The fog of the Opium War led Daoguang to appoint Lin Zexu to ban smoking in Guangzhou. 2.1On June 3rd, 839, Lin Zexu destroyed opium in Humen. 3.6 1840, Britain launched the Opium War of aggression against China in order to open the China market. 4. 1842 In August, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of nanking with Britain. The main contents of the treaty include (1) opening Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; (2) China compensation 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars; (3) ceding Hong Kong Island to Britain; (4) The taxes paid by British businessmen on import and export goods must be agreed between China and Britain, which is the first unequal treaty in modern China. 5. Wei Yuan, a patriotic intellectual, compiled a map of the sea and the country, and put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". Learning from foreigners means learning from foreign countries, mastering skills means advanced military technology in the West, and controlling foreigners means resisting foreign aggression and making China rich and strong. Lesson 6 The Rise of Modern Industry. The Westernization School is represented by Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo in the central government. The Westernization School advocated learning advanced production technology from the West, and set off a Westernization Movement of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". 7. In the early days of the Westernization Movement, in order to build a military industry and build a new Lu Haijun, the slogan of "self-improvement" was put forward. In the later stage of Westernization Movement, the slogan of "seeking wealth" was put forward to establish civilian industry. 8. 188 1 year, China began to own its own railway-Tang Xu Railway, which was the longest railway in China at that time. 9. 1909, Beijing-Zhangjia Railway, the first railway trunk line designed and built by China people, was opened to traffic. 10, Zhang Jian, a top-ranked industrialist, abandoned his official position and went to sea, and Zhan Tianyou, an engineer, excelled in building the Jing-Zhang Railway. Reform and reform movement. Due to the intensification of imperialist aggression and the deepening of the national crisis, in the spring of 1895, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others wrote to Emperor Guangxu, opposing peace talks and demanding political reform, which opened the prelude to the reform and political reform movement. It was called "writing on the bus" in history. 12, Yan Fu, a modern enlightenment thinker in China, expounded the theory of evolution and used it to explain the reform. He advocated learning not only the advanced science and technology in the West, but also the political system in the West. 13, 1898 In June, Emperor Guangxu, with the support of the national bourgeoisie, announced political reform. The main contents were: (1) Politically, open up speech and abolish redundant yamen and useless official positions; (2) Economically, develop agriculture, industry and commerce; (3) Military training for a new Lu Haijun; (4) In terms of culture and education, newspapers and periodicals were founded, new schools were set up to train talents, and stereotyped writing was abolished. History is called "Reform Movement of 1898", also called "Hundred Days Reform" 14, 1898. In September, because the reform touched the interests of the feudal die-hards, Empress Dowager Cixi, the representative of the die-hard landlord class, launched a coup, and the "Reform Movement of 1898" failed. The fundamental reason for the failure of the political reform is that the political reform is divorced from the broad masses and the bourgeoisie itself is weak. Lesson 8 Xinhai Revolution 15, 1905 In August, Sun Yat-sen, together with members of the Huaxing Society, the Guangfu Society and the Zhong Xing Society, established the China League in Tokyo, Japan, which was the first national bourgeois party in China. The programme of the League is "Three People's Principles", and "nationalism" means "expelling Tatars and restoring China"; "Democracy" means "establishing the Republic of China"; "People's livelihood" refers to "average land ownership". 16,19110 that night, Wuchang Uprising was called "Xinhai Revolution". 17 June 19 12 65438+ 10/year, the Republic of China was founded in Nanjing, and 1 912 was the first year of the Republic of China, with Sun Yat-sen as interim president. More than half of the provinces in China became independent, the Qing Dynasty collapsed, the Qing emperor abdicated, and the feudal monarchy in China for more than two thousand years ended, but the feudal autocracy did not end. Open the floodgates of ideological emancipation. In September, Chen Duxiu founded New Youth magazine in Shanghai, which became a symbol of the rise of the New Culture Movement. The two banners held high by the New Culture Movement are "democracy" and "science". The New Culture Movement pointed the finger at feudal Confucianism. 19, 19 17 years, Hu Shi published "My humble opinion on literary improvement", advocating the use of vernacular Chinese instead of classical Chinese. Later, Chen Duxiu clearly put forward the slogan of "literary revolution". 20. 19 18. Lu Xun published the diary of a madman, the first vernacular novel in the history of modern literature in China. Lu Xun combined the anti-feudal revolutionary content with the form of new literature, set a model of new literature and promoted the development of the new culture movement. Lesson 65438+00 Culture and Education in Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China 2 1, 65438+. 22. 1904, the Constitution of the Playing School promulgated by the Qing Dynasty was the first educational system promulgated in the form of educational decrees and implemented nationwide in modern China. 1905, the imperial examination system that lasted for thousands of years in China was abolished. 23. Shenbao was the first commercial newspaper in modern China, and the Commercial Press was one of the largest cultural publishing institutions in modern China. Lesson 13 Great Beginnings 24. 19 19 At the beginning of the Paris Peace Conference, the victors decided to transfer all the rights and interests occupied by Germany in Shandong, China to Japan, and China's just demands were rejected, which became the fuse of the May 4th Movement. 25.1965438+On May 4th, 2009, students launched the May 4th Movement in Beijing. Later, the sports center moved to Shanghai, and the main force of sports became workers. The working class stepped onto the historical stage, and the May 4th Movement marked the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution. 26.1921On July 23rd, the first national university in China was held in Shanghai.