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Qin Huang: Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, and was called "one emperor through the ages". Among these emperors, Qin Shihuang made the greatest contribution to the unification of China. /kloc-succeeded to the throne at the age of 0/3, and took charge of the state affairs at the age of 22. Then 17 destroyed the six countries and unified the whole country, ending the division of the Warring States for more than 200 years and establishing the first unified dynasty in the history of China. Unified currency, weights and measures, writing, etc. , had a far-reaching impact on later generations.
However, in his later years, Qin Shihuang believed in the technique of Huang Lao and wasted a lot of manpower and material resources for the pursuit of immortality. He built Lishan Mausoleum, and used nearly 800,000 migrant workers before and after, which caused a heavy burden to the people and aroused public resentment. This was also an important source of peasant uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty and the biggest stain of the first emperor. Later generations also gave him mixed comments.
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Hanwu: Liu Che, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, was a clever man. Under his leadership, the Han Dynasty reached its peak. He put Confucianism in a very high position, and "ousting a hundred schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism alone" became the main vein of China's traditional culture for the next two thousand years. He rationally distributed social wealth, opened up the Silk Road and opened up a trade channel across Asia and Europe. Liu Che devoted his whole life to fighting against the Huns, and appointed Wei Qing and Huo Qubing as generals successively, which completely relieved the threat of the Huns to the Han Dynasty and preserved the dignity of the Huns.
However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was overjoyed and fought for years, which also brought great burden to the people. In his later years, facing the decline of national strength, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued the first imperial edict aimed at himself in the history of China. In addition, he also trusted his favorite Jiang Chong, creating a curse of witchcraft. Hundreds of thousands of people, including Liu Yuxin, have been implicated, which is also his biggest stain!
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Tang Zong: What makes Li Shimin worse is that he destroyed dozens of countries such as East Turkistan, Gaochang, Biyantuo, Uighur, Gaochang, Yanqi, Qiuci, Tuguhun, etc. Without leaving a bad name, he was honored as "Tiankhan". Economically, the system of land equalization and rent adjustment was implemented, and politically, three provinces and six departments were reformed. After sharing weal and woe with the people for more than 20 years, it has created such a prosperous era of Zhenguan rule.
There are two biggest stains on Li Shimin: one is that the Xuanwumen rebellion killed his brother and forced his father to abdicate; The second is to tamper with history, which is recorded in the book "Learning from the Same Resources": As the saying goes, "My mind is different from my previous life. The emperor wanted to see the history of the country and know the sins of the day before yesterday. It's hindsight, and the public can write it a second time. " It means that I am much better than those enchanting emperors of the previous dynasties. I read history books to learn history, so everyone knows what happened afterwards.
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Song Zu: Zhao Kuangyin put an end to troubled times, got rid of malpractices, reformed the imperial examination, developed the economy, attached importance to agriculture and mulberry, reduced taxes on corvees, and pushed the Song Dynasty to unprecedented prosperity. So that this country has the famous "Stegosaurus Law" in history. It is said that the GDP of Song Dynasty once reached 80% of the world. Therefore, Zhao Kuangyin and Song Taizu are rare good emperors in the history of China!
Zhao Kuangyin's greatest injury was his improper position, which failed his good brothers Chai Rong, Zhou Shizong and Zhao Kuangyin to attach importance to martial arts, and made the whole Song Dynasty suffer from foreigners. Who is the only untainted emperor in history? This is the post-Zhou Shizong Chai Rong betrayed by his good brother Zhao Kuangyin.
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Chai Rong, the emperor of the late Zhou Dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, was born in a famous local family in Yaoshan, Xingzhou, and his family background declined. He left home and went to his aunt, Chai, who married Guo Wei, the founder of the Hou Zhou regime. Chai Rong was deeply loved by Guo Wei, so he took him as his adopted son and went to war with Guo Wei. In 950, the reign of the Later Han Dynasty lasted for three years, Guo Wei staged a coup in the name of the Qing Dynasty to crusade against the establishment of the Later Zhou Dynasty. In the first year of Xiande (954), Wei died and Chai Rong acceded to the throne.
Chai Rong has almost no shortcomings. This needs to be divided into two parts:
1. As a national monarch, he came from the bottom of society, tasted the ups and downs of the bottom of society, and was very familiar with the sufferings of people's livelihood. Therefore, after he acceded to the throne, he vigorously promoted reform, improved people's livelihood and enhanced national strength. Only the prosperous emperor can adopt the policy of rejuvenating the country and benefiting the people, which mainly includes rectifying bureaucracy, rectifying discipline, reducing or exempting taxes, emphasizing meritocracy, and employing people in an eclectic way. It is very important for the people of the war-torn Central Plains to recuperate in Chai Rong.
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2. As an individual, Chai Rong lived in troubled times, without cruelty and tyranny, persevered and went forward, quickly grasped centralization and basically pacified the north. It can also be said that Zhao Kuangyin of later generations stood above Chai Rong's martial arts, and basically won the world as easy as blowing off dust, drawing the world!
The most controversial point in Chai Rong is probably the "extinction of Buddha". The case of "three wonders and one destruction of Buddha" in history is Chai Rong in post-Zhou Shizong. In the second year of Chai Rong's accession to the throne, he announced the implementation of the campaign to destroy Buddhism, stipulating that all monasteries should be stopped except for key protection; Private monks and nuns are forbidden, monks and nuns are forbidden to lay down their lives, and it is forbidden to destroy bronze Buddha statues and cast money; At the same time, the conditions of monks are strictly restricted; There are only more than 200 temples in China, and more than 60 thousand monks are secularized, which makes the ruling and opposition parties talk about it.
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Why did Chai Rong attack Buddhism? Buddhism was overindulged at that time, which caused the temple economy to seriously interfere with the state's fiscal and taxation, military personnel establishment, and even shamanism was unhealthy, * * * society, encroaching on state finances and hiding military personnel. Moreover, Chai Rong's move is not to destroy Buddhism, but to make Buddhism clean, so that monks can actively recite scriptures and practice, so that many people will no longer be confused and Buddhism will be rectified and developed.
The emperor that Sima Guang admired most in his life was Chai Rong. He praised Chai Rong for "ordering his ministers to take responsibility for the world with righteousness" and said that "a big country fears its strength, while a small country cherishes its virtue", which truly achieved "impartiality, impartiality and kingliness". Song Shenzong Zhao Yong said: "Sejong, who is sincere in starting a business and making contributions, is also a British master." Sima Guang said, "If you were Zhou Shizong, you would be kind! Love people, not their bodies; If it's Zhou Shizong, that's clear! It's not useless. " Praise is incomparable.
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As recorded in the History of the New Five Dynasties, Chai Rong once said: "Ten years to open the world, ten years to raise the people and ten years to be peaceful is enough for me." Chai Rong is capable and ambitious, but there are always too many regrets in history. The talented monarch died young after only five years and six months in office. Otherwise, what about the world, history and Zhao Kuangyin?
This article comes from WeChat official account: historical explosion reading.