First, the settlement base in Tianjin.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, Mongolian cavalry crossed Yinshan Mountain and swept across the north of China. The Jin dynasty, which originally occupied half of Zhao and Song Dynasties, was in jeopardy. 12 13 years, Ren Xun (Du) became Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and immediately sought surrender from Mongolia after he ascended the throne. 12 14 In the spring, Genghis Khan's fighters retreated. Soon, Xun appointed Hong Yan as Commander-in-Chief. The History of Jin records that Zuo's real name was Liang, and he was first the commander-in-chief of Wuqing, and his real name was Li, and he was first the commander-in-chief of Liukou Town. For a long time, taking Zuo Wei as the commander-in-chief, he seized the deputy commander-in-chief and stationed in Zhigu Village. ”。 This ancient branch is located in the narrow triangle on the southeast bank of Sanchakou, that is, the Yuhuangge area on the west side of Tianjin Lion Forest Bridge, sometimes called Xiaozhigu.
The records in the Book of Golden History illustrate many problems, especially the geographical relationship and establishment evolution of Wuqing, Liukou and Zhizhu. This is very important. Wuqing is an ancient Quanzhou (the old city is now Shang Cheng Village, Wuqing County), which has been an important place for water transportation and salt sales since the Han Dynasty. Liukou Town is Yangliuqing, which belongs to Jinghai (Gudongpingshu, now Jinghai County) and has long been a market town. Zhiguyuan belongs to Wuqing and Jinghai counties. Over time, due to the development of economic, political and military situation, its focus shifted to supporting and consolidating. In other words, because Tianjin had risen to a new position at that time, it was the first time to send a commander-in-chief to lead the defense. At the same time, this completely different change shows that zhi gu has become the original settlement in Tianjin today.
Why should Tianjin people's "roots" be rooted in Zhigu?
In recent years, archaeologists have found that during the Warring States period, materials such as double animal-grain or tiger-grain bricks, rope-grain bricks and tile slabs appeared in Jugezhuang, Jinnan District. There are 2.26m* 1.87m semi-crypt houses in Beicang; Today, Jiefang South Road (Darenzhuang) has cultural relics of the Han Dynasty; There are also large-scale Tang Dynasty ruins with rich cultural connotations in Junliangcheng. At the same time, according to the documents of the Song Dynasty, there are also military dikes in Gu Ni, Shuang Gang and Xiaonanhe. There is no doubt that these places may be the earliest places where Tianjin people lived (of course, there may be undiscovered places). But none of them have become the basic point of Tianjin urban area. The reason, of course, is related to the "sea overflow" in the Bohai Sea in the Western Han Dynasty (Han Shu Gou), and more importantly, Zhizhu has unparalleled advantages in geographical location. 1. zhi gu, at the mouth of Sancha River, is the starting point of Haihe River. Haihe River consists of Yun Bei, Yongding, Daqing, Ziya, Nanyun and other rivers, which converge from north, west, north, southwest and south. The classic of Water Margin is called Lu (Gu? ) river tail ",so this place is the throat of inland river and Haikou, with the nature of river port and seaport. Second, the river width in this area is narrow, with an average of 100 m, while the river width below is gradually widened, ranging from 300 m to 400 m in Haikou; The water is not deep, which is convenient for people's activities at that time. 3. Due to the land formation in Tianjin and the Haihe River system, the altitude of Zhigu is between seven and eight meters above sea level in Dagu today, and most areas are only two to four meters high. The dominant position is obviously beneficial to Zhigu as a residential settlement. For nomadic people, it is also the contact hub between the hometown of the Jurchen nationality and the food source. It is also absolutely necessary to set up a garrison, so Shigu has since become a settlement in Tianjin.
In Zhigu, there was only one fishing fort at first. There were only a few fishermen and boatmen in the original residential area, and later some soldiers from Nuzhen and Qidan came, which became the initial population composition of Tianjin.
There are 20 thousand stoves living by the river.
A few months after Hong Yan defended Zhigu village, Mongolian fighters came back like a whirlwind, and the support changed again. The first is the emergence of saltworks. Wang E's "Inscription on the Establishment of Saltworks in Sancha Valley" said: "In the autumn of Wu Jia (1234), the land in Sancha Valley was dry and frost-free, the beach was wide and flat, and brine gushed out." At first, 65,438+08 families, including Gao Hexie, were allowed to set up stoves to cook salt. Soon, there are more and more touts and vendors. After two years' development, two salt ambassadors, Trifork Selling and zhi gu, were established. At that time, salt people appeared in Tianjin. Secondly, after the Yuan Dynasty established the capital (now Beijing), the grain was "all returned to the south of the Yangtze River". (The Nautical Notes of Yuan Su Wei). 1282 attempted to ship more than 46,000 stones by sea, and arrived in Zhigu the next year (lost nearly 4,000 stones). Since then, shipping industry has developed rapidly. After the grain is loaded from Jiangnan, "when the ship arrives at Zhigu, it will be dispatched by the water transport officer" (Yuan Gong Shitai's "Playing Fast"). Therefore, the "zhi gu Maritime Rice Warehouse" was established, and the "Linqing Yu He Grain Transportation Institute" and "Storage Hall" were successively established in zhi gu at the corner of Haihe River to manage storage and transportation. By 1329, it has reached more than 3.5 million stones. Soon, two "Tian Fei Lingci Palace" were established in zhi gu and zhi gu, both of which were related to shipping. This directly promoted the prosperity of Tianjin, as Wang Yuan Maude said: "Wu Dong turned to the sea to export japonica rice, and thousands of ships gathered overnight." (Shiga). Shipping also promoted maritime trade, including "Wu people went to Yanji last year" in the north (a trip to zhi gu by Zhen Cheng). It extended the urban area of Tianjin from the corner of Sanchakou to zhi gu, passed Majiakou, Sanchakou and Houjia, and reached the wharf to the west, which was the basic condition for the narrow development of Tianjin coastal rivers at that time. When talking about the atmosphere of Tianjin in Ming Dynasty, Wang Lai once said that "ten thousand stoves live along the river" (see "Mao Gong goes to miss the monument"), which is a good description. In order to defend the lifeline of shipping and control the estuaries of various rivers, the Yuan Dynasty also set up the "Chu family troops guarding Haikou Tun" in zhi gu on 1209, and sent troops to guard Tun. The anchorage in 13 16 was changed to Haijin Town. 1349, a town hall was established here. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, an important official who knew the Privy Council was also sent to buy and guard Haijin Town.
The characteristic of Zhigu-Haijin Town is the economic and political development, which makes the population of Tianjin "live for a long time". Half of Wu Ge "(Fu Yuan Ruojin's" Zhi Gu Kou "). Naturally, these people who are engaged in salt, water, coastal defense and river defense have to rely on and live along the Haihe River.
Sanjibei mingchenghe road wharf
In the second year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1404), Fangcheng was built, with a circumference of nine miles and two minutes, located in the southwest of former zhi gu. However, this change in urban planning has not affected the characteristics of development along the Yangtze River. On the contrary, due to the economic function of Tianjin Acropolis, the areas along the river, mainly the west bank, are more prosperous and extend to the upper and lower reaches of Haihe River. At first, Tianjin Wei's offices were mostly located in the city, such as the west side of the south gate, the left-back behind the east gate and the right-back behind Huangsan Temple. Other departments also live in the city as "Wendong Wuxi". This is only the center of political rule, and the center of economy is not in the city. Even ordinary residents, as recorded by predecessors, mostly do not live in cities. There are even five large puddles in the city for a long time, because the main function of Tianjinwei is water transportation.
"Ming History" records: "In the first year of Yongle (1403), Chen Xuan was ordered to be the governor and governor, transporting more than 490,000 stones of grain ... so he built a million warehouses in Zhigu". Since then, the number of grain shipments has increased repeatedly, and warehouses have been set up repeatedly. However, due to repeated difficulties and losses in shipping, the Ming court actively dredged the Grand Canal from1415, making the north-south waterway from Hangzhou, Zhejiang to Tianjin and Tong Tong unblocked. Since 1487, the grain transported through Tianjin every year is about 4 million stones. Reed salt was also transported from Tianjinwei to the Central Plains. The navigation of the Grand Canal has also promoted the rapid development of goods, materials and trade. "Tianjin Wei Zhi" said: "There are old miscellaneous grain shops along the river in the northwest of the city, and merchants sell millions of grains, which are funded by Beijing and Tong Tong." The Ming court also promised that oil tankers would carry 20% of the goods, making it convenient for businessmen to sell goods in the south. For a time, the Department Store Times Past (History of the Ming Dynasty, Records of Food Goods) was buzzing around the South Canal (outside the North Gate). People are like clouds; Become the bustling center of Tianjin at that time. However, due to the suspension of shipping and the eastward development of coastal rivers, the incense of "Lingci Palace in Tian Fei" in zhi gu was gradually replaced by "Tianfei Palace" outside the east gate (changed to "Tianhou Palace" in the early Qing Dynasty). During the Hongzhi period of Ming Dynasty (1488-1505), there were ten episodes and one city in Tianjin, five episodes in the city gradually declined, and five episodes on the riverside outside the east gate and north gate, but the transaction was very prosperous. Among them, Yongfeng is located in Zhangguantun, West Dawanzi, South Canal. Due to the development of coastal economy and active market trade, the place name was renamed Yongfengtun.
Until the Qing Dynasty, Tianjin's economic activities were carried out along the west bank of the river and its vicinity. Guodian Street, Appraisal Street, Shenzhen Street, Chaokou (Beidaguan), Gangdian Street, Chadiankou, Roushikou, Liangdian Street, Zuodian Street, Fish Market and Donkey Market, where commercial guilds are concentrated, are all on this line. Merchants from Fujian and Guangdong brought in foreign goods, and two foreign goods streets appeared, both of which were naturally along the river outside the east and north gates. Away from the river, although it is a battleground for military strategists, it is still desolate and quiet. "Jinnan is low-lying, with forests in summer and autumn, and Wang Yang is desperate." The poem of Cha Lun. Outside the west gate is a grave. Therefore, from Gongnan and Gongbei to Matou East Street (Identification Street), all the way above, but see "the altar of pearls and jade comes to the Bohai Sea, flowers and birds around the Weihe River (South Canal); Merchants compete for salt, and actresses compete for banquet songs "(Xu Cui's" Reading Tang Poetry and Grass, Golden Gate "). After home is the famous "selling gold cans". From the Yuan and Ming Dynasties to the late Qing Dynasty, a remarkable phenomenon of Tianjin's urban development along the Yangtze River was that it mainly developed along the west bank. In the past, the bank of Hedong (not in today's Hedong District, separated by the east gate and a river) was Wei Tian in the Ming Dynasty, and after Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, it was "a mountain pile by the sea, and Hedong was full of salt for several miles." The activities of the salt industry department and salt merchants are still in the West Bank. Hebei (including today's Hebei District and Hongqiao District on the east bank of Hebei Province) is the two major caves in the east and west, and the caves were still barren in the early years of Guangxu. "("History of Tianjin Political Customs ") Hebei Street was slightly prosperous in the Qing Dynasty, but it was only a community serving the" River Road Business ". This is a feature of the development along the Yangtze River in Tianjin.
High pillow Haihe duck on the first floor of Siyi
After 1860, according to the Beijing Treaty, Tianjin was forcibly divided into British, French, American and Japanese concessions by imperialist countries. 1900 After the invasion of Eight-Nation Alliance, together with Russian, Belgian, Austrian and Italian concessions, the original concessions were expanded again and again, and Tianjin became a typical semi-feudal and semi-colonial city. Imperialism, like feudalism, does not consider the proper and reasonable development of Tianjin urban area at all. They invaded from the sea, just trying to use Tianjin as the bridgehead of aggression and lead merchant ships and warships to Tianjin. So I took a fancy to Zhakou, Majiakou, Zizhulin, Xinghua Village, Liangjiayuan, Yan Shuo, Laolongtou, Zhigu and Dongan on the west bank of Haihe River. In the fifth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1866), Tianjin people once published "Exposing Bones", accusing them of "building a building along the river, pulling up the flag and shooting a gun to be brave" (Progress Daily, May 9 1952). Seen from below Tianjin City, the Haihe River coast has almost become an imperialist foreign firm, warehouse and wharf. "There are buildings everywhere, and it has almost become a foreign market" (New Records of Tianjin County Records). The imperialist aggression made the coastal rivers of Tianjin city narrower; If the west coast is not crowded, they will seize the east coast, and they will also expand their power along the river. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, Tianjin poet Mei Chengdong wrote a poem "The scenery of Majiakou to the south": "The city is far cold and the vegetable fields are uneven; Sanqiu's "reed flocks, bright flowers" are nothing but a cold water, vegetable fields, reed ponds and decaying willows. Only 80 years later, this area has become "streets are wide and flat, houses are neat", "pedestrians and ants gather in bee sheds, and goods pile up like mountains", "wires are connected into cobwebs, and street lamps are like stars" (Tianjin Miscellanies). The physical appearance of the urban area has changed too much! In order to adapt to this situation, in 1882, the first official road in Tianjin was built because of the "pontoon bridge descending from Tianjin outer courtyard (starting point of Haihe River) along the main road of Zizhulin". 1888, Tianjin-Tangshan railway was completed. The railway station was originally located in Wangdaozhuang, and was later built near the old railway bridge leading to the concession (1927, the "World Bridge" was built, which is now jiefang bridge). 1892, and the site was changed to Laolongtou. The newly-built roads and stations are near the Haihe River. This attracts the center of gravity of economic activities and moves significantly from north to south along the river. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance destroyed most of the urban areas of Tianjin and demolished the city walls. Gongnan, Gongbei Street, Guodian Street and Juyi Street along the South Canal are scorched earth (see Liu Mengyang's Chronicle of Tianjin Boxing Bandits Accidents). The change is bigger and deeper! "The south gate looks desolate, with plenty of water. Since Gengzi, foreigners have rented land from the southeast corner and the east bank of Haihe River. Gelou Restaurant is in the wrong place. " (History of Tianjin Political Customs) The economic prosperity of Houjia and Daguan Riverside plummeted; And moved to the heather area bordering the concession. 1903, Yuan Shikai built a new railway station (now North Station) and Jingangqiao in Hebei, and opened up a new urban area of Dajing Road in an attempt to run Beiyang Nest, but he could not compete with the economic center established by imperialism along the river. In the 1920s, the National Hotel (1923), Zhejiang Industrial Bank (1925), Quanyechang (1927) and Zhonghui Hotel (1928) were successively built in Tianzengli, a French concession, forming a large commercial building, Tianjin.
Five twisted "non-"shaped built-up areas
To sum up, we can see the historical characteristics of the formation and change of Tianjin urban area-the development along the Yangtze River is determined by the economy (salt industry, water transportation, fishery, foreign trade, etc.). ) and politics (garrison, health construction, etc. ) the reasons of various historical periods. The infinite development of the urban area along the river makes the street layout of Tianjin's built-up area basically look like a distorted "non-"shape: Haihe River in the middle; The north-south roads are long and wide, and the east-west roads are mostly short and narrow streets. If you want to go from North Station to Chentangzhuang Industrial Zone at the south end of the city, it is far away, but convenient; However, it will be much more difficult to get from the newly opened Guozhuangzi Street in Hedong to Xiaoxiguan in the west, although the straight-line journey is not longer than the former! This urban construction layout formed by long-term feudal imperialist rule is very unfavorable to building a socialist modern industrial city, transportation and people's lives.