There is no reliable documentary basis for the statement that Xia people live in Henan and Erlitou, Yanshi, Henan, are bamboo slips of Xia capital. Those documents were gradually added and deduced because ancient scholars mistakenly understood "You Xia" in the book Du Yi in Yizhou as Xia Hou before Shang Dynasty, and they were not real ancient historical records; "Summer" is actually the self-assertion of Zhou people; The Yi and Luo areas in Henan should be the activity areas of merchants, and Erlitou should be the capital of a Shang king in the pre-Shang period. The summer capital should be centered on Weifang City, Shandong Province. The activity area of Xia people is in Shandong Province and its surrounding areas. The real Xia culture is Longshan culture, Yueshi culture in archaeology and Dongyi culture in history.
[Keywords:] Du Yi; Summer: Henan; Shandong (province)
At present, historians and archaeologists believe that Yiluo area in Henan Province is the residence of Xia people, and Erlitou site in Yanshi is the capital of Xia, which is also the focus of Xia history researchers. The short version of the report of the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dating Project 1996-2000 says: "The ancient bamboo slips record that' Tai Kang lives in bamboo, Yi lives in bamboo, Jie lives in bamboo'. According to the records in Yi, Guo Yu Shang Zhou and Warring States Policy Wei Ce Yi, the capitals of the kings of Taikang, Yi and Jie should be near Luoshui. Erlitou site covers an area of 9 square kilometers. There are palaces, tombs, bronze workshops and exquisite jade, bronze and pottery, so some scholars think that Erlitou site is the summer capital "[1].
In recent years, some scholars have verified that Yangcheng, where Yu lived, was actually an ancient city in the Spring and Autumn Period. It was once in the southeast of Qingzhou, Shandong Province, and then moved to the southwest of Yishui County. Its place has always been Yangcheng, not in Henan. 〔5〕
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Let's analyze the saying that "Juntai enjoys the summer after".
"Zuo Zhuan Zhao Zhuan Gong for four years": "Xia Qi has the pleasure of being a gentleman", and Du Yu notes: "Qi and Ye. There is Juntai North in the south of Yangzhai County, Henan Province, and Gaiqi enjoys the princes here. "
Shui Ying's Notes on Water Mirror: "(Shui Ying) is located in Sanfeng, Shandong, east longitude, with mountains in the southeast and mountains in the west, also known as Qie Pavilion. Enjoy the great order above God, that is, Juntai. " "Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period" said: "Xia Qi enjoys a royal platform", and Du Yu said: "There is a royal platform in the south of Yangzhai County, Henan Province." "(Press:) ... Lianshan, also known as Kaikai Pavilion. Sun Yirang changed it to "Yi Lian Shan said:' God is admired on Daling Mountain'". See Zaki, Volume 3, or also. )
First of all, the saying that "Xia Qi enjoys the royal family" is indeed an ancient legend and is credible. The key is the location of Juntai. Du Yu and Li Daoyuan believe that Juntai is in Yuxian County, Henan Province today (that is, Yangzhai in ancient times). However, the ancient book "Gui Zang" has different views:
1, the former began to enjoy the virtual spirit in the Jin Dynasty and later in the summer, for Taiwan, in the Yang of water. -"Selected Works of Wang Yuanchang, Preface to March 3 Qushui Poems" Note
2. After the summer, enjoy God's platform in Jin and make a platform. -"Magnolia Taiping" Volume 177
3. After the summer, the former dynasty enjoyed the gods in Daling and went to Juntai. Gold occupied Hao Tao and said, "It's unlucky." -"Taiping Magnolia" Volume 82
This is a place that recorded the enjoyment of God twice in late summer. First, in the emptiness of the rulers, a platform was built there. As soon as I entered the Daling, Juntai was above the Daling.
The deficiency of the Jin Dynasty is generally believed that in the west of Yicheng, Shanxi, it is said that Yao was an ancient site of the Tang Dynasty, so the King of Jin sealed it in the name of his brother. Zuo gongyuan: "Xia moved to Shishen, and I participated ... so I participated as a Venus." Yang Xiangkui thinks that "Jin is a big summer, that is, summer is empty." Mr. Wang Guowei, Mr. Yang Xiangkui and Mr. Cheng Deqi believe that Xia nationality originated in the East. The so-called "east" refers to the present Shandong province as the center and its surrounding areas. Later, there were traces of Xia people in Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu and Sichuan, which were migrated by some Fang clans in the Xia Dynasty after its demise. It is a kind of "post-Xia culture" [6] [7] Therefore, the deficiency of Jin in Xia Dynasty is not in Shanxi, but in Shandong today.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the place names of Lu in Shandong still existed, such as Zuo Zhuan's Eleven Years of Zhuanggong: "The public was defeated by Yong" and Du Yu's note: "Lu Di". Shuowen: "Between Tan, Song and Lu." In Wenshang County, Jining City, Shandong Province, Yanzhou, about 50 miles east of it, is also called negative summer. Its land has a big hill called Summer Mountain, which was later written as Defect Mountain. This summer hill is immediately the oldest summer deficiency, that is, the golden deficiency of the Xia Dynasty. The state of Jin in the Gaixia period was once near here, and the capital of Xia was also built here, so this land is called Jin Kong, also known as Daxia or Xiaqiu. After the summer, I enjoyed God here and made a terrace. Yang of water, water immediately enters ancient Surabaya, and the north water is Yang, which is in the north of Surabaya. After the death of Xia, Jin also moved to Shanxi, still called Jin, and its hometown was added as a place name.
Daling will be on the mainland soon. It turned out to be a mountain in the southwest of Xia Dynasty. After the Xia people moved to the west, they were named Zeqi. The same is true of "Jin has a mainland" in Er Ya Shi Di. Shuowen: "Land, highland." Shanhaijing's overseas Western Classics is a field of great joy and great legacy, and its wild Western Classics is a field of large (large) acres.
Overseas Western Classics says: "The field of great joy, where Xia Hou began to dance" Nine Dynasties ". Take two dragons and cover three layers with clouds; Left-handed operation, right-handed operation, Pei Huangyu. It's in the north of Universiade Mountain. The wilderness of great heritage. "
"Wild West Classic" says: "Beyond the southwest sea, south of Chishui and west of quicksand, there are two green snakes riding two dragons, named Kai after summer. Open (open) the first three (guests) in the sky and get the following nine points and nine songs. This big acre is two kilometers high, and the first song "Nine Tricks" is opened. "
The ancient sounds of Ling, Lu and Yue all come from the mother letter, and their double sounds are similar. The ancient sound is the word Yu mu, which is the same as Laimu and has similar sound; Lu and Mu feel the same, and the rhyme is close. Therefore, Daling, Mainland China, Da Le, Dayi and Damu are actually one. The Wild West Classic says that "Damu's field is 2000 meters high". In ancient times, it was 8 feet high, 2,000 feet high was about16,000 feet, about ten miles high. It can be seen that this is a high and flat mountain, so it can be said to be land and field. This is Gu Shan, which is also called Fangshan in geography, and the god viewing platform in summer is built on it. But in Yuxian County, Henan Province, where is such a high Fangshan? The mountains mentioned in Water Mirror Zhu Yingshui are just hills after hills, and the situation of Juntaipei is even inconsistent with the records in ancient books. This is obviously the attachment of the ancients, because according to the ancients' ideas, Yu (Xia) is a yangzhai and Qi should also be a yangzhai, so the Daling Juntai enjoying the gods must be near the yangzhai, so we found a place name attachment near the yangzhai. In fact, Xia people have never lived in Henan.
Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Xi Jing said that the wild land is "outside the southwest sea, south of Chishui, and west of quicksand", but this sentence has obviously been tampered with, because according to the western classic in Hai Guo Jing, "quicksand comes out of Zhongshan, west goes south to the imaginary Kunlun Mountain, southwest enters the sea and enters the mountain of blackwater." He also said: "Chishui leaves the southeast corner of Kunlun Mountain, heading northeast (these five words are wrongly changed by other words here, but" Huainanzi Topography Training "doesn't use this one, which is its evidence), and flows southwest to the South China Sea and Tired Ofthe Fire East." It can be seen that quicksand is a river, which flows west first, then flows south through the virtual Kunlun Mountain, and then flows southwest into the sea. Chishui is a river that originates in the southeast corner of Kunlun and flows to the southwest. Therefore, Chishui can only be in the east of quicksand, and there is basically a parallel flow, so Damu's field is in the south of Chishui, so it is impossible to go to the west of quicksand; Similarly, the west of quicksand must not be in the south of Chishui. Therefore, its original text should be "west of Chishui, south (or east) of quicksand". According to He Youqi's research, Chishui is Yishui (yi river) and quicksand is Sishui (Sihe) [9]. Southwest Shandong, west of Yishui and east of Surabaya, is famous for its mountainous areas. Many of its mountains are high-grade mountains. Yimeng Mountain area is known as "seventy-two changes", and the famous ones are Meng Lianggu and Wuwanggu. There is also Qi Cheng:' Gao Jiuli, Thursday 15 Li, Loushan, Xiantai Mountain'. "Its situation is very similar to that of Big Wood Ye Zhi. Therefore, Daling (a field of great joy and a field of large acres) should be regarded as a mountain in the southwest of Shandong Province, but it is still uncertain which one it is, but one thing is certain: the Daling military platform that began to enjoy the gods in summer is not in Yuxian County, Henan Province, where it is purely an appendage of future generations, which is inconsistent with the records in ancient books and is not credible.
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Let's discuss the theory of the meaning of Taikang, Yi and Jiedu. Now the academic circles regard Erlitou site in Yanshi as Xia culture, mainly because Erlitou is the capital of Xia, so this issue is quite important.
In fact, although many Xia people have lived in Henan since the Qin and Han Dynasties, no one said that Xia was really in the city of Gongxian County, Henan Province before the bamboo annals were unearthed. For example, Shuowen said that it was Zhouyi and Zuozhuan in the 23rd year of Zhao Gong: Du Yu, a "suburb", and Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period and Han Zhuan in Ying Shao both thought that Xiadu Zhuan was the city of Weifang in Shandong today, and their views were very consistent. However, the chronology of bamboo books unearthed in Xianning five years of Jin Dynasty (AD 279, or the first or second year of Taikang, or AD 280 or AD 28 1 year) brought a lot of detailed and valuable historical materials to historians, and at the same time, problems followed.
It was Xue Zan (or Yu Zan, Fu Zan, and Chen Zan in ancient books) who first described the summer capital in Henan. Ying Shao wrote in "History of Han, Geography, Beihai County, Shou Ping": "Therefore, it is right to fall into the city today." It is located 50 miles southwest of Weifang City (according to legend, it is located in Yehun Village, Dongqingchi Town, Weifang City, and belongs to Xian Zhen County in Han Dynasty). But Xue Zan disagreed. He said, "In Henan, not here." "Ancient Documents of Jixian County" says:' Taikang lives in the article, so do foreigners, and so does Jie.' "Preface to the Book of History" says:' When Taikang lost his country, Wu Kundi had to settle in Luoling.' This is where Taikang lives near Los Angeles. Wu Qi also said to Wei Wuhou:' In the past, Xia Jie lived in the left river and the right Taihua, with a gap in the south and a narrow intestine in the north.' Henan city is worth it. Zhou Shu Du Yi also said:' King Wu asked Taigong,' I will look at the river in the north because I live in summer.' There is a summer home, which is called Henan. "
Xue Zan's point of view is clear. The ancient documents of Jixian County (that is, the chronology of bamboo books) say that it is the capital city, while The Preface to History, Wuqi and Du Yi all say that Xia people live in Iraq and Luo, so it should naturally be in Henan. He not only misunderstood Du Yi's Summer, but also believed Wu Qihe's Preface to Books, so on the surface, his statement was well-founded, but in fact it was totally unreliable, which was fundamentally wrong.
Li Daoyuan made an analysis of Xue Zan's statement in Notes on Water Classics: Huge Ocean Water. He said: "According to" Yu Kao Zan ",there is a place to be found in Henan today, and there is a view of defending the country." "Guoyu" says that there are five views in "Qi", which are called traitors. "Five views, cover its name, the city is the pass, and Huangfu Mi is Wei. There is another cloud:' Xia Xiang moved to Diqiu, and the princes with the same surname sought their surnames', that is, the cloud' Ji Zhongshu' said' cohabitation irrigation'. If you are looking, you are not looking for a house. ..... Gai Yu was born after his name, and his land was his house, while his city was his watch. The legacy was along the river, and the pavilion was handed down by Guo Youchuan, but it was impossible for him to have such a wrong view, so he gave up the name and made it for him. Push it to the ground, and the certificate can also be pressed. "
Li Daoyuan pointed out that what Xue Zan said may refer to the city of Gong County in Henan Province, but he disagreed with this statement. The reason is that, from the perspective of place names, Ying Shao's theory of "taking the city as the upside down" has existed since ancient times, and its traces can be traced back to ancient times, while Xue Zan's theory is "innovation", although he quoted some ancient materials. The obvious evidence is that he only quoted Jing Xiang's words when he injected water into the middle, south (upper) and water of Luoshui: "Today, there is grain water in Luoshui that crosses the north and enters Luodong, which is called lower, so there is upper." There is also a city that covers the old town where Dr. Zhou lived. "There is no mention of Xia Du pouring wine, so Li Daoyuan didn't believe what Xue Zan said.
In addition, the "History of the Later Han Dynasty, Counties and Countries" says: "Luoyang, weeks count into weeks. ..... The city where Henan, Luoyi and Duke Zhou lived was called the King City in the Spring and Autumn Period. ..... Gong, there is food and water to find. " Liu Zhao's note: "Gong Guo Bo Zuo Zhuan" said:' Shang Tang has the life of Jingbo.' "Also didn't mention the summer is spilt, so it can be seen that Liu Zhao doesn't believe that Yu Zhou Yan Zhicheng is spilt in the summer.
However, in the article, Xue Zan did not explicitly say that "article" means "supreme righteousness". What makes this statement clear is Zhang Shoujie's Historical Records of Justice in the Tang Dynasty. He first quoted Chen Zan's words in Xia Benji's Justice, and then said, "Broadly speaking, the ancient city is 58 miles southwest of Gongxian County, Luozhou, where Gaijie lives." He probably saw Li Daoyuan's analysis in Shui Jing Zhu, and few predecessors held this theory. So he was not sure when he said this, so he used the word "beggar", that is, the word "beggar", but later generations admitted all this one by one without investigation, so the saying that Zhi City in Gongxian County, Henan Province was the land where Jie Li had all his money. Later, Erlitou site, which is equivalent to Xia Dynasty, was excavated, and the academic circles naturally linked it with Xiadu, affirming the statement that Erlitou is Xiadu, but no one carefully examined the credibility of its literature basis.
Now, let's have a look. Anyone who says that Guyi in Gongxian County, Henan Province or Erlitou in Yanshi is a summer capital is basically cited as the oldest evidence, followed by Xue Zan and Zhang Shoujie. Other evidence is even later, and even the current bamboo calendar is cited as evidence. The root of poverty is that Wuqi first misunderstood the word "summer" in Du Yi and took the geographical location of Luoyi as the place where Xia Jie lived in summer. From then on, it is difficult to return. In fact, the volume 155 of "Taiping Magnolia" quoted a museum saying: "The corpse town of Yanshi, Henan Province, is the capital of Tang Dynasty; The real historical record is Gong, Henan, the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
According to the records of ancient documents that can be mastered now, in the Xia Dynasty, the Yiluo area was originally the scope of activities of merchants, so Erlitou in Yanshi should be the capital of a Shang king in the pre-Shang era (the time is equivalent to the Xia Dynasty). Liu Xu said:
"Erlitou site was suspected to be related to Dubois in Tang Cheng from the beginning of the investigation. Later, many excavation briefings always associated it with Xibe. Especially the discovery of Palace No.1 in the early 1960s strengthened this understanding. Before the first national seminar on summer culture was held in 1977, this understanding was relatively consistent and almost conclusive in the archaeological community. " 〔 10〕
Although it is not sure whether Erlitou site is really the capital of Tang Xibo (because 1983 excavated a large shopping mall site in the western suburbs of yanshi city, some scholars think it is the capital of Tang Xibo), it should be no problem to say that it is the capital of a king in the pre-Shang period, at least it is more reliable than saying that it is the summer. However, I don't know why the academic community should abandon this "almost a foregone conclusion" and accept those unreliable materials. The conclusion is naturally wrong. If we go along this road, the study of Xia history is likely to go astray and even die.
In a word, the author thinks that neither Zhiyi nor Erlitou is the capital of Taikang, Yi and Jie, but the theory of Du Yu and Ying Shao should still be taken as the basis of the summer capital. In today's Weifang, Shandong, this is the most reasonable explanation from the perspective of geography and ancient books.
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In addition, there is another piece of information, which is often quoted by those who hold the theory of "summer living in Henan", that is, the words recorded in Guoyu Zhou Yu: "The prosperity of summer in the past also melted into Chongshan", and Zhao Wei noted: "Zhu Rong also melted; Chongshan, Chongshan also. Summer is in Yangcheng, lofty and close. "
The author believes that this worship of mountain gods is also the worship of mountain gods in Shushun Hall, and it is not far from summer, and the two should be integrated. The False Biography of Confucius thinks it is "the south source", and justice says: "Gong Yu doesn't worship mountains, and I don't know where it is, but it was built in the south of Hengling." At present, they don't think it is the Songshan Mountain in Zhongyue, but it is obviously wrong to think that the Chongshan Mountain in Confucius Biography is the "South Source". The book Shun Dian says that "You are United in Youzhou, you are in Chongshan, you escape from three dangers, and you die in Yushan", and it is a cloud in the Biography of Confucius: "Youzhou" is Chongshan and Nanyuan; Three risks, Hispanic; Yushan is of oriental descent. "Sun Xingyan's" Notes on the History of Jin Wen "thinks that" Youzhou "should be called" Youdu ",and the same is true. Youdu is also a mountain name. See Shan Hai Jing. So, is Confucius right? In fact, the statement of "four generations under one roof" in Shun Dian is mainly based on Shan Hai Jing. Just look up "Mountain Scenery in Jason Wu" and you will understand.
According to the Five Zang Mountain Classics, Youdu Mountain is located in the North Second Classics of Beishan Classics (see also Hainei Classics, "There are mountains in the North Sea, so it is called Youdu Mountain"), 3D Mountain is located in the West Third Classics of Xishan Classics, and Yushan is located in the South Third Classics of Nanshan Classics. However, it can be seen that Youdu (Youzhou) is in the north, Sanwei Mountain is in the west and Yushan Mountain is in the south, so Chongshan must be in the east but not in the south, otherwise the theory of "four generations under one roof" will be lost. In the interpretation of Confucius Biography, the positions of Youzhou and Sanwei are only right, and the positions of worshipping goodness and Yushan are all wrong.
Today's Yushan is 60 miles south of Linyi, Shandong Province, and the word ancient and modern is undoubtedly meaningful. This is a "southern birth", so Chongshan is an eastern birth, and it must still be east of Yushan. If it is today's Songshan Mountain in Henan, it is out of place. Wen Yuchun and Zhang Jinliang think that Songshan Mountain in Xia Dynasty is now Songshan Mountain in Linqu County, Weifang City, Shandong Province [1 1], which is almost as common as the ground. This mountain is 758 meters above sea level, and its land is now equipped with Songshan Township. Shun Dian put the word "osmanthus bean" here, and Zou's Reading Book thinks that osmanthus bean is, and so is it. After investigation, there are some historical sites such as Danshan, Danhe and Xu Zhu Tomb at the foot of Songshan Mountain in Linqu County. The Danhe River is the Danshui of "Hou Ji's interpretation of the Emperor Zhu Yudan's water", Xu Zhu is the deficiency of Danzhu, and Danzhu's tomb is the tomb of Danzhu, also known as Zhu Feng. Today there is a village called West Everest [5]. It is understood that there is indeed a legend of ancient Dani (Gui Dou), so the saying that "Gui Dou is located in Chongshan" is not groundless.
It can be seen that the mountain worship in the Yu Xia era is in today's Shandong province. In fact, the worship of mountains in Linqu is the beginning of the Xia nationality. Lian Shanyi said that "the worship of mountains and guns" should be here; The Chronicle of Bamboo Books says that "Du Yu is Yangcheng" and Zhao Wei says that "Summer is Yangcheng, and sublimity is near". He thinks it is near Songshan Mountain in Henan Province today, but there is Yangcheng under Songshan Mountain in Linqu, and Yangcheng Village in the northeast 13 of this mountain. Speaking of this, I doubt that Yangcheng in Du Yu was originally here, because the ancients moved easily.
Therefore, the worship of mountains in Yu Xia's era has nothing to do with today's Songshan Mountain in Henan, so we can't use this sentence to prove that the Xia people rose in today's Songshan Mountain in Henan (this "harmony" actually refers to Danzhu, which is extremely doubtful, because the ancient prose "harmony" is "tong" and "tong" is similar to "Dan", so the ancient prose takes tong as Dan. Before the establishment of the Xia regime, it was Yu and Hou Ji who exiled Danzhu and seized the throne. Therefore, "Xia Zhisheng also melts (Dan Zhu) into Chongshan". This is another article).
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Through the above analysis, the statement that Luo Yi is the residence of Xia people and Erlitou is the capital of Xia has completely lost its documentary basis. Relying only on the results of archaeological excavations is a blind man touching an elephant, and it is difficult to get convincing results. Mr. Wang said: "Of course, we should pay equal attention to field archaeological excavation, but if the excavation of Xia culture is divorced from the literature records of Xia culture, it will certainly not solve the problem." [12] Although the records of Xia history in pre-Qin ancient books are not as rich as those in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there are still many, so we should pay special attention to these materials. However, due to the copying of ancient legends, especially the Xia historical materials since the Han Dynasty, these materials are more misunderstandings, additions, interpretations and even fabrications of ancient historical records. Some of them put the future first, take the truth as a mistake, and regard the relocation of Xia people as their hometown after the death of Xia, and so on, which is difficult to remember. Therefore, when using it, we must first do two things well: one is to distinguish its authenticity and determine its credibility; The second is to correctly interpret and understand the content of the material, otherwise it will be wrong and not worth the loss. It is an extremely serious mistake to regard Luo Yi as the residence of Xia people and Erlitou as the summer capital, which greatly misleads the study of Xia history. Today, many scholars are still studying the "Xia culture" and "achievements" of Erlitou site, which is probably what Xi Yan Shu said.
So, where is the correct way to explore the mystery of summer history?
Wang Guowei said: "Since ancient times, the capitals of emperors have been in the East ... The capitals and place names of Xia have been in the East since Taikang." By "East" and "East", he means Shandong Province and its surrounding areas. Yang Xiangkui made a detailed investigation on the place names of Xia Dynasty contained in ancient books, and came to the conclusion that "the political center of summer before Middle Ages was between Shandong, Hebei and Henan provinces today, with Shandong as the center of gravity" [13] "The political center of summer before midsummer and after Qing Dynasty was in Shandong today, and its influence extended to Hebei and Henan." [16] Cheng Deqi pointed out more clearly that Xia is a country composed of East Yi countries [14]. The author thinks that the old country of Xia Dynasty was originally in Shandong today, and the Xia tribe called itself "Yi", that is, people. Later, Jie was defeated by the Tang Dynasty in Luxi, the Xia Dynasty perished, and the tribes dispersed in all directions (mainly in the northwest). Later, "Dongyi" was the adherents of Xia Dynasty who did not migrate, and Dongyi culture was actually Xia culture [15].