to sunlight. (The color temperature of sunlight is 6000K, the color temperature of HID is 4300K-6500K, and the color temperature of halogen lamp is 3200K-3600K)HID also avoids the trouble that ordinary halogen lamps begin to oxidize from the first lighting of tungsten filament, and the longer the lighting time, the darker the light will be. At the same time, the luminous bodies are concentrated, and the lighting distance is wide and long. HID has a visual range and a wide field of view three times farther than ordinary halogen lamps, but its power consumption is only 35W, its brightness is three times that of ordinary halogen lamps, and its service life is about 10 times longer than that of ordinary halogen lamps. The luminous principle of halogen lamp is caused by heating with tungsten wire, so it is difficult to avoid burns and damage under long-term high heat. Xenon lamp uses electric current to stimulate gas to emit light, which basically does not produce too high temperature, so as long as the xenon gas inside is not used up, it can always emit light normally and is not easy to be damaged. Under normal vehicle conditions, a group of HID gas discharge lamps can be used for more than 6 years. The power consumption of HID is only 35W, which is more energy-saving than 60W of halogen lamp. Therefore, the fuel cost is indirectly saved, and the more you use it, the brighter it will be.

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