Lead: The culture of the Chinese nation has evolved for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties-Chen Yinque talked about the Song Dynasty, which was a very controversial dynasty. We used to put a lot of labels on the Song Dynasty. On the one hand, we are saddened by the internal troubles and foreign invasion, poverty and weakness of the Song Dynasty, and on the other hand, we have to be impressed by the economic prosperity and cultural prosperity of the Song Dynasty. After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu, Taizong and their descendants learned the lessons of usurping the throne from the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and the powerful minister and military commander, and attached great importance to civil affairs. Song Taizu directly put forward: "I want my civil and military officials to learn and know how to govern the country." Thus, a dynasty with a prosperous culture was born, and another literati prosperous time after the prosperous Tang Dynasty. To this day, there is even a saying that the Song Dynasty is the most desirable dynasty for literati. Today I want to talk to you about the cultural and educational policies behind its cultural prosperity. Further development of the imperial examination system Since Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty founded the imperial examination, the monopoly of elite families on the right to select talents has been broken. However, in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were not many ordinary people who really passed the imperial examination and entered the official position. Until the Tang dynasty, the imperial examination was only an extravagant hope for children from poor families to obtain official qualifications. The imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty was not only small in scale, but also strictly examined by the official department after the entrance examination, which means that even if it is finally completed, it does not mean that there will be officials. "Literature General Examination Selected Examination" records: "In the Tang Dynasty, only twenty or thirty scholars were admitted every year. Those who come to the scholar's mansion can't solve the problem, and there is still a test of the official department to enter the official position. Han Wengong failed in his three attempts at the official department, but he was still clothed for ten years. And there are still 20 years that have not been admitted. Family investigation of the top scholar in the Tang Dynasty (original) In the Song Dynasty, imperial examinations and Jinshi were not only able to become officials immediately, but also the speed of promotion was absolutely envied by Jinshi in the Tang Dynasty. Especially those in the first place. According to statistics, Song Renzong organized 13 imperial examinations, 39 people were admitted to Grade A, and 34 people were later listed as officials. Among them, the imperial examination in Jiayou's second year was the highest peak in the history of imperial examination, and this year's Jinshi list is even more star-studded There are 24 biographies in the History of Song Dynasty, and 9 of these literati later became officials. It is no exaggeration to say that there are leading figures in politics, economy and literature. Among these scholars, apart from Su Shi and Su Zhe, we are familiar with them, there are also masters of Neo-Confucianism such as Cheng Hao and Zhang Zai, and later political rookies such as Lv Huiqing and Zhang Dun. The reason why these people stood out in the imperial examination in the Song Dynasty was not only their own Excellence, but also related to the improvement of the status of the imperial examination in the Song Dynasty and the rulers' greater attention to the selection of candidates in the imperial examination. In this way, the imperial examination became one of the main ways to be an official (there was also an important way to choose scholars in the Song Dynasty-Yin En), and even the children of bureaucrats and nobles who looked down on the imperial examination before began to be keen on the imperial examination. " There are Qian Qian in the book, and there is a golden house in the book ",which is regarded as a noble concept by scholars, and the whole society has blown up the atmosphere of learning and reading. The son of heaven values heroes and heroes, and the article teaches two Cao. Nothing, but reading is high. Children must study hard so that the article can stand on its own feet. ..... The morning is Tian Shelang, and the evening is the right hall. -Excerpt from Wonders in Poetry by Wang Zhu, a poet in the Song Dynasty. On the other hand, it is the significant expansion of the imperial examination scale and the innovation of the examination content. At first, during the Song Taizu period, the number of Jinshi in each session was basically the same as that in the Tang Dynasty, with only twenty or thirty people in each session. In the era of Emperor Taizong, the number of admission places began to increase substantially. According to historical records, in the second year of Taiping Xingguo (the year of Emperor Taizong), there were 109 people admitted to palace examination, and there were 207 people in other subjects. Since then, the enrollment scale of each session has been basically maintained at three or four hundred people. Later, during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong and Emperor Renzong, the scale of the imperial examination expanded rapidly: the statistics of the imperial examination in the Northern Song Dynasty (original text) In addition, in view of the fact that the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty completely encouraged memorization of Confucian classics, and the examination of poetry and fu had little connection with the reality of governing the country, when Wang Anshi reformed, the imperial examination cancelled traditional subjects such as Confucian classics, ink meaning and poetry and fu and changed to the examination of Confucian classics. The so-called Confucian classics refer to a small paper on a certain content of Confucianism, which can comprehensively examine the writing level of candidates and their understanding of Confucian classics. In this way, it is guaranteed to the greatest extent that those who choose * * * in the imperial examination are not intellectuals who only study hard, but people like Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi who can not only write articles, recite poems and compose poems, but also manage a literary talent (in fact, many famous ministers in the Song Dynasty are literary giants themselves). Setting up the Central Official School: In Song Dynasty, the Central Official School was a imperial academy and Imperial College set up under imperial academy, which taught various knowledge and skills such as law, medicine, arithmetic, calligraphy and painting. In order to cultivate the economic, political and cultural talents needed by the society in the Song Dynasty, the forms of teaching organization in imperial academy are constantly developing. During the Tusong period of imperial academy (that is, the Renzong period), Hu Yuan promoted the method of "teaching in different places" in imperial academy, emphasizing both theoretical knowledge and practical ability, and combining teaching in accordance with students' aptitude with mutual communication. During the Zongshen period, the official school adopted Wang Anshi's "three houses method", and the imperial examination was divided into three houses (namely, the outer house, the inner house and the upper house, which is a bit like our grade education today, and the entrance examination mentioned later is the senior high school entrance examination), and a set of talent training system was established, which paid equal attention to grade and virtue, paid equal attention to usual inspection and entrance examination, and integrated talent selection and training. Local official schools: In order to cultivate more educated talents, in addition to the central official schools, the Song Dynasty also established local official schools following the old system of the previous dynasty. At that time, the local administrative system of the Song Dynasty was divided into three levels: road, state and county, and the imperial court set up schools below the state to teach Confucian classics. There were many new changes in the development of local education in Song Dynasty, which made the local official school in a thriving state: appointing administrative officials to take charge of local education. During Wang Anshi's political reform, the imperial court set up various Jinshi, and later set up promotion departments in various ways. In this way, local education has a special administrative system. The state plans to set aside school sites as funds for running local official schools. In the first year of Song Tiansheng, the court granted farmland to Yanzhou, and then ordered the states to "support ten hectares of scholars in abel tamata". All local official schools can get a corresponding amount of farmland, and the income and expenditure of land rent are handled by local schools themselves. Establish a mature management system. After decades of development, the establishment and training system, the teaching system, the examination system, the reward and punishment system and the Gong Shi system for sending students to central imperial academy were established, which became the objects to be imitated in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition, it is worth mentioning that there was a primary school in the official school system of the Song Dynasty, which was responsible for enlightening children. However, the rise and fall of government-run primary schools are impermanent, and private schools have become educational institutions that undertake children's enlightenment. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, private schools had spread all over urban and rural areas, and various forms such as sitting in a library, private schools and private schools became an important part of educational institutions. Compared with the feudal education in Ming and Qing dynasties, the private school plan became rigid, and the school became a place that was keen on recruiting talents in the imperial examination and neglected talent training. Imperial academy became a tool for students to take part in imperial examinations. Or compared with the Han, Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, the right to study and be an official is basically in the hands of nobles. A set of central and local official school systems established in the Song Dynasty provided the ordinary people with the opportunity to receive education and be an official to the maximum extent, and at the same time expanded the crowd and quantity of talent selection, and selected more talents for the whole society. When respecting Confucius and Chongru talked about ancient literati, he had to mention Confucianism, which was highly praised by kings of past dynasties. In fact, respecting Confucius and Confucianism is one of the cores of the cultural and educational policy in the Song Dynasty. The rulers of the Song Dynasty believed that Confucianism was "the art of human relations", and only by enhancing Confucius' status and respecting Confucianism could the long-term stability of the dynasty be maintained. At the beginning of the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) in Song Dynasty, Song Taizu restored Wenxuan King Temple, which was destroyed by war. The rulers of the Song Dynasty named Confucius as Wang Xuan, who preached the sacred text, named ten philosophers below Confucius as public, and seventy-two disciples as Hou, and gave titles to the descendants of Confucius, giving them special treatment such as granting officials, enjoying fields, and being exempt from taxes. Monarch and minister offered sacrifices to Confucius Temple, and raised the drinking ceremony of Confucius Temple to the ceremony of emperors. (Song Taizu) Zhao Yousi stepped up his efforts to repair temples, carved images of sages, sages and Confucian scholars, and praised Confucius and Yan himself, ordering ministers to write more hymns, which made drivers enjoy it. "... In the first month of the second year, Song Taizong was peaceful and rejuvenating the country, and Kong Shiqi was given a hometown of Gong Xiucai, a scholar with background. After praising the absence of saints, he also ... in October of three years, summoned the 44th generation grandson of Confucius, asked Confucius to praise this good doctor, and criticized Wen ... In the same month, he also exempted him from the tax of attacking Wen ("Continuing to rule as a mirror"). The policy of respecting Confucius and Chongru in the Song Dynasty was not only directly manifested in the improvement of Confucius' status, but also indirectly manifested in the continuous strengthening of Confucian classics in the imperial examination. In the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examinations mainly selected poems and fu. For example, Shi Fo Wang Wei won the first prize in the exam, which is closely related to his excellent poetry writing. In the early Song Dynasty, the Tang system was followed, but from the beginning, it was emphasized that the Confucian classics should be the standard for selecting scholars in the imperial examination. Zhu, a great philosopher in the Southern Song Dynasty, interpreted the Confucian classic Mencius, and listed it as the "Four Books" along with Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and The Five Classics as the required reading materials for readers. The Goose Lake Conference, the dispute between Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan on Neo-Confucianism and the strengthening of Confucian education have made the trend of worshipping Confucianism and attaching importance to education penetrate into every corner of social life more deeply. Studying imperial examinations further became the most common value pursuit in Song society. Conclusion The cultural and educational policies of the Song Dynasty further developed the imperial examination, established official schools, promoted the status of Confucianism, made more people choose to study, and trained a large number of educated talents for the society of the Song Dynasty. Finally, under the atmosphere of the whole society's study, there was a prosperous period of literati in the Song Dynasty, which was hailed as a paradise for literati and left a strong impression on world civilization. Therefore, it won the praise of "the culture of Chinese national civilization, after thousands of years of evolution, reached its acme in Zhao and Song Dynasties". However, there are many drawbacks in the cultural and educational policy of the Song Dynasty, such as blindly expanding the scale of imperial examinations, resulting in bloated bureaucracy and low administrative efficiency, and spending a lot of financial expenditure every year to support a huge bureaucratic team, which has become an important factor in the Northern Song Dynasty for many years. In Song Dynasty, the thought of valuing literature over martial arts prevailed, and military commanders were in a low position and restricted by civil servants. The abnormal civilian politics laid a hidden danger for the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. I am a scholar of building a church in history, focusing on the history of the Song Dynasty. Welcome attention.