History review outline for grade seven.
Unit 1: The Origin of China Civilization-Primitive Society (Stone Age)
First, the origin of mankind
1. The time when humans appeared on the earth was about 3 million years ago.
2./kloc-At the beginning of 0/9th century, scientists proposed that human beings evolved from apes.
3. In the evolution from ape to human, labor played a decisive role.
Second, ancient humans in China
1, China has the largest number of early human fossils and sites in the world.
2. Primitive social period
(1) Yuanmou Man (Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province-Yangtze River Valley) lived 1.7 million years ago and was the earliest known human being in China. Use stone tools and natural fire.
(2) Beijingers (Gulong Mountain, Zhoukoudian, Beijing-Yellow River Valley) lived 700,000-200,000 years ago, and they can walk upright, with upper limbs similar to those of modern people, and their heads still retain the characteristics of apes. By using stone tools and cutting sticks, dozens of people live together, share food together, use natural fire and have simple language.
(3) Neanderthals lived 18000 years ago. He used stone tools, mastered the grinding and drilling technology, made the world's earliest sewing tool-bone needle, and knew how to make fire by hand.
3, clan commune period
The living conditions of crops planted with production tools in primitive human living areas
matriarchy
Watanabe
6000
Many years ago, stone tools and bones were ground into rice barns in the Yellow River valley to make black pottery (engraved with pig patterns) and raise pigs, dogs and buffaloes. Stable life
Banpo people
5,000 years ago, stone millet and vegetables were ground into semi-caves in the Yangtze River valley to make painted pottery (pottery pots with fish patterns on the surface).
Raising cattle, horses, sheep and chickens; Textile linen, sew clothes, settle down and live.
Tribal alliance
Emperor Yan (paternal clan)
Yellow Emperor
Chiyou
(4,000 years ago)
Yellow river
Valley 1, Yan Di is the founder of primitive agriculture; Huangdi is the ancestor of mankind; Chiyou is the leader of Jiuli nationality.
2. The Yellow Emperor and Yan Di formed a tribal alliance and defeated the Chiyou tribe in the battle of Zhuolu.
3. The Yellow Emperor and Yan Di formed an alliance and joined some Jiuli people. They became the main residents of the Central Plains and formed the Chinese nation through long-term development. Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor are revered as the ancestors of the Chinese nation.
4. At the end of primitive society, the method of public recommendation and leader abdication was called abdication system.
Clan: in primitive times, a relatively fixed production and living collective formed according to blood relationship. Hemudu site and Banpo site belong to clan village sites. The characteristics of the clan are: land, houses, etc. They are all owned by clans. Everyone works and consumes together, and there is no distinction between rich and poor.
Unit 2 The Emergence of the State and Social Transformation-Slave Society (Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties-Bronze Age)
I. Xia Dynasty
Founded in 2070 BC.
Founder: Yu
Capital: Yangcheng (now Dengfeng, Henan)
Meaning: It marks the birth of the country.
System: the hereditary system of the throne (replacing the abdication system, "the public world" has become "the family world". Marked the birth of slave society)
Death: The Last King and Tyrant-Jay. (Painting by rider Shi Zhuan)
Second, Shang Dynasty (Yin Dynasty)
Establishment time: 65438 BC+0600 BC
Founder: Tang
Capital: Bo (now Shangqiu, Henan)
Zhongxing: In 0/300 BC, Pan Geng moved to Yin (now Anyang, Henan).
Death: The Last King and Tyrant of Shang Dynasty —— Zhou (Wine Pool and Meat Forest)
Three. Western Zhou Dynasty
Establishment time: 65438 BC+0046 BC
Founder: Zhou Wuwang
Capital: Haojing (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi)
Famous Battle: Battle of Mu Ye.
Objective: To strengthen the rule over vast areas of the country.
The object of the enfeoffment system: the royal family, heroes and descendants of the old aristocracy.
Feudal governors: Wei, Qi, Lu, Jin, Song and Yan.
1, which consolidated the rule of the former Shang Dynasty;
Functions of the system: 2. Expand the scope of rule;
It has accelerated the development of national economy.
Definition: It is stipulated in the Western Zhou Dynasty that only the eldest son born by his wife is the son of the Emperor, a vassal and a great doctor.
Only the eldest son inheritance system is eligible for inheritance.
Function: To ensure the smooth succession of the ruling power of the royal family and nobles, which is conducive to social stability.
Destruction: In 77 1 year, (the warlord of the bonfire play) and the dog Rong broke through Haojing.
Four. Eastern Zhou Dynasty (Spring and Autumn Period: 770-476 BC, Warring States Period: 475-22 BC1year)
Founded in 770 BC.
Founder: Zhou Pingwang
Capital: Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan)
1, Zhou lost the power;
Reason: 2. In order to obtain the political and economic privileges enjoyed by the emperors of the previous Zhou Dynasty, the governors fought with strength to achieve their goals (essence).
Logo: before 65 1 year, Meng (represented by Zhou).
The reason for Qi Huangong's first hegemony is: 1. Qi is a rich eastern country, rich in fishing salt;
2. Appoint Guan Zhong as Prime Minister, reform internal affairs, develop production and enhance national strength;
Spring and Autumn Hegemony III. The idea of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries" gained political advantage.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Five Overlords fought in Chengpu, Jin Wengong-"Retreating Three Houses"
Chu Zhuangwang won the Central Plains.
Wu Wang and the donkey.
Gou Jian, the king of Yue, lived together for ten years and learned from the scriptures for ten years.
1, the annexation war reduced the number of countries;
Impact: 2. Promote inter-ethnic exchanges and integration.
3. Accelerate the alternation of old and new systems.
[Note: Because the Eastern Zhou and Warring States Period was the beginning of feudal society, it is not in this unit]
Verb (abbreviation of verb) technology and culture
Definition: the words carved on the bones of tortoise shells unearthed in Yin Ruins.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions value: 1. Understand the history of business.
Writing II. China's literary history began in Shang Dynasty.
Definition of Bronze Inscription: In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the words carved on bronze were also called Zhong Dingwen.
Value: precious materials for studying the history of Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
Bronze craft: development process: emergence and development in Xia and Shang dynasties; It flourished from the late Shang Dynasty to the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Masterpiece: Musi Wuding (the largest bronze ware) Siyang Fangzun
Production tools: 1, Niu Geng and iron farm tools have been used in the Spring and Autumn Period;
2. Niu Geng and iron farm tools were popularized in the Warring States Period, and the Warring States Period began to enter the Iron Age, with the appearance of double cattle traction.
Dujiangyan: Moderator: Li Bing and his son
Science and Technology Location: The Minjiang River in the northwest of Chengdu
Functions: flood control, irrigation and transportation.
Architecture: Luban "the founder of civil construction craftsmen"
Medicine: Bian Que —— "Four Diagnoses" (inspection, smell, questioning and pulse)
Bronze technology: (see above)
The Book of Songs: The First Collection of Poetry
Literature Spring and Autumn Annals: The First Chronological History Book
Qu Yuan-Chu Ci-Li Sao "It's a long way to go, but it's a long way to go in Xiu Yuan, so I will go up and down.".
1, the less fun in time is very beautiful;
Music II. The music education system was formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Article 3 Bell and drum music prevailed in the Warring States Period. (A complete set of chimes unearthed in Suixian County, Hubei Province)
Painting "The Woman's Phoenix Bird" and "The Dragon's Dragon" (the earliest silk painting in China)
Lu Sheng was the founder of Confucianism in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Advocacy: people love each other and oppose tyranny, and the core idea is "benevolence"
Submission: 1. Advocating "benevolence" in political thought.
Confucius 2, in terms of culture: ① Organize and edit The Book of Songs; (2) Writing Spring and Autumn Annals; ③ His words and deeds were compiled into The Analects by disciples.
3. In education: ① setting up private schools to recruit disciples; ② I have accumulated a lot of educational methods and experiences, which are still worth learning and using for reference today.
Time: Warring States Period
The cause of thought: the result of rapid social change.
The representative of the school argued that
Confucian Mencius 1, the people are noble and the monarch is light; 2. Advocating benevolent governance; 3. Oppose the war of annexation.
Mohist Mozi 1 demands that people love and benefit each other and oppose unjust wars;
Hundred schools of thought contend; 2. Advocate the selection of talents; 3. Promote thrift
Taoist Zhuangzi 1, despising the powerful; 2. People can't conquer nature and live a happy life.
Legalists Han Fei 1 advocated social reform and concentrated power on the monarch.
2. Rule of law
Military strategist Sun Bin 1 emphasized the importance of preparation before the war.
Unit 3 the establishment of a unified country-the formation period of feudal society (warring States period-Han dynasty)
First, the beginning of feudal society-the Warring States period
Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han.
Key battle: 1, the battle of Maling (Weiqi)-increasing troops and reducing stoves
2. The battle of Changping (Chyi Chin)-an armchair strategist.
Reason: 1, the need of feudal economic development (the emerging landlord class is becoming stronger and stronger);
2. The realistic pressure of countries competing for hegemony.
Objective: To enrich Qiang Bing.
Reform content: 1. Recognize private ownership of land and allow free transactions;
2. Reward farming;
Shang Yang Reform: 3. Implement the county system.
The effect of the political reform: 1, abolished the old system, promoted agricultural production, improved the combat effectiveness of the army, and made Qin the most prosperous vassal state at the end of the Warring States period; 2. Lay the foundation for the unification of Qin State.
Reasons for the success of the reform: 1, conforming to the historical development trend; 2. There is a certain social foundation, and the emerging landlord class supports political reform; 3, the reform measures are appropriate, the content is appropriate, and more thorough; 4. Get the support of Qin.
Second, a unified country-Qin Dynasty was established.
Time of establishment: 22 BC1year.
Founder: Ying Zheng, King Qin.
The Capital of Qin Dynasty: Xianyang
The significance of Qin's unification: 1, which ended the separatist regime in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and created the first unification situation in China's history; 2. Qin is the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China.
Politics: establish a complete set of absolute monarchy system in centralization. (1) The ruler calls himself the emperor; (2) The central government has set up "three publics" (prime minister-administrative officer, Qiu-military officer, imperial doctor-supervisory officer).
(3) the local county system. Central and local officials are appointed and removed by the emperor. Produce for future generations
Qin consolidated its far-reaching influence.
Unified economy: unified currency, unified measurement, cars on the same track. Measures to promote regional economic exchanges and consolidate national unity.
Cultural aspect: unified writing. It promoted the cultural exchange and dissemination in various regions and promoted the adoption of government decrees.
Ideological aspect: burning books and burying Confucianism. Although it helps to unify thoughts, it imprisons people's thoughts and causes great losses to China's ancient ideology and culture.
Ethnic relations: attack the Xiongnu in the north to build the Great Wall (Meng Tian and Qin Changcheng start from Lintao in the west and Liaodong in the east), and March north to dig Lingqu. Expand territory, stabilize borders and consolidate unity.
The reasons for its demise: the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty ① harsh criminal law; (2) taxes and corvee heavy (3) Qin Ershi's rule is more cruel.
Qin Qin's demise: 1, Chen Sheng and Guangwu Daze Township Uprising: In 209 BC, the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China-Uprising.
2. In 207 BC, Xiang Yu defeated Qin Jun's main force-cross the rubicon in the Battle of Julu.
In 206 BC, Liu Bang captured Xianyang and the Qin Dynasty perished.
Third, the Han Dynasty
Founded in 202 BC.
Founder of Han Dynasty: Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang
Capital: Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi)
Politically: 1. In the early Han Dynasty, the rulers adopted the policy of recuperation, and the social order gradually stabilized and the economy recovered.
2. Emperor Han Jing put down the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" and strengthened his control over the kingdom.
3. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued a "decree of pushing favors" to cut off the title of marquis and ease the problem of the kingdom.
Ideological aspect: 1. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, "governing by doing nothing" (Taoism) was practiced.
2. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty "ousted hundreds of schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", which established the dominant position of Confucianism in China ancient Han Dynasty.
Ethnic relations in Great Unity: 1. In the early Han dynasty, the system of "closeness" was adopted.
2. Emperor Wudi sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to fight Mobei, which relieved the Xiongnu's threat to the north.
3. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice. (In the Han Dynasty, people called today's Xinjiang region, west of Yumenguan and Yangguan, east of Congling, south of Balkhash Lake and north and south of Tianshan Mountain, the Western Regions. )
4. In 60 BC, the capital of the Western Regions was established. This is the beginning of Xinjiang's belonging to the central government.
Foreign exchange: 1, the opening of the Silk Road in the Western Han Dynasty. Promote economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.
2. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, in 97 AD, Ban Chao sent Gan Ying to Daqin and arrived in the Persian Gulf.
3. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, in A.D. 166, the Andun Dynasty of Daqin sent envoys to China by sea, which was the earliest record of direct contact between European countries and China.
Fourth, the science and technology culture of Qin and Han Dynasties.
1, papermaking was invented in the Western Han Dynasty. (hemp paper)
Paper making II. Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. (plant fiber paper)
3. Significance: It plays an inestimable role in the spread and development of human culture.
The science and technology Nine Chapters Arithmetic was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was the most advanced applied mathematics in the world at that time.
The seismograph was invented by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it is the earliest instrument to determine earthquake orientation in the world.
Medicine: 1, the "sage of medicine" in the Eastern Han Dynasty —— Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases
2. Hua Tuo Sanhe was the earliest general anesthesia surgeon and originator in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Buddhism 1. Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to the Central Plains in the late Western Han Dynasty.
Religion II. Baima Temple in Luoyang is the earliest temple in China.
Taoism, which arose in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is a local religion in China, with Laozi as its leader.
Author: Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty
Content of cultural historical records: It records the history of more than 3,000 years from Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty.
Significance: The first biography is a general history. "Li Sao has no rhyme, and historians sing a swan song."
Art Sculpture The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum are the largest art treasures unearthed in the world so far.
Silk Painting of Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha
Unit 4 Political Separation and Ethnic Integration (The Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties)
I. Three Kingdoms
Formation process: 1, in 200 AD, in the battle of Guandu, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao with fewer victories and unified the north.
2. In Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD, the combined forces of Sun and Liu defeated Cao Cao with fewer victories, which laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.
3. Wei, Shu and Wu were established one after another, and the three pillars were formally formed.
Reason: 1, the economic and military forces of Wei, Shu and Wu are in a state of balance (the fundamental reason).
2. Battle of Red Cliffs, Sun and Liu defeated Cao Cao, which made Cao Cao afraid to go south easily (direct reason).
Meaning: 1 Realized the local unification in the respective ruling areas of the three countries, and prepared the conditions for the later great reunification;
2. The rulers of the three countries attach importance to the development of production in their respective regions. The tripartite confrontation between the three countries is a kind of progress.
Two. Schematic diagram of the political situation in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties (textbook P 108)
Third, ethnic exchanges.
Time: Western Jin Dynasty
Ethnic groups who migrated from Wuhu to China: Xiongnu, Xianbei, Anta, Di and Qiang.
Influence: ① Most of the nationalities who moved in respected the Han civilization; (2) The cultural customs of the various nationalities who moved in also had an impact on the Han nationality; ③ The production technology and economy of all ethnic groups influence each other.
Objective: To get rid of backward customs, absorb advanced culture of Han nationality and consolidate the rule of Northern Wei Dynasty.
Time: 439 years
Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the official salary system and severely punished corruption.
(Tuoba Hong) Reform Content Promulgates Equal Field System
Move the capital to Luoyang
Get rid of the old habits of Xianbei and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality
Significance: Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty is conducive to the recovery and development of the northern economy, promoting the progress of the northern nationalities and accelerating the process of national integration.
Time: Sixteen Countries in the Late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Late Western Jin Dynasty
Reason: 1, avoiding war; 2. Influenced by the migration of northern minorities.
Characteristics of northward migration: 1, with a long time; 2. Spontaneity; 3. Large scale and large number of people; 4. The southward migration areas are concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
Impact: 1. Increase the labor force in the south and spread advanced production tools, production technology and experience.
2. Promote the southward migration of northern crops. 3. Cause changes in social life in the south.
Fourth, science and technology culture.
For the first time in the world, Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties made Pi accurate to 7 decimal places.
The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty is the first complete agricultural science and technology work in China.
Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics in the Northern Wei Dynasty is an important comprehensive geographical work in ancient China.
Preface to Lanting by Wang Xizhi, the "Book Sage" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Cultural paintings: Gu Kaizhi's "The History of Women" and "The Map of Luoshen in the Eastern Jin Dynasty".
Northern Dynasties carved Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes.