Politics: China's early national political system began in Xia Dynasty; Hereditary system of the throne, enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system (the core of patriarchal clan system is the eldest son inheritance system). The hereditary system of the throne and the patriarchal clan system decided the smooth handover of the central government, while the enfeoffment system was the local political system in this period, and the local decentralization was relatively large.
Economy:
1 agriculture
Bronze farm tools appeared in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, but because bronze is precious, it is rarely used in agricultural production, and the use of wooden farm tools is still very common. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, iron farm tools and Niu Geng were widely used in production.
2. Handicraft industry: The handicraft industry represented by bronze casting in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties was monopolized by the government, which was called "government-run handicraft industry". As early as the primitive society, China people had mastered the technology of copper smelting; During the Shang dynasty, people were able to burn primitive porcelain and weave all kinds of silk fabrics with looms. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, ironware appeared; During the Spring and Autumn Period, private handicrafts appeared.
3. Commerce: In Shang Dynasty, commerce developed greatly, and shellfish became a kind of physical currency; During the Western Zhou Dynasty, markets appeared in big cities. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the technology of metal coinage began to be used. At this time, the government's control over commerce was broken, and commerce developed and prospered.
Culture:
1 literature
China's first poetry collection, The Book of Songs, appeared at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, which laid the foundation for the realism of China's classical literature. During the Warring States Period, Qu Yuan created a new genre of Chu Ci on the basis of southern folk songs. During this period, there were also praiseworthy essays in which a hundred schools of thought contended.
2. Science
The western Zhou dynasty invented the astronomical observation method of "standard table shadow measurement"; In the Spring and Autumn Period, the formula of 99 multiplication appeared. At this time, the famous doctor "Yihe" laid the foundation of TCM etiology; Sina was made during the Warring States Period, and Huangdi Neijing was published at this time.
Step 3 paint
Painted pottery paintings dominated in ancient times, and silk paintings dominated in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Second, the Qin and Han Dynasties
1, politics
The Qin dynasty established centralization with the emperor system as the core, and implemented the "county system" in local areas; In the Western Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the autocratic monarchy, the "internal dynasty system" was implemented, and the emperor's cronies served as ministers and participated in the military to weaken the relative power.
2. Economy
(1) Agriculture: The farming method of "Niu Geng with iron plough" continued to develop, and the sowing tool-plough was invented in the Western Han Dynasty.
(2) Handicraft industry: In smelting and casting industry, the technology of blast furnace ironmaking and steel frying was invented in Han Dynasty; In the porcelain industry, mature celadon was fired in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the textile industry, the silk weaving industry in the Western Han Dynasty was developed, in addition to hemp weaving technology.
3. Culture
In the Han Dynasty, Chu Ci prevailed, and writers created a comprehensive Han Fu with half poetry and half literature. There are many kinds of paintings in the Qin and Han Dynasties, including murals, silk paintings, woodcuts, woodcuts, stone reliefs and brick reliefs.
Three. Wei, Jin, southern and northern dynasties
1, politics
During this period, the system of three provinces and six departments began to take shape gradually. First, Shangshu Province holds real power, then Zhongshu Province and Menmen Province. The official selection system in this period is called "Nine Grades System", which refers to the nine grades of talents. "Zhongzheng" is the electoral officer, who is responsible for evaluating the grades of talents.
2. Economy
During this period, the "ploughing, harrowing and retting technology" was formed in the dry land in the north. In the metallurgical industry, the casting steel method was invented in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the porcelain industry, the Northern Dynasties were able to fire mature white porcelain. During the Jin Dynasty, the economic center of China began to move southward gradually, and some cities in the south gradually became the most prosperous metropolis at that time.
3. Culture: Tao Yuanming initiated the pastoral school in the Eastern Jin Dynasty; During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Xie Lingyun initiated the School of Landscape Poetry. During this period, mystery novels were very popular, and Gan Bao's Search for the Gods was its representative. Zu Chongzhi further refined the value of pi and worked out Da Li Ming. Jia Sixie became one of the earliest masterpieces in the world agricultural history-Qi Yao Minshu.
Fourth, Sui and Tang Dynasties
1, politics
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the system of three provinces and six departments was mature. The governors of Shangshu, Zhongshu and Menxia provinces were all prime ministers, and the emperor of the Tang Dynasty strengthened imperial power through decentralization. At the local level, the Tang government set up our time, which caused a serious separatist situation in the late Tang Dynasty. In the system of selecting officials, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished the system of "Nine Grades" and began to adopt the method of "examination" to select officials. When Yang Di, Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty, established the "Jinshi Branch", the imperial examination system was formally formed.
2. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, a "Qu Yuan Plow" appeared in Jiangdong, which can adapt to the cultivation requirements of various soils and different fields; In the Tang Dynasty, a kind of "pipe truck" was used for irrigation. In terms of porcelain making, the Tang Dynasty formed two major porcelain making systems, namely, "southern blue and northern white". In the silk weaving industry, the silk weaving technology in the Tang Dynasty was "light and refined", which absorbed the Persian weaving method and pattern style.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, rural fair trade developed, and cabinets and commercial flying money came out one after another.
3. Culture
In the Tang Dynasty, poetry entered the golden age of development. As another form of poetry, "Ci" also appeared in the Tang Dynasty. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, woodblock printing appeared. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder had been used in the military. Represented by Sun Simiao's prescription, medicine has also made brilliant achievements.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) in Song and Yuan Dynasties
1, politics
At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to avoid repeating the tragedy of the late Tang Dynasty in which the vassal regions were divided and eunuchs frequently intervened, Zhao Kuangyin returned the general's power to the central government, adopted the national policy of worshipping and restraining the military, and implemented the general command system.
2. Economy
(1) Agriculture: After the Song Dynasty, the economic focus of China gradually shifted to Jiangsu and Zhejiang; In the Song Dynasty, there were also high-speed transfer vehicles using hydraulic power as irrigation tools.
3. Culture
The unprecedented revival of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, under the influence of Buddhism and Taoism, produced a new Confucian thought-Neo-Confucianism. Including "Five Scholars of Northern Song Dynasty", Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan. Zhu, a master of Neo-Confucianism, believes that "reason" and "qi" coexist and are inseparable, but there are differences in order. Reason is the source of all things.