Fu Youde portrait data map
This article is taken from Fan Shuzhi (the author is a professor at Fudan University) in the No.39 issue of Time Weekly. The original title is: Giving Death by Sheng Feng.
Wang Shizhen's Preface to the Heroes of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty said: "However, punishing the Lan family is tiring, but if it is swept away. The husband is the husband of Feng Songgong and Fu Yinggong, and the pawn is inevitably suspected of death. " In other words, the case of "Aquamarine Party" shows that the contradiction between monarchical power and general power is irreconcilable, and they are doomed after the death of Aquamarine.
Sheng Feng and Fu Youde were outstanding generals in the early Ming Dynasty. They were named Duke of Song and Duke of Xi by Zhu Yuanzhang, and their exploits were second only to those of Chang Yuchun and Xu Da. The two men had similar achievements and the same ending, and they were both "given death" by the emperor. Perhaps because of this, Shi Ming put their biographies together, and so did Zhang Dai's Historical Records.
Sheng Feng and Fu Youde are different from Tang He, Xu Da, Li Wenzhong and other generals. They are not Zhu Yuanzhang's clique. Feng, whose real name is Feng, and his younger brother Feng are fond of reading, skilled in the art of war, and have extremely high martial arts. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, the world was in chaos. They "built a village to protect themselves" and became chivalrous men. Zhu Yuanzhang put them under his command, and Feng became the leader of the "pro-army". After Feng was killed, the pro-army was led by. Since then, Shengfeng has followed Xu Da and Chang Yuchun in the war and made great achievements. Hongwu, a three-year-old scholar named Song Guogong, aged 3,000 stone, won an iron ticket to avoid death.
Fu Youde's situation is more complicated. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, he followed the "thief" Li Xixi into Shu. After Li Xixi's defeat, he went to Ming Yu Zhen and was not reused, so he switched to Chen Youliang. Zhu Yuanzhang attacked Jiangzhou, and he led his men to Zhu Yuanzhang. So loyal to Zhu Yuanzhang, Hongwu was posthumously named as the Hou of Yingchuan for three years. With the general of the Western Expedition, Tanghe entered Sichuan, and led his troops to fight to the death without retreating. Zhu Yuanzhang said in "Pingxi Wenshu": "Military morality is the best". Later, he led the left deputy general manager, Lan Yu, and the right deputy general manager, Mu Ying, to settle in Yunnan, entered the Duke of Feng Ying, and was awarded an iron ticket to avoid death.
In the twenty years of Hongwu (1387), Shengfeng led Fu Youde, the left deputy general, and Aquamarine, the right deputy general, and led 200,000 troops to encircle the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty, winning a great victory. With the popularity of Feng, Fu and Lan, suspicion followed. It was reported that Shengfeng extorted gold, silver and jewels from the wife of Nabachu, the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, and forced her to marry Nabachu's daughter. Zhu Yuanzhang flew into a rage, deprived Sheng Feng of his position as a general, ordered him to live in Fengyang, and never led troops to fight again. Since then, the only job is to train new recruits in Shanxi and Henan with Fu Youde.
In his later years, Zhu Yuanzhang became more and more suspicious of heroes. In February of the 26th year of Hongwu (1393), the head of the security service framed Aquamarine for "rebellion" and was immediately executed, implicating a large number of generals. Fu Youde's credit and reputation are above aquamarine. Wang Shizhen's Preface to the Great-Great-Ancestor Heroes said: "It is difficult to punish the Lan family, but it is dangerous to sweep it away. The husband is the husband of Feng Songgong and Fu Yinggong, and the pawn is inevitably suspected of death. " In other words, the case of "Aquamarine Party" shows that the contradiction between monarchical power and general power is irreconcilable, and they are doomed after the death of Aquamarine.
Han Xin sighed before he died: "A sly rabbit dies and a running dog cooks;" High birds are exhausted, good bows are hidden; Destroy the enemy, and the adviser dies. "Later generations repeated. There is an unforgettable passage in the biography of Tang River in the Ming Dynasty: "The emperor in the Spring and Autumn Period is high, and there is nothing in the world. Wei (Xu Da) and Cao () are both dead, and they don't want to be soldiers for a long time. " Tang He was keenly aware of this and calmly said to the emperor, "I am a dog or a horse, and I can't stand being driven away any more. I hope to go back to my hometown and find a place to put my coffin. " Zhu Yuanzhang was so happy that he immediately gave him a large sum of money to build a house in Fengyang. Tanghe, who voluntarily gave up the relieving, finally died. Sheng Feng and Fu Youde don't have the wisdom of Tanghe, and they can't figure out the emperor's intention of "don't be a general for a long time". There is a passage in Biography of Ming Taizu that is strikingly similar to Biography of the Tang Crane in Ming Taizu, but its ending is quite different: "Eight people are highly valued by the ministers, and (Feng) wins the third place, and Taizu is high in spring and autumn, suspicious, and (Feng) wins the first place, and the details lose the emperor's will. Aquamarine killed the moon and was recalled to Beijing for more than two years (that is, twenty-eight years of Hongwu, 1395), and all children were not allowed to inherit it. "The so-called' losing the emperor's will because of counting the details' is just an excuse,' giving death' is the inevitable result, and' all descendants are not allowed to inherit it', which completely negates the previous promise in" Iron Ticket for Death Exemption ":"Today, I have made a decision, and I can't repay you, but I will pass it on to my descendants with Galjuelu. "
As for how to "give death", the language is unclear. Zhang Dai's Stone Chamber clearly shows that relatives of Shengfeng's wife reported that he had buried weapons at home. Zhu Yuanzhang called Sheng Feng, invited him to drink, and said, "I don't ask." A general collecting some weapons at home is not enough to constitute a capital crime. Moreover, the iron ticket to avoid death clearly declares: "Except for rebellion, I avoid two deaths and my son avoids one." So we can only use the form of not showing traces-invite him to drink poisonous wine, which is what Jian said: "Call (Feng) to win the drink, and the wine will die suddenly." People can know the cause of "sudden death" at a glance, but they dare not say it clearly, euphemistically called "dying."
Fu Youde, the Duke of Ying, had a slightly different way of "giving death". In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (1393), he and Shengfeng were "recalled" and died the following year. As for the reason of "giving death", Biography of Fu Youde in Ming Dynasty is not clear, but it is supplemented: Bi and Fu Youde, who were in Dingyuan, recalled the capital from the army at the same time, which coincided with the execution of Aquamarine and Fu Youde's inner fear. Wang Bi said to him, "Go to the Spring and Autumn Period and do my best every day. What can we do? " Zhu Yuanzhang learned about it through an insider and decided to put him to death.
Neither Ming Shi nor Tong Ming Jian recorded the details of "dying". After reading the Book of Stone Chambers, I finally realized that it was not poisoned by wine, but a more creepy method was adopted: "Jade was punished, and friends feared their merits, so they called friends from afar:' Go to the Spring and Autumn, spend the whole day ...' When Mao heard this, he gave a big winter banquet, and his followers were thorough and endless. Mao accused Youde of disrespect and said,' Call your second son!' When Youde came out, the guards said in Taizu,' Bring him first.' After a while, Youdeti's second son came in first. Mao was surprised and said,' Why can't you tolerate others?' Youde came out of the dagger sheath and said,' I just want my father and son's head and ears.' Suicide. In a rage, Mao moved to Liaodong Yunnan, and Wang Bi also committed suicide. "
Zhang Dai tends to think: Sheng Feng "has accumulated great achievements in the war for a long time", but "he is always rebellious"; Fu Youde and Chang Yuchun are also called "Tiger Generals", but "singing and dancing" is their reason for "not dying or being upright", which seems to be one-sided and contradicts the sigh behind him: "The achievements created by generations of ancient generals have made them final!"