Ancient times: the world: Perikles reform, Charles Martel reform, innovation,
China: Shang Yang's reform, Emperor Xiaowen's reform,
Modern times: the world: Meiji Restoration in Japan, 186 1 Russian reform, Roosevelt's New Deal,
China: The Reform Movement of 1898,
Modern: World: Gorbachev Reform, Khrushchev Reform,
China: Socialist reform with China characteristics,
I chose the following three reforms:
1, Charlie Matt Reform:
Background: At the beginning of the 8th century, with the development of social feudalism, Franks were threatened by Arab attacks, the national treasury was insufficient, and the army was exhausted.
Content: change the previous practice of unconditionally rewarding aristocratic land, and implement conditional enfeoffment. Those who get the land must perform military service for the lords. Enjoy for life. It's not hereditary This system of fief established the subordinate relationship between fief and fief.
Historical role: This reform formed a new hierarchy within the feudal aristocracy. Formed a feudal hierarchy headed by the king or emperor, and the nobles were duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron and knight in turn.
The hierarchical system in medieval western Europe was formed after this reform.
2. Gorbachev's reform in the Soviet Union:
Background: Change the original rigid mode of the Soviet Union and Gorbachev's new thinking.
Content: economic reform, political reform with "new thinking" as the core, and so-called "opening" and "nationalization" policies in China. From the one-party system to the multi-party system, the state is completely decentralized.
Influence: It intensified various contradictions in Soviet society, triggered social unrest and division, and directly led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the collapse of CPSU. The social system has changed. The Soviet Union disintegrated at the end of 199 1.
Enlightenment: Reform should focus on economic construction, vigorously develop social productive forces and correctly handle ethnic relations.
The disintegration of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War. The bipolar pattern of confrontation between the two major groups of the East and the West has ended. The old world pattern has ended, the new world pattern has not yet formed, and the world multipolarization is constantly developing.
3. Roosevelt's New Deal:
1), the background of Roosevelt's election as president of the United States: 1933, the blow of the economic crisis. Social contradictions are acute. Political turmoil.
2) The purpose of Roosevelt's New Deal is to adjust within the capitalist system, strengthen the state's intervention and guidance in the economy, and eliminate the economic crisis.
3) The main contents of Roosevelt's New Deal: ① The central measure is the adjustment of industry. The National Industrial Revival Law was passed to prevent overproduction caused by blind competition, thus strengthening the government's control and regulation of capitalist industrial production. (2) Restructuring banks; (3) adjusting agriculture and reducing cultivated land; (4) Carry out "work for relief" and set up public works to reduce unemployment.
4) The influence of Roosevelt's New Deal: the American economy slowly recovered and people's lives improved; The capitalist system has been adjusted, consolidated and developed. Its function is to provide a precedent for capitalist countries to intervene in economic life, which has become the basis for many developed and developing countries to formulate policies and regulations, indicating that the modern capitalist system has the function of self-regulation and perfection. The New Deal is of great significance in the history of capitalist development in the United States and the world, which laid a political and economic foundation for the United States to participate in the anti-fascist World War II, but it is impossible to eradicate the chronic economic crisis in capitalist society. The state's policy of strengthening economic intervention created American state monopoly capitalism, which not only became the beginning of modern American state monopoly capitalist economic system, but also had a far-reaching impact on the development of economic policies in many other countries.
After the important reform, Meiji Restoration/China Reform.