Genre pedigree 00 school pedigree:
00 pre-Qin
00 The way of civil and military affairs (Shuntian Ren Ying) is less than that of the Duke of Zhou (etiquette) and greater than that of Jiang Ziya (overbearing).
00 Chunqiu
00 pipeline
00 Lao Zi, Confucius, Yan Zi, Sun Zi, Fan Li
00 Warring States Period
00 Bian Que
00 Yin Wen, Liezi, Zhuangzi, Tian Pian Huang Lao, Andy.
00 Deng, Gongsun, Keiko,
Guiguzi, Zhang Yi, Su Qin, Sun Bin, Pang Juan.
00 Mencius, Mozi, Gaozi
00{ Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Shen Zi}
00 Xu Hang,
00 Zou Yan
00 Xunzi, Han Feizi,
00 Lv Buwei,
00 Han
Sima Qian, Huai Nanzi, Dong Zhongshu. Chong Wang
"Hundred Schools" is a thinker represented by "Zi" according to the surname of "Hundred Schools". The main figures are Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Xunzi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Han Feizi, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Xu Xing, Gao Zi, Andy, Gong Sunlong, Keiko, Sun Wu, Sun Bin, Zhang Yi, Su Qin, Tian Pian, Shen Zi, Yin Wen, Zou Yan, Yan Zi, Lv Buwei, Guan Zi, Gui Gu Zi and so on. Many thoughts of a hundred schools of thought have left profound enlightenment to future generations. Such as Confucian "benevolent policy" and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you"; Mencius' ancient democratic thought; Dialectics of Taoism; Mohist scientific thought; Legalist materialism; The military thoughts of military strategists are still shining today. Even the sophistry master initiated the logic field in the history of China's philosophy. We can and should learn from the vigorous and promising spirit of Confucianism, and encourage ourselves to be full of vitality and work hard; Learn the Confucian spirit of loyalty to the country and cultivate their patriotic feelings; Learn from the Confucian spirit of "controlling benefits with righteousness" to enlighten yourself to treat material interests correctly, and learn from the Confucian spirit of benevolence to cultivate their noble sentiment of loving the people; Learn from the Confucian concept of honesty and cultivate their own independent personality with self-respect and self-improvement; We should also learn from Mohism's "universal love", "Shang Xian" and "frugality"; Taoism's "less selfish desires" and "Taoism is natural"; Legalists' thought of "abolishing private interests" and so on.
Baijia dictionary
"Scholar" refers to thinkers and works that reflect the interests of all walks of life in the ideological field of this period. It is also the general name of various political schools from pre-Qin to Han, and belongs to private schools that emerged after the Spring and Autumn Period.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the royal family declined, the princes competed for hegemony, and scholars traveled all over the world to make suggestions for the princes. By the Warring States Period, a situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend" had formed. Traditionally, a hundred schools of thought originated from Sima Qian's father Sima Tan. In the Essentials of Six Classics, he first divided the hundred schools into six schools: Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Ming, Fa and Tao. Later, on the basis of the division of Sima Tan, Liu Xin added ten schools of "vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agricultural and novel". Ban Gu attacked Liu Xin in History of Han, and thought: "There are ten philosophers, but only nine are impressed." Later, people came to "novelists" and called the remaining nine "nine streams".
From then on, China ancient academic circles followed Ban Gu, and hundreds of schools became "nine streams". Lv Simian, a modern man, added "soldiers and doctors" in his book An Introduction to Pre-Qin Learning, saying: "Therefore, pre-Qin learning can be divided into twelve schools: Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agriculture, novels, soldiers and doctors."
The demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty, a historical origin, has prompted people to turn more to thinking about the rise and fall of the world, breaking the concept of "no discussion in Shu Ren" and replacing it with an active atmosphere of "discussion in Chu Shi". In the extensive discussion of people, events and society, people no longer believe in heaven, thus forming various schools of thought on how to unify the world, govern the country and educate the people. The founders and representatives of these schools are collectively called "philosophers", and "hundred schools" refers to these schools. The most influential are Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Legalism. People in various schools lobby around for some social problems, promote their own political opinions or write books. People's thoughts are unprecedentedly active, which has formed unprecedented prosperity in China's cultural history. The academic views of a hundred schools of thought contend are reflected in their literary works, forming different academic and literary schools. Most of hundred schools of thought's essays are clear-cut, sharp-tongued, full of emotion, flexible and diverse in expression, and strong in appeal. Therefore, hundreds of essays not only have important academic value, but also have important literary value.
From the perspective of the evolutionary history of human civilization, Ceng Bangzhe's Theory of Structure points out that a hundred schools of thought, three religions and nine schools of thought are the early disciplinary classification systems, while Confucianism, Legalism, military strategists and strategists are biased towards political, military and ethical fields, while Mohism, Taoism, famous doctors and famous farmers are biased towards natural technology and logic, while Zen, miscellaneous schools and painters are biased towards humanities and arts, which are some factors needed for the development of modern western science. Confucian social ethics (scientific social norms), Mohist practical experience (experimental techniques and methods), concept clarification of Zen (theoretical thinking epiphany), systematic logic model of Taoism (holographic structure model), and prototypes of some technological inventions.
A hundred schools of thought contend is the general name of various academic schools during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
100 A. Introduction to Confucianism:
00
Confucius
Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi.
Confucianism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it took Confucius as the teacher, took the six arts as the law, advocated "propriety and benevolence", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and impartial "golden mean", advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation.
Confucianism emphasizes the role of education, and thinks that attaching importance to education and neglecting punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. Advocate "education without class", both the ruler and the ruled should be educated, so that the whole country can become a virtuous person.
Politically, he also advocated ruling the country by courtesy and taking morality for the people, called for the restoration of "Zhou Li" and thought that "Zhou Li" was the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.
Mencius' thought is "attaching importance to the people over the monarch" and advocates that the rulers implement "benevolent government" On the discussion of human nature, he thinks that human nature is good and puts forward the theory of "good nature", which is completely different from Xunzi's theory of "evil nature" The reason why Xunzi put forward that human nature is evil is also a more acute manifestation of social contradictions during the Warring States period.
00 seconds, Taoism:
00 representative figures: Laozi, Zhuangzi and Liezi. Works: Tao Te Ching, Zhuangzi and Liezi.
dao jia xue pai
Taoism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period, also known as "Taoists". Based on Laozi's "Tao" theory at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, this school uses "Tao" to explain the essence, origin, composition and change of all things in the universe. It is believed that heaven does nothing and everything is transformed naturally. It denies that gods and ghosts dominate everything, advocates that Taoism is natural, let nature take its course, and advocates that quietism and women should be soft. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different factions. There are four famous schools: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huang Lao School.
00 Third, Mohism:
00 stands for Mozi. Works: Mozi
Mohism was an important school in the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai.
This school is based on "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Love is to love others as yourself. The purpose of "mutual benefit" can only be achieved by "blind date in the world" Politically, he advocated respecting sages and Shang Tong without attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts. At the same time, he also put forward the idea of "non-destiny", emphasizing self-reliance
Mohism has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can get angry and jump knife to motivate themselves. His disciples engaged in debate, which is called "Mo Debate"; Those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; The leader called it a "giant". Its discipline is strict, it is said that "the law of ink, the murderer dies, the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu Smuggling").
After Mo Zhai's death in 2000, it split into three factions. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist post-study" (also known as "late Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
00 Fourth, Legalists:
00 delegates: Han Fei, Li Si, Shang Yang. Works: Han Feizi
Legalism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period, because it advocates the rule of law, "don't be intimate, don't be noble."
Han Fei
, violated the law ",so it is called legalism. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Teacher", Shen Bu's "Shu" and the thoughts and theories of Legalists.
00 this school of thought, economically advocated abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In ideological education, we should ban the theory of a hundred schools of thought, take law as teaching and officials as teachers. His theory provides a theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy.
There are 2 17 legalists' works recorded in Hanshu, and nearly half of them are extant, the most important of which are Shang Jun and Neither Donkey nor Horse.
00 v famous artists:
00 delegates: Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong, Huan Tuan. Works: Gongsun Zilong
As one of the important schools of thought in the Warring States period, the ancient philosophers were called celebrities by later generations because they engaged in academic activities focusing on debating names (names and concepts) and facts (facts and reality). At that time, people called them "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals". Representative figures are Hui Shi and GongSunLong.
00 six, Yin and Yang home:
00 representative: Zou Yan
Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, which was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and explaining social personnel. This school originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendars in ancient times, and its representative was Zou Yan, a Qi man in the Warring States Period.
Yin-yang theory holds that Yin and Yang are two opposing and transforming forces of things themselves, which can be used to explain the laws of development and change of things. The five elements theory holds that everything is composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and there are two laws that can be used to explain the origin and change of everything in the universe. Zou Yan integrated them, interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five virtues", and founded the theory of "the end of five virtues" as the law of the rise and fall of dynasties, which provided a theoretical basis for the establishment of a new unified dynasty.
00 Records of Han Shu Literature and Art recorded 2 1 species of works of this school, all of which have been lost. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order, written at the end of the Warring States Period, is said to be a work of Yin and Yang. Some articles in Guanzi also belong to Yin and Yang works, and some Yin and Yang materials are also preserved in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Yingtong, Huainan Custom Instructions and Qin Shihuang's Biography.
00 seven. Strategists: Representative figures: Su Qin and Zhang Yi. Founder: Guiguzi. The main remarks were circulated in the Warring States Policy.
China was a strategist who lobbied governors and engaged in political and diplomatic activities during the Warring States Period. Be listed as one of the schools of thought. The main representatives are Su Qin and Yi Cheung.
During the Warring States period, the north and south were vertical and the east and west were horizontal. Su Qin advocated that Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu should stand against Qin, while Zhang Yi tried to break it. The six countries of Lian Heng were responsible for the State of Qin, hence the name. Their activities had an important influence on the changes of political and military structure during the Warring States period.
There are many records about its activities in The Warring States Policy. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, strategists wrote Sixteen Books and Seventeen Articles.
00 eight, sage:
00 Representative: Lv Buwei
The miscellaneous school is a comprehensive school at the end of the Warring States period. Because "Confucianism and Mohism, the method of combining names" and "the way of a hundred schools of thought."
Lv Buwei [1]
Inconsistency "(Han Shi. Literature and Yan Shigu note). Lv Chunqiu, compiled by scholars in Qin Dynasty, is a typical miscellaneous book.
00 Nine, farmers:
Nongjiale is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is named after attaching importance to agricultural production. This was sent by an official in charge of agricultural production in ancient times. They believe that agriculture is the basis of food and clothing, and should be put in the first place in all work. On Mencius Teng Wengong, Xu Xing was recorded as a man, "for the words of Shennong", and it was put forward that sages should "plow with the people and eat, and eat for the people", which showed the social and political ideals of farmers. This evening also pays attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production technology and experience. The chapters in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, such as Shang Nong, Man and Land, Border Land and Current Affairs, are considered to be important materials for studying farmers in the pre-Qin period.
00 ten, novelist:
Novelist, one of pre-Qin modernism 10 people, collects folk stories and investigates people's feelings and customs. The History of Han Art Literature says: "Novelists flow from the government. Street talk, hearsay. "
In the contention of a hundred schools of thought, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, stood out from the contention of a hundred schools of thought because he inherited the cultural orthodoxy of three generations in the Central Plains. Thus, Confucianism not only occupies a prominent position in the contention of a hundred schools of thought, but also becomes the mainstream and core content of traditional culture, which has an unparalleled influence on the formation of the Chinese national spirit. In fact, we can say that Confucianism is not an academic or school in the usual sense. Confucianism is the cultural essence of the Chinese nation and the embodiment of China's inherent value system. It has penetrated into every capillary of traditional culture, and greatly influenced all fields of China culture. All doctrines, sects, and even foreign cultures and religions produced from China's territory can't avoid bringing traces of Confucian culture. Today, not only that. Confucianism has also had a permanent impact on world culture (as we know, Japan and the "Four Little Dragons" praised Confucianism as a prescription to solve the crisis of faith and moral decline brought about by modernization after realizing or basically realizing modernization. The so-called "Southeast Asian cultural circle" is basically a cultural composition model with Confucianism as the main body. It has effectively promoted the social civilization and progress in Southeast Asia. With the development of history, Confucian ethics is entering western countries. Regarding the classification of the hundred schools, Sima Tan listed six schools. "This is the focus of the Six Classics: Yi Da Legend:' The world is consistent without worry, and all roads lead to the same goal. "Yang Fuyin, Confucianism, Mohism, fame, law, morality, this is also a ruler" ("Historical Records Biography of Taishigong"). Liu Xin's "Seven Views" in Hanshu can be divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Law, Ming, Mohism, Vertical and Horizontal, Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Novel. Except novelists, they are called "Nine and Ten".
Ideological schools are the general name of political schools, because their basic purpose is to provide political strategies for the monarch. Confucianism advocates reforming the people with morality; Taoism advocates governing by doing nothing; Legalists advocate that credit must be punished; Mohism advocates universal love for Shang Tong; Famous scholars advocate respecting soldiers and restraining generals. After the Han Dynasty, Mohism and famous scholars became juexue, farmers became a technical discipline independently, and Yin and Yang schools evolved into metaphysics. Therefore, only Confucianism, Taoism and law have an influence on the politics of the later unified dynasty.
Many thoughts of a hundred schools of thought have left profound enlightenment to future generations. Such as Confucian "benevolent policy" and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you"; Mencius' ancient democratic thought; Dialectics of Taoism; Mohist scientific thought; Legalist materialism; The military thoughts of military strategists are still shining today. Even the sophistry master initiated the logic field in the history of China's philosophy. We can and should learn from the vigorous and promising spirit of Confucianism, and encourage ourselves to be full of vitality and work hard; Learn the Confucian spirit of loyalty to the country and cultivate their patriotic feelings; Learn from the Confucian spirit of "controlling benefits with righteousness" to enlighten yourself to treat material interests correctly, and learn from the Confucian spirit of benevolence to cultivate their noble sentiment of loving the people; Learn from the Confucian concept of honesty and cultivate their own independent personality with self-respect and self-improvement; We should also learn from Mohism's "universal love", "Shang Xian" and "frugality"; Taoism's "less selfish desires" and "Taoism is natural"; Legalists' thought of "abolishing private interests for the public" and so on.
00 at eleven o'clock, strategist. Military strategists focus on directing wars and how to use force when it is necessary to achieve their goals. The founder is Sun Wu, and the strategists are divided into four categories: strategist, strategist, strategist.
00 military strategists, including Sun Wu and Sima Yi at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period; During the Warring States Period, there were Sun Bin, Wuqi, Liao Wei, Wei Wuji and Leitian. The current works of military strategists include Yin Fujing of the Yellow Emperor, Six Towers and Three Views, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sima Fa, Sun Bin's Art of War, Woods and Wei Liaozi. Although there are similarities and differences among various theories, they all contain rich elements of simple materialism and dialectics. The practical activities and theories of military strategists had great influence on that time and later generations, and they were the precious military ideological heritage of China in ancient times. Sima Qian's Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng in the Western Han Dynasty: "Jia Sheng is young and familiar with the books of a hundred schools. Wendi called him a doctor. "
00 twelve. Doctor:
00 Representative: Bian Que
The formation of China's medical theory was from the second half of the 5th century BC to AD 3.
Bian Que [2]
In the middle of the century, * * * experienced more than 700 years. In the second half of the 5th century BC, China began to enter the feudal society. The transition from slave society to feudal society and the establishment of feudal system was a turbulent period in the history of China. Social system reform has promoted economic development, and new situations have emerged in the fields of thought, science and culture, including the development of medicine. Doctors generally refer to all people who practice medicine.