Ju 52/ 1m originally planned to use 1 0,000 horsepower engine, but German aviation industry could not provide it, so it could only use the 7 15 horsepower BMW VII engine with the largest horsepower in Germany at that time. On September 3rd, 1930, Wilhelm Zimmermann, a pilot of Junk Company, successfully piloted the prototype JU52/1m. The next thing went well. 1June, 930, 65438+February, Ju 52/ 1m obtained the certificate of German Aviation Research Institute, and the first batch of 12 aircraft began trial production in the same year.
193 1 in February, 2002, the prototype of Ju 52/ 1m was exhibited for the first time in Tempelhof, a suburb of Berlin. 193 1 June, the prototype was transported to Germany's fulaco air freight company to start running tests. The test results show that Ju 52/ 1m can still carry 2 tons of cargo and fly 1 1,500 kilometers in a record, despite the lack of horsepower.
After the test, the plane returned to Yongke. 193 1 in July, the second prototype of Ju 52/ 1m was converted into a seaplane after being installed upright. /kloc-In July of 0/7, zimmermann drove and taxied out of the Elbe River.
Although Fulaco's report is encouraging, the sales situation of Ju 52/ 1m is not optimistic. Only one Ju 52/ 1m was sold to Canada. So after the production of the first batch of the seventh Ju 52/ 1m was completed, Junker decided to stop the subsequent production of Ju 52/1m. Some of the remaining Ju 52/ 1m were bought by the German military and used as target tractors for anti-aircraft gun training.
Like other Junk aircraft in the 1920s and 1930s, the founders of Junk Company, hugo junkers and Sindo, also tried to develop the military model of JU52/1M. As early as 1930 and 165438+ 10, Junk Company showed the Ju 52/ 1m prototype to the German military, but the military was not interested in this cargo plane. Neither Hugo Yong Ke nor Sindo was discouraged. One of the trial-produced Ju 52/ 1m (No.c/n 4004) flew to Marmo Aviation Factory in Leham, Sweden, and was converted into a torpedo bomber with the number SE-ADM and the code name K45c. The modified K45c flew back to Germany and immediately conducted a torpedo dropping test. But in the end, the German military did not use this kind of aircraft. Like other Ju 52/ 1m, this K45c was purchased by dienst Airlines for military target towing training. After that, Ju 52/ 1 m has no other military modification. Hugo Juncker and Sindo finally realized that there was insufficient demand for cargo planes in the air cargo market, so they decided to develop the Ju 52 passenger plane. In order to be more safe and reliable, they decided to change Ju 52 into Sanmao style.
In fact, in April of 193 1 year, Yongke Company began to study three styles of Giant 52. The results show that adding two engines to the wing of Ju 52/ 1m can greatly improve the overall performance of the aircraft. The cabin size of Ju 52 passenger plane is 6.35x1.65x1.90m.. Passengers can easily get in and out of the cabin through the hatch on the left side of the fuselage, and a row of square portholes are added on both sides of the fuselage.
1932, a three-engine Ju 52/3m ce passenger plane prototype modified with the seventh Ju 52/ 1m fuselage came out. This prototype uses the Pratt & Whitney "Bumblebee" star piston engine made in the United States, with a single power of 550 HP. The engine of the prototype is not equipped with a fairing, and the cylinder is directly exposed to the air, which looks rough. On March 7th, Sanmao monster boomed into the sky.
Luck changed, and Ju 52/3m was very successful from the beginning. Lloyd Aviation Laboratory in Bolivia was very interested in this three-engine passenger plane, and immediately ordered two Ju 52/3m, which was the first order of Ju 52/3m. Orders from Finland, Romania and Sweden poured in after orders from aviation laboratories. Among them, the special plane ordered by FAI (Federation Aeronautica International E) for FAI President may be the first specially customized VIP plane with high comfort in the world.
At this time, the stagnant Ju 52/ 1m machine body on the production line has also been reborn, and the No.8 machine of Ju 52/ 1m has been changed to 12 machine, thus avoiding waste. The model of Ju 52/3m that started mass production is JU 52/3GE. It uses three BMW 132A- 1 engines (Pratt & Whitney "Bumblebee" engines produced under license). The power of each engine is increased to 660 horsepower, which can carry passengers 17, the maximum level flying speed is 250 km/h, and the maximum takeoff weight is 6544. Among the customers of Ju 52/3m, the most important one is the newly established Lufthansa Airlines. Lufthansa acquired the first Ju 52/3m at the price of 1932 in May. Since then, Ju 52/3m has become the backbone of Lufthansa's fleet, accounting for 75% of the whole fleet. This situation continued until the Hanseatic League dissolved the Ju 52 fleet after World War II.
1On August 25th, 932, Lufthansa's first Ju 52/3m D-220 1 was equipped with oxygen supply device and participated in the flight around the Alps. Lufthansa used this method to compare the three main models in service at that time: Dornier Do K, Fokker F XII and Junk Ju 52/3m. Ju 52/3m became the absolute winner. In the next few months, Lufthansa also demonstrated the route from Ju 52 to Munich-Rome-Milan. This difficult route must fly over the Alps. Among modern transport planes, only Ju 52/3m can fly this route. Later, in August of 1937, when Lufthansa opened the Berlin-China route, Ju 52/3m D-ANOY flew over the Pamirs of Nepal, with an altitude of 7,000m.
The great success of Lufthansa is the best advertisement of Ju 52/3m. Airlines all over the world have bought this excellent Ju 52/3m, including Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Ecuador, Peru and Mexico in South America, as well as South Africa, Denmark, Norway, Italy, Britain, Belgium, Hungary, Estonia, Greece and Spain ... Ju 52/3m is widely used in Finland. Before World War II, Yongke Company sold 400 Ju 52/3m passenger planes and made a lot of profits. But just when Ju 52/3m was a great success, Hugo Juncker had to face sudden bad luck. 1934, the Nazi government kicked Hugo out of his company, and Hugo died of depression a year later. Junk company was finally taken over by Nazi government. In the wave of military expansion and preparation, the development of Ju 52/3m completely turned to military use.
1935, the Nazis announced the establishment of an independent German Air Force. At that time, the German Aviation Technology Agency (RLM) was looking for a sufficient number of bombers to equip the Air Force. However, most of the existing aircraft in Germany can't meet the requirements of RLM, so RLM decided to use the modified Ju 52/3m as a transition bomber before the new Do 1 1 heavy bomber leaves the factory. 1934, the military Xiang Yong company ordered 1 200 Ju 52/3m bombers. To this end, Xinduo redesigned the Ju 52/3m, installed a turret for self-defense in the rear engine room, and added a retractable machine gun pod under the belly. The engine room was transformed into a bomb compartment, which can accommodate 32 50 kg bombs. Ju 52 bomb company code K45/3m, because the Ju 52 bomb was directly developed on the Ju 52/3m ge passenger plane, so the official model is Ju 52/3m g3e. Ju 52/3m g3e retains the transport capacity, and the bomb compartment in the belly can be dismantled in a short time.
Military orders are huge, and Juncker's factory in Dessau has insufficient capacity to meet RLM's requirement of obtaining 450 JU52/3G3E before September 1935. Hugo's sixth son, Klaus Yongkeshi Watch, and the production manager, Sidman, introduced the American production line and reorganized all the production processes, but the production capacity of the Deso factory still failed to reach 60 sets/month.
1934, the production speed of Ju 52 was only 18 frames/year. With the support of RLM, Weser Flugzeugbau began to produce Ju 52 under license, and Junker established a new factory in Bernburg. A total of 70 Ju 52/3m g3e aircraft were produced in Desso, the rest were produced in Bernburg and Bremen-Einswarden factories, and 1935-36 were also produced in Leipzig factory.
1On July 20th, 936, the first batch of 20 Ju 52/3m ge with modified bomb bays participated in the Spanish Civil War and became the first aircraft of the German Air Force to participate in actual combat. Ostensibly, these planes belong to the Spanish company Hispano Marrocian Transport AG. Initially, these planes were used for transportation tasks. Ju 52 once transported more than 65,438+00,000 Moroccan troops and their equipment into Spain. The bombing mission began in August 1936. With the escalation of the war, more and more Ju 52/3m g3e bombers entered Spain and bombed Madrid. Embarrassing, Lufthansa's civil Ju 52/3m also stopped at Madrid airport.
1936165438+1On October 4th, near Madrid, the first Ju 52 was shot down by Soviet fighters. In the next few weeks, six more were lost. Because the speed of Ju 52 was too slow and the loss was great, all the Ju 52 in Spain stopped bombing in April 1937. After the German Condor Corps withdrew to China, Franco got the remaining 14 planes.
According to the actual combat experience in Spain, RLM stopped the production of the Ju52/3m g3e bomber. However, the performance of Ju 52 as a transport aircraft in Spain is very outstanding, so RLM announced that Ju 52 has become the standard transport aircraft of the German Air Force. Ju 52/3m ge series military transport spacious cockpit is suitable for any modification. It has been used as a reconnaissance plane, an ambulance, a maritime patrol aircraft, a glider tractor and a bomber pilot training machine. The landing gear can be rotated into a sled and an upright frame to meet the needs of the terrain in the war zone. G7e expanded the cargo door of fuselage and added autopilot; G9e adds a tail hook for short-distance landing; G 14e began to increase the armored cockpit; Gxe(MS) is equipped with an annular magnetic probe, which can detonate magnetic mines on the sea surface. Some minesweepers modified by Ju 52 can detonate mines by throwing explosives into the water.
1940 During the German invasion of the Netherlands and Belgium in May, Ju 52' s towed glider raid on Eben Emar fortress and Rotterdam's airborne operations became classic airborne operations in history. However, in the battle, Ju 52 and its airborne troops also suffered heavy casualties. Two-thirds of the 430 JU 52s invested in the Netherlands failed to return or were seriously injured and could not be used again. At the airport where fierce fighting took place in the Netherlands, countless Ju 52 were shot down and destroyed, and there were plane wrecks everywhere. Most of these planes are provided by the Air Force Aviation School, and the pilots are instructors who train flight students, so the losses are even heavier.
194 1 In the Battle of Crete in May, the German airborne troops and their Ju 52 suffered heavy losses again, and they were badly weakened, so they could no longer carry out large-scale airborne operations in the rest of World War II. When transporting supplies to the African legion in Rommel, North Africa, Ju 52 had to fly over the dangerous Mediterranean Sea because Malta was occupied by the British. The slow Ju 52 became an excellent target for the Spitfire fighter and was slaughtered. After 1942, the loss rate of population 52 exceeds the productivity. During the winter period from 1942 to 1943, 450 Ju 52 planes were lost for the German air-dropped materials trapped in Stalingrad, and the size of the German Ju 52 fleet was gradually reduced. The allied forces also used Ju 52 transport planes, including those captured and recruited for civil aviation.
Ju 52 showed outstanding short takeoff and landing capability, durable fuselage structure, adaptable takeoff and landing device and economical fuel consumption in the war, but its slow speed and weak self-defense firepower caused a lot of losses. Between 1935 and 1944, Junk Company designed a variety of 14, and the production of Ju 52/3m ge continued until 1944. During the war, Ju 52 was also produced in Amiot, Colombia. France produced 400 Ju 52, including the postwar 150. Ju 52 produced after the war, serving in the French army, model AAC. 1 Toucan.
At the end of World War II, Spanish company CASA (spanair) started to produce Ju 52 under the license, and produced a total of 170 aircraft. After World War II, CASA continued to produce Ju 52 for the Spanish Air Force, model CASA 352. Since the BMW 132 engine could not be obtained after World War II, the engine produced by Barcelona Ilizade Company was used as a substitute. For this reason, the engine fairing of Ju 52 nose must be modified, so CASA 352 produced in Spain after the war is easy to identify. CASA 352 of the Spanish Air Force was used until the early 1970s and exported to Portugal.
Since 1938, the Swiss Air Force has equipped three early Ju 52/3m aircraft. These planes were not retired until 1984, which can be said to be the most in service of Ju 52. Up to now, Lufthansa, South African Airlines and some well-maintained Ju 52 have carried out nostalgic flights. Ju 52 produced a total of 4835 planes, most of which were military transport planes, which were completely lost in the brutal war. Most of the surviving planes are civilian planes. A total of 4835 aircraft were produced. Ju52 participated in almost every major military action in Germany:
On April 9th, 1940, the first German special mission bombed Ju52 of the 8th squadron of aviation, and the 4th company of 1 airborne troops took off from Utterson airport. At about 7 o'clock, they parachuted over aalborg, occupying the airports on the east and west sides of aalborg, the Stotolen Bridge and the bridge connecting Masnad and Lianglan Island. It took only four hours to occupy Denmark without bloodshed.
At the same time, the Germans attacked Fabney Airport in Oslo, Norway and Sola Airport in Swantag in the same way. Despite the resistance, the task was finally completed.
On May 1940, 10, the Germans parachuted and parachuted on airports, bridges and other targets in the Netherlands on a large scale, which contained the Dutch troops and enabled the ground Germans to break through the Dutch defense line smoothly and advance at a high speed. Ju52 is the main transport aircraft in this campaign.
At the same time, 4 1 Ju52, towing a DFS-230 glider, launched a surprise attack on Eben-Aimer fortress in Belgium. The glider landed at the top of the fortress, and the commandos on board occupied the fortress after fierce fighting. In the same way, two other commandos occupied Feinhaven Bridge and Feldzer Railway Bridge. Make the ground troops break through the defense line quickly.
194 1 On May 20th, the German army launched a large-scale airborne operation to Crete. The 7th Airborne Division, glider independent assault group, 500 Ju52 and 72 gliders participated in the airborne operation. After paying the price of more than 4,000 deaths and the loss of about Ju52 planes 120, it occupied Crete.
194 1 year1kloc-0/month, the Soviet army completed the siege of the German army in Stalingrad. In order to rescue the besieged troops, the Germans carried out a large-scale airlift. From February 20th, 1943, 40 Ju52 landed at Demjan airport. On May 8th, 19, the German army opened a narrow "ground bridge" leading to the encirclement. In more than three months, it transported 24,303 tons of various materials, with an average of 276 tons per day, transporting 22,093 patients and increasing the number. The German Air Force lost 265 planes and 383 crew members were killed or injured. Air transport consumes 43,200 tons of fuel. There are about 65,438+0,030 aircraft as air carriers, mainly Ju52.
1943- 1944 is on the front line of Dnieper River, 1944 is in Palno in Bohr region, 1944 is retreating from Crimea, 1945 is in Budapest, breslau, Gvogoff, East Prussia, Schneider Moore and Poznan.
The Ju52 is also the aircraft with the longest service life. Three Ju52s of the Swiss Air Force were retired from 1939 to 198 1, with a service period of more than 40 years.
Before the Anti-Japanese War, China Air Force also equipped this kind of aircraft.
Overview of Ju 52/1M BE19301930 The first Ju 52/ 1m prototype was produced in September, 1930. It used a single BMW VIIaU engine with a power of 7 15 HP.
Ju 52/1MCI1931July, a seaplane was modified with the second Ju 52/ 1m prototype.
Ju 52/1MBA1931September, the first prototype was modified with a Junk Ju L88 engine with a power of 788 HP, which was only used for testing.
Ju 52/1MBI1932 In February, the second prototype was equipped with the British Armstrong Jaguar engine with a power of 800 HP, and the aircraft was changed back to the land-based type.
Ju 52/ 1m Cai Ju 52/ 1m trial-produced the fifth aircraft with BMW IXU engine.
The sixth trial aircraft Ju 52/ 1m Cao Ju 52/ 1m was exported to Canada, using Rolls-Royce Bussard engine.
Ju 52/ 1m Ju Ce 52/ 1m trial-produced No.3, No.4 and No.7 increased the wing sweep angle and camber angle, and the take-off weight increased to 7,200kg.
Ju 52/ 1m di The second Ju 52/ 1m prototype is a model after strengthening the landing gear and wing structure and increasing the wing sweepback angle.
Ju 52/ 1m do is used to test a Jumo 4 engine prototype.
Swedish K45c torpedo bomber modified with JU 52/1m.
Ju 52/3m ba 1932, President Hui's special plane.
Ju 52/3m ce is the first model sold to Lufthansa, Swedish Airlines and Finnair, with engine fairing and main landing gear wheel fairing. Three Pratt & Whitney "Bumblebee" star piston engines, each with a power of 550 HP.
Ju 52/3m ci is a model designed by Sweden, which uses "Bumblebee" engine and has not yet been built.
Ju 52/3m de is a seaplane made in Bolivia and Colombia, and its fuselage has been modified.
The civil aircraft of Ju 52/3m fe Lufthansa uses three BMW 132A-3 engines and advanced NACA laminar flow wings. 1933 made 12 aircraft.
Ju 52/3m f 1e bus type
Ju 52/3GeJu 52/3M family is the first batch of important models for mass production. After noting the military potential of Ju 52/3GeGe, the German Air Force modified 20 passenger planes and put them into the Spanish Civil War. The passenger compartment is equipped with a bomb compartment divided into three compartments, and the rear compartment is equipped with a machine gun turret for self-defense. The top brick tower fired forward, and there were two 7.92 mm MG 15 machine guns and 1.050 bullets inside. At the bottom of the brick tower, fire backward, use 7.92 mm MG 15 machine gun to prepare 750 rounds of ammunition.
Ju 52/3m ge SA3 with radio navigator installed
Ju 52/3m g 1e/g2e transport aircraft, using BMW 132A/C/E engine.
The dropping model of JU52/3G3EJU52/3GE was further improved, and an improved radio device and bomb bay were installed. Three BMW 132A-3 engines, each with a power of 725 HP. The internal fuel load is 2475 liters, the typical radius is 500 kilometers, the maximum cruising speed is 245 kilometers per hour (900 meters), and the maximum takeoff weight is 9500 kilograms.
Ju 52/3m G4EA Ju 52/3m G4EST Ju 52/3m G4EN military transport type, three BMW 132A-3 engines, maximum takeoff weight 10500kg. Most of these models are used in vulture corps, and there are many improvements inside, and tail wheels are installed.
Ju 52/3m g4eR personnel transport aircraft
Ju 52/3m g4eH Air Force Aviation School Training Machine
Ju 52/3m g4eF parachute elevator
Ju 52/3m g4e(MS) minesweeper has huge metal rings installed under the fuselage and wings. The metal ring is charged by a generator installed in the fuselage, which generates a magnetic field to detonate the mine.
The improved JU52/3G5EJU52/3G4E has more perfect radio system and exhaust deicing system. Landing gear wheels can be quickly replaced by sleigh or upright, and two 7.92mm self-defense machine guns are added. Three BMW 132T-2 engines, each with 830 horsepower. Maximum takeoff weight of land type 10500 kg. 194 1 year.
Ju 52/3G5e (MS) is similar to the minesweeper Ju 52/3G4e (MS).
Ju 52/3m g5e (see) g5e is a water model with the maximum takeoff weight of 1 1 000 kg.
Ju 52/3m g6e has the same structure as g5e, and it is a single land type, so it cannot be changed into a seaplane, and the radio equipment is simpler. 1944 production
Ju 52/3m g6e(MS) Minesweeper
The improvement of JU 52/3G7EG5E has added autopilot, enlarged the right hatch and lengthened the nose behind the nose engine. The turret of 7.92mm MG 15 machine gun is installed in the upper part of some aircraft cockpit.
Ju 52/3m g7e(MS) minesweeper
An improved version of JU 52/3G8EG7E adds a loading door at the top of the engine room. The original model used BMW 132T-2 engine, and later changed to BMW 132Z, and the machine gun with a back of 7.92 mm was changed to MG 13 1 machine gun.
Ju 52/3m g8e(MS) minesweeper
The improved model of JU 52/39E1942 is equipped with three BMW 132Z engines. Another improvement is to add a glider traction bracket and strengthen the landing gear. The maximum takeoff weight reaches 1 1, 500 kg.
Ju 52/3m g 10e Like g9e, the landing gear wheels can be replaced by sledges or columns.
Ju 52/3m g 1 1e is the same as g 10e, and a deicing device is added.
On the basis of Ju 52/3m g 12e g9e, the 800 HP model of BMW 132L engine was replaced.
Ju 52/3m g 13e has no relevant information.
Ju 52/3m g 14e 1943 to 1944 are the ultimate models, and the cockpit is armored.
Ju 52/3m ho installed three Jumo 205C engines with 590 horsepower, and only two engines were manufactured.
Two BMW 132A engines were installed on the wing of the Ju 52/3m kao, and a testing machine with BMW 132F or BMW 132N engines was installed on the nose.
Ju 52/3m lu civil aircraft, equipped with piaggio Stella X engine, with a single power of 697 HP, was later replaced by Alfa Romeo 126 RC/34 engine.
Ju 52/3m mao is similar to Ju 52/3m kao, and adopts NACA laminar flow wing.
Ju 52/3m nai is a civil aircraft produced in Sweden and Britain, and its engine is Pratt & Whitney Bumblebee.
Ju 52/3m reo 1937 began to produce civil aircraft for the North American market, with BMW 132Da or Dc engines.
Ju 52/3m sai is a civil aircraft produced in Sweden and North America, and its engine is Pratt & Whitney Bumblebee.
Ju 52/3MT1937 began to produce civil aircraft, using BMW 132K engine, with a maximum speed of 300 km/h.
Ju 52/3m Z5 civil aircraft produced in World War II, with BMW 132Z-3 engine, was exported to Finland.
The Ju 52/3m military model developed for the Chilean Air Force between K45/3m 1932/33 was not built.
AAC. 1 French-made JU 52/3MG1E military model, production continued until after World War II, with a total of 4 15 aircraft produced.
CASA 352 is a military model produced by Spanish CASA company under license after World War II. The engine is BMW 132A, with a total of 106.
Due to the shortage of BMW engines, CASA 352L used Spain's Enmassa B3 engine and produced 64 engines.
C-79 Ju 52/3m obtained by the United States Army Aviation from Brazil.
D52 Ju 52 used in Czech Republic after World War II.
There are many sub-models of Tp5 JU52JU52/3G8E produced by Junk Factory in Sweden, which is used by the Swedish Air Force, as listed below:
* F: Paratrooper/Airborne Transport Aircraft
* H: trainer
* K: container conveyor
* N: supply conveyor
* R: mail conveyor
* S: ambulance
* St: the transport plane length of the task squadron is18.9m.
4.52 meters high
Empty weight 6500 kg
The maximum takeoff weight is11.032kg..
Wingspan 29.2 1 m
Aspect ratio 7.72
Wing area 1 10.5m2
The service limit is 5500m.
The maximum speed is 286 km/h(@ 1399 m).
Cruise speed is 257 km/h
It takes 19 minutes to climb to 3000m.
The voyage is generally 1, 500 km.
Fuel capacity of 2,450 liters
Airborne weapon/kloc-0 /×13mm mg-131or 7.92mm MG 15 machine gun with rear position.
1 × 7.92 mm machine gun, front and rear position.
2× 7.92mm machine gun, on both sides of the fuselage.
Load 18 soldiers, 12 soldiers mixed.