Guandong refers to the area east of Shanhaiguan, also called Guanwai (Northeast), which was considered as the "land of Longxing" of Manchu in Qing Dynasty.
Development history
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, General Dragon and Tiger, Commander Tongzhi and Governor Nurhachi of the Ming Dynasty rebelled, constantly invaded Liaodong, wantonly burned and looted, and constantly slaughtered or trapped * * *, resulting in a large number of * * * fleeing or dying, and the population seriously declined.
There was a brief opening in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, but it soon blocked the northeast, because the first Manchu emperor after entering the customs was the emperor shunzhi. At that time, the Central Plains was in turmoil, and there were still remnants of the Ming Dynasty in the south trying to restore the country. In the case that the Manchu regime in Beijing may be destroyed, the Manchu need to keep their base in Manchuria.
In addition, Manchu people think that Northeast China is the land of Longxing, which has geomantic value and military strategic significance. Therefore, in the Ming Dynasty, the emperor shunzhi ordered the construction of a "wicker edge" along the Liaodong side wall to separate the Northeast from the Central Plains.
The wicker border starts from Fengcheng in Liaoning in the east and ends at Shanhaiguan in the west. Trenches are dug, piles of soil are dikes, wickers are inserted on the dikes, fences are built, and soldiers are stationed. People in Shanhaiguan can only go out with printed tickets issued by the government, and they don't issue them when they have nothing to do.
In the prosperous period of Kanggan, the Manchu regime was stable, but in order to preserve Manchu customs in Northeast China and prevent Manchu from being sinicized, * * was still prohibited from entering Northeast China.
In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), the national ban policy was implemented, resulting in a large number of no-man's land in Northeast China.
Emperor Qianlong once issued an imperial edict, clearly stipulating that farming and logging were prohibited in the land in Northeast China, and a large area of wilderness was reserved to maintain the custom of riding and shooting with the Eight Banners.
Since the promulgation of the law, the northeast ban has been formally incorporated into the national legal system, and the Qing dynasty has strengthened the investigation of customs clearance personnel, searched for * * * who secretly cleared customs in the northeast, and sent them back to their original places once they were found.
During the reign of Kangxi, the population of China increased rapidly, doubling in a hundred years, and the problem of large population and small land became increasingly acute, especially in the Central Plains.
/kloc-in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, floods and droughts occurred frequently in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and famines were everywhere. At this time, a large area of fertile land in the northeast was idle, and farmers from the Central Plains began to flood into Kanto. Especially during the famine in Ding Wuqi, a large number of victims flooded into the court and acquiesced. Since then, going to Kanto has become a widely recognized way out for people with difficulties in life in society.
The main sources of immigrants to the East are Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Hebei and Henan provinces, of which Shandong and Hebei are the most.
There are two routes to travel eastward: one is by land, from the gates of the Great Wall such as Shanhaiguan, xifengkou and Gubeikou to Liaoshen; Secondly, it takes only one night from Shandong Peninsula to Liaodong Peninsula by sea, such as from Yantai to Dalian.
Immigrants who set foot on the journey to the East make a living by reclaiming wasteland, hunting trade, gold panning and digging mountains and ginseng. During this period, legends such as "Mountain God" and "Golden King" were circulated.
1860, in the face of tsarist Russia's seizure of the territory of northeast China and Sakhalin Island after the Treaty of Love, General Tepkin of Heilongjiang wrote to the court, calling for the prohibition of land reclamation and encouraging immigrants to establish solid borders, which was adopted.
In Guangxu period, the ban on Northeast China was completely abolished, which legalized * * * immigrants to Northeast China, and * * * immigrants no longer sneaked into Northeast China, so landless farmers in Zhili (now Hebei), Shandong and other areas entered the Northeast where the population was still sparse and the legal system was weak, and the immigration to Northeast China became more and more intense.
Event result
In the early years of the Republic of China, during the reign of warlord Zhang, in order to vigorously develop the northeast economy, agriculture and industry were developed, and railways were continuously built, so that * * * could enter Kanto.
Therefore:
The number of immigrants in 1 and * * * far exceeds that of Manchu, Mongolian and early settlers or aborigines, and far exceeds that of Russian, Japanese and Korean immigrants who entered the Northeast almost at the same time.
2. The multicultural characteristics of urban areas are remarkable, especially the cities along the former Middle East Railway and South Manchuria Railway, leaving many traces influenced by Russian, Japanese and Korean cultures, especially in some vocabulary and lifestyle.
Yanbian area is inhabited by Koreans, and the influence of Korean culture is more obvious.
This process continued until the Manchuria Incident in 193 1.
Millions of farmers in Shanhaiguan moved to the northeast.
By the end of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, more than 20 million people had emigrated from Shanhaiguan to Northeast China, so the wasteland in Northeast China was developed into a fertile land with thousands of miles, and densely populated villages and towns and prosperous cities appeared.
Event influence
These Central Plains immigrants merged with the local aborigines in Northeast China, and gradually produced the Northeast ethnic group. The Central Plains Chinese they spoke also absorbed the language elements of the local aborigines such as Manchu and Mongolian, resulting in northeastern mandarin.
Especially in some places in Heilongjiang Province, there are Jilu Mandarin brought by land-based immigrants in those years.
On the other hand, marine immigrants spread Jiaoliao Mandarin from Jiaodong to Liaodong Peninsula, resulting in Lian Deng and Gaihuan, as well as Hulin and Ertunzi dialect islands, among which Jiaoliao Mandarin is Lian Deng.