Prosperous sui dynasty
First, the unification and demise of the Sui Dynasty:
1 and 58 1 years, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty (Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty) seized the Northern Zhou regime, established the Sui Dynasty, and made Chang 'an its capital.
In 2.589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and unified the north and south.
3. The Sui Dynasty perished: In 6 18, Emperor Yang Di was killed by the Ministry in Jiangdu, and the Sui Dynasty perished.
Second, the opening of the Grand Canal:
1. Purpose (reason): To strengthen the north-south traffic and consolidate the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country.
2. Time and people: Since 605, Emperor Yang Di has opened a Grand Canal that runs through the north and south.
3. Center and starting point: Luoyang as the center, Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south. With a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers, it is the longest canal in the ancient world.
4. It is divided into four sections (from north to south): Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou and Jiangnan River.
5. Connect five major rivers (from north to south): Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.
6. Connecting seven provinces: (omitted)
7. The role of openness: It has greatly promoted the economic exchanges between the north and the south of China.
Lesson 2 "The Rule of Zhenguan"
First, the establishment of the Tang Dynasty:
1 and 6 18 years, Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty with Chang 'an as its capital. Tang Gaozu is Tang Gaozu.
2. Emperor Taizong attached importance to developing production and reducing farmers' tax and labor; Zhang Qian, who pays attention to the role of talents and is open-minded, appointed Fang Lingxuan, who is full of strategy, and Du Ruhui, who is good at decision-making, as prime ministers, known as "Fang Mou Du Duan"; Reuse the outspoken Wei Zhi as a famous remonstrator.
During the reign of Emperor Taizong, the politics was relatively clear, the economy developed rapidly, and the national strength gradually increased. Historically, the rule at that time was called "the rule of chastity".
The reason for the formation of the situation of "Zhenguan rule" is that Emperor Taizong learned the lessons from the demise of the Sui Dynasty, Ren Xian and coachable further adjusted their ruling policies, neglected taxes, developed production, rectified official management, promoted learning and developed imperial examinations.
Second, Wu Zetian:
1, the only female emperor in the history of China. In his later years, he proclaimed himself emperor and changed his title to Zhou.
2. During the reign of Wu Zetian, Emperor Taizong continued to implement the policy of developing agricultural production and selecting talents, with further economic development and increasing national strength. It is said that her rule is "political enlightenment and macro-governance."
Lesson 3 "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng"
First, the rule of kaiyuan:
After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty acceded to the throne, he appointed a virtuous minister (Yao Chong) to govern vigorously. Paying attention to local bureaucrats and frugality, these reform measures have made the political situation of Kaiyuan a new one, which is called "the rule of Kaiyuan" in history.
Second, the prosperity of the prosperous economy:
1. Agriculture: Water conservancy construction and farming technology have also made great progress. The emergence of a new agricultural tool-Qu Yuan's plough; Create a new irrigation tool-pipe truck.
2. Handicraft industry: the development of silk weaving industry and ceramics industry, among which Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang Sancai are the most famous. Tri-colored Tang Dynasty is a treasure of world craft.
3. Commercial prosperity: the emergence of big cities such as Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu. Chang 'an City is divided into Fang and Shi, Fang is a residential area and Shi is a prosperous business district. Chang 'an was not only a national exchange center at that time, but also an international metropolis.
4. Kaiyuan Shi Sheng: In the early days of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the politics was clear, the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, the warehouses were full, and the population increased obviously. The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" in history.
The fourth lesson is the establishment of the imperial examination system
First, the birth of the imperial examination system:
1 year, when Emperor Wendi was in office, he began to select officials through sub-disciplinary examinations.
2. When Yang Di was in Yangdi, he formally established Jinshi and selected talents according to the examination results. China's imperial examination system was formally born.
Second, the perfection of the imperial examination system:
1. There were many fixed examination subjects in the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty, among which Jinshi and Mingjing were the most important. The figures who perfected the imperial examination system in Tang Dynasty were Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong and Wu Zetian.
2. The improved figures and measures are summarized as follows:
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to select officials by subject examination (birth stage).
Yang Di officially established the Imperial Examination Department, and the imperial examination system was formally born.
Emperor Taizong, expanding the scale of Chinese studies and increasing the number of candidates (perfect stage)
Wu Zetian added palace entrance examination and martial arts.
Tang Xuanzong enriched the content of the examination: poetry became the main examination content of Jinshi.
Third, the influence of the imperial examination system:
1, the employment system has been improved, and talented scholars have the opportunity to work in governments at all levels.
2. It promotes the development of education, and it is welcome for scholars to study hard.
3. It has promoted the development of literature and art, especially because Jinshi attaches importance to the examination of poetry and fu, which is also greatly conducive to the prosperity of Tang poetry.
The imperial examination system lasted for more than 1300 years in the feudal society of China, and it was not abolished until the late Qing Dynasty.
Lesson 5 "Family Harmony"
In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong and Wu Zetian successively set up the highest administrative and military institutions to govern the western regions in Xinjiang today-the viceroy of Anxi and the viceroy of Beiting.
First, the southwest-Tubo (Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng)
1, At the beginning of the 7th century, the outstanding Tubo Zampazon Zampambo unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and made its capital more logical.
2. Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gambu, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Fan and enhanced the friendly relations between China and Tibet.
At the beginning of 3.8th century, the Tang Dynasty married Princess Jincheng to Tubo. At this point, Tubo and the Tang Dynasty have been "harmonious as one family".
Second, the north-the prosperity of Uighur: In the early and middle period of the 8th century, the leader of Huihe was Huairen Khan. Later, Uighur changed its name to "Uighur".
Third, the Northeast-Mohong ("Che Shujia"): At the end of the 7th century, the leader of Mohong Department in Hou Ji unified the surrounding ministries and established political power. At the beginning of the 8th century, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty made him the king of Bohai County and conferred the title of the governor of Bohai. Since then, the late Soviet regime has taken the name of "Bohai Sea". Xiaomi is known as "Haidong Guo Sheng".
4. Nanzhao seen in the southwest-Cangshan Erhai Lake: Liu Zhao residents are the ancestors of Yi and Bai people today. Xuanzong made Nanzhao king of Yunnan.
1, Tubo, Northwest, of the same family: Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng, and Kridê Zukzain and Princess Jincheng intermarried. Tibetans.
2. In the northwest of Uighur, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named his leader "Huairen Khan". Uighurs.
3. In the northeast, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty named his leader as "King of Bohai County". Manchu.
4. Nanzhao, southwest, Tang Xuanzong named its leader "King of Yunnan". Yi and Bai.
Lesson 6 Friendly Exchange with Foreign Countries
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, foreign exchanges were active, and there were contacts with some countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. The Tang Dynasty enjoyed a high reputation in the world, and people all over the world called China a "Tang man".
First, the relationship between Tang and Japan-Tang's envoy and eastward crossing;
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China and Japan had close contacts. During the Zhenguan period, many Japanese envoys, overseas students and monks came to study in the Tang Dynasty.
2. The envoys of the Tang Dynasty were highly valued after returning to China. Taking the system of the Tang Dynasty as a model, they carried out political reforms and created Japanese characters with reference to Chinese characters. Up to now, they still retain some customs of the people of the Tang Dynasty in social life.
Among the envoys and monks who went to Japan in Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen was the most influential one. He sent six missions to Japan to spread the culture of the Tang Dynasty in Japan.
Second, the relationship between Tang and Silla:
Mode: (1) sending envoys and a large number of international students to study in the Tang Dynasty; (2) Silla merchants came to China to do business, and Silla products ranked first in the Tang Dynasty.
The performance includes: imitating the Tang system to establish a political system, adopting the imperial examination system to select officials, and introducing China's scientific and technological achievements in medicine, astronomy and calendar calculation.
Third, the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu-Xuanzang's Journey to the West;
During the Tang Dynasty, China had frequent contacts with Tianzhu, and the most outstanding messenger was the monk Xuanzang. In the early years of Zhenguan, he set off from Chang 'an and went to Tianzhu. After returning to China, he devoted himself to translating Buddhist scriptures and wrote the famous "Datang Western Regions". This book is an important classic for studying the history and Buddhism of Central Asia, Indian Peninsula and Xinjiang.
Lesson 7 and Lesson 8 Brilliant Sui and Tang Cultures
I. Science and technology
1. Architecture: Zhao Zhouqiao designed and built by Li Chun in Sui Dynasty is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world. It took Europeans more than 700 years to build a similar bridge. Chang 'an, Tang Dou was the largest city in the world at that time (Daming Palace and Yuan Palace).
2. Printing: China was the first country to invent printing in the world, and printing was one of the four great inventions in ancient China. The Diamond Sutra, printed in the Tang Dynasty, is the earliest block printing with exact date in the world.
3. Medicine: "The King of Medicine" Sun Simiao's "Thousand Gold Prescriptions"
Second, literature: poetry
Li Bai (in the prosperous Tang Dynasty) —— "Poet Fairy" (First Making Baidicheng, Difficult Road to Shu)
Du Fu (Rise and Fall) —— "Poetic Sage" and "Poetic History" ("Three Officials" and "Three Farewells")
Bai Juyi (Middle Tang Dynasty)-Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu, whose poems reflect the reality.
Third, calligraphy: "Yan Liu Jin Gu"
1, Yan Zhenqing: After Wang Xizhi, the calligrapher with the highest achievement in the history of China is "Yan Ti" and "Many Pagodas Monument".
2. Liu Gongquan: Mysterious Tower Monument
Fourth, painting: (Tang Dynasty) Yan ("Emperors of Past Dynasties" and "Walking Map") is good at figure painting. )
(Tang Dynasty) Wu Daozi (the heavenly king sent a picture), "Painting a Holy Picture" and "When the Five Dynasties were Wind")
5. Art treasure house: Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu (most of them were excavated in Sui and Tang Dynasties)
Vi. Grand and festive music and dance
The above contents are simplified and summarized into the following table:
First, science and technology:
1. Architecture: Sui Dynasty, Li Chun and Zhao Zhouqiao are the oldest stone arch bridges in the world.
2. Block printing: The Diamond Sutra in the Tang Dynasty-the earliest block printing with exact date in the world.
Second, literature (poetry):
1, Li Bai, in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, is his masterpiece "The Early Generation of Baidicheng" and "Difficult Road to Shu", with bold and unrestrained style, fresh and elegant, rich imagination, wonderful artistic conception and light language. People call it "Poet Fairy".
2. Du Fu, the masterpiece of "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", is called "Poet Saint" because of his vigorous style, gloomy and sad language.
3. Bai Juyi, in the mid-Tang Dynasty, his representative works "Qin Zhongyin" and "New Yuefu" are realistic in style, satirizing the society and sympathizing with the people. His poems are straightforward and easy to understand.
Third, calligraphy, painting and grotto art.
Category represents the achievements of people's works.
Calligraphy Yan Zhenqing's "Yan Family Temple Monument" has created a new style of calligraphy-Yan Style, and is the most accomplished calligrapher in the history of calligraphy in China after Wang Xizhi.
Liu Gongquan's "mysterious pagoda monument" became his own "Liu style".
Yan's "Walking Map" and "Statues of Emperors in Past Dynasties" are good at drawing characters' stories.
Wu Daozi's "Born of Gautama Buddha" initiated the freehand brushwork painting in later generations.
Grotto Art The Mogao Grottoes, located in the west of Gansu Province, are one of the largest art treasures in the world.
The shift of economic center of gravity to the south and the development of ethnic relations
Lesson 9 the era of coexistence of state power
First, the rise of Khitan and the mutiny in Chen Qiao;
At the beginning of the 1 century and 10/century, Bao Zheng, the leader of the Khitan, unified the ministries of the Khitan, established the Khitan State, and made Beijing its capital.
In 2.960, Zhao Kuangyin, the general of the later Zhou Dynasty, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi, established the Song Dynasty, and made Tokyo its capital, which was called the Northern Song Dynasty in history. Zhao Kuangyin is Song Taizu.
2. Peace and War in Liao, Song and Xia Dynasties:
1, Song and Liao-Single Source Alliance:
(1) Time: Song Zhenzong.
(2) Content: Liao and Song negotiated peace, Liao withdrew, and Song gave Liao old coins.
(3) Evaluation: (1) It's a shame that Song gave Liao Nian coins to the people every year. However, this treaty has also maintained the peace of the Liao-Song border for a long time, which is conducive to the economic recovery and development in the border areas, especially the development of bilateral trade.
2. Fight with Xia He
(1)165438+At the beginning of the 20th century, Yuan Hao, the leader of the Tangut, was called the Emperor of Daxia, with its capital in Xingqing and Xixia as its history.
(2) Song made peace with Xia, Yuan Hao became a vassal of Song, and Song gave Xixia a New Year's coin.
Third, the confrontation between Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty:
At the beginning of 1 and 12 century, the outstanding leader of Jurchen, Wan Yan Aguta, set out to crusade against Liao, and later proclaimed himself emperor in Huining, with the title of gold. This is Jin Taizu.
2. 1 127 years, the northern song dynasty was destroyed by gold and ascended the throne, with its capital in Lin' an, which was called the southern song dynasty in history.
3. Anti-Golden Hero: Yue Fei Yancheng Victory
4. Song-Jin Peace Talks: In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin became a vassal and gave him gold coins. The two sides drew a dividing line from Huaishui to Dasanguan. The confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties took shape.
The establishment of political power, nation and capital.
At the beginning of the 20th century (9 16), Bao Ji of Liao Taizu went to Beijing.
Song Taizu, Zhao Kuangyin and Tokyo (now Kaifeng) Han nationality in the Northern Song Dynasty in 960.
Xixia Tangut in the early 20th century 165438+ Li Yuanhao Xingqing (1038).
Jin Nvzhen/kloc-at the beginning of the 20th century (1 1 15) was born in Huining, Jin Taizu, and later moved to Zhongdu.
Han nationality in Southern Song Dynasty 1 127 Lin 'an, Zhao Gou, Song Gaozong (now Hangzhou)
The shift of economic center of gravity to the south
I. Development of agriculture in South China:
1. reasons: from the middle and late Tang dynasty to the five dynasties: ① there were few wars in the south; ② The Central Plains people who moved south brought advanced technology and labor; ③ Changes in natural conditions; ④ Introducing new varieties-introducing Zhancheng rice from Vietnam.
2. Performance: ① Suzhou and Huzhou in Taihu Lake Basin have become important granaries, and there is a folk saying that "Suzhou and Lake are ripe and the world is sufficient". Rice jumped to the top of grain output in the Song Dynasty, mainly produced in the south. (2) Cotton planting expanded from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian to the Yangtze River basin. Tea trees are planted in hilly areas south of the Yangtze River.
Second, the prosperity of handicraft industry in South China:
1. Textile industry and cotton industry: Sichuan's silk products are "the best in the world". The cotton industry, which originated in Hainan Island, has developed to the southeast coastal areas in the Southern Song Dynasty.
2. Porcelain industry: During the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangnan area has become the focus of China porcelain industry. The ice-cracked porcelain fired in Zhejiang Geyao gives people a unique aesthetic feeling. It rose in Jingdezhen in the Northern Song Dynasty and later developed into a famous porcelain capital.
3. Shipbuilding: Shipbuilding in the Song Dynasty ranked first in the world, and shipbuilding in Guangzhou and Quanzhou was also very developed.
Third, the prosperity of southern commerce:
1. Lin 'an is the largest commercial city in the Southern Song Dynasty, far more prosperous than Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty, and there are also morning markets and night markets.
2. Overseas trade in Song Dynasty became an important country engaged in overseas trade in the world at that time. Guangzhou and Quanzhou are world-famous large commercial ports. The government encourages overseas trade and establishes and manages shipping companies in major ports.
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Jiaozi appeared in Sichuan, which was the earliest paper money in the world. In the Southern Song Dynasty, paper money developed into a currency parallel to copper coins. The emergence of paper money is conducive to commercial development.
Developed categories.
Agricultural development of food crops: introduction and popularization of Zhancheng rice; Su Hu became a granary; The output of rice ranks first in grain.
The planting and cultivation of cash crops cotton and tea trees have been popularized.
The development of handicraft textile industry: the silk industry in the south is better than that in the north; The cotton industry has developed to the southeast coastal areas.
Porcelain industry: Jiangnan area has become the focus of porcelain industry; Ice crack porcelain fired in Zhejiang Geyao; Jingdezhen became the capital of porcelain.
Shipbuilding industry: ranks first in the world, with developed shipbuilding industries in Guangzhou and Quanzhou.
Prosperous commercial city: Hangzhou was the largest commercial city in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Foreign trade: occupied an important position in the world at that time; Guangzhou and Quanzhou are big commercial ports; Expand the scope of foreign trade; Foreign trade income belongs to the imperial court. An important source of fiscal revenue: currency. The earliest paper money crossing in the world appeared in Sichuan.
The social outlook of the song dynasty.
I. Changes in customs such as food, clothing, housing and transportation:
1. In the early years of Northern Song Dynasty, ordinary people could only wear black and white clothes. Due to the advocacy of some literati, the bad habit of female foot-binding gradually spread.
2. Sheep is the most common meat in the Northern Song Dynasty; In the Southern Song Dynasty, most people could not afford mutton and ate more fish. In the Song Dynasty, pasta was the main food in the north and rice was the main food in the south.
3. The Song Dynasty lacked horses, so they used ox carts to travel.
Second, lively tiles and happy festivals:
1, "Wazi": Tokyo's entertainment and business places are the result of the continuous expansion of the civil class in the Song Dynasty.
2. Today's traditional festivals, such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, etc. Both existed in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the Spring Festival was called New Year's Day, and it was the most important.
The Rise of Mongolia and the Establishment of Yuan Dynasty
A, "a generation of tianjiao" unified Mongolia:
1206, Mongolian nobles held a meeting, elected Temujin as Khan, honored him as Genghis Khan, and Mongolia was established.
Second, Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty:
1, 127 1 year, Kublai Khan named the country, 1272 made Dadu its capital. 1276 Yuan army occupied Lin 'an and the Southern Song Dynasty perished.
2. Anti-Yuan hero: Wen Tianxiang.
3. Yuan Shizu attaches great importance to developing agriculture, harnessing the Yellow River, and popularizing cotton planting, so that agriculture in the north can be restored and developed. In order to facilitate the transportation of grain from south to north, he ordered the construction of two new canals, together with the original canal, so that grain ships could go directly from Hangzhou to Dadu.
4. The metropolis of Yuan Dynasty is not only a political center, but also a world-famous commercial metropolis. Italian traveler Mark Poirot's "Mark? Poirot's journey described the bustling scene of the metropolis.
Third, the provincial system:
In the Yuan Dynasty, in order to effectively rule the whole country, Yuan Shizu set up provincial secretariat in the central government and provincial secretariat in local governments. Contents of provincial system: ① The central government-Zhongshu Province-the highest administrative organ of the state-governs most provinces and surrounding areas; ② Place-Zhongshu Province (province or province)-the institution of Zhongshu Province-governs 1 1 province (refer to the scope of Lingbei, Liaoyang, Yunnan and other provinces); (3) Zheng Xuanyuan was established in the central government, and Tibet became the official administrative region of the Yuan Dynasty; (4) Set up the Penghu Inspection Department to administer Penghu and Ryukyu.
Fourth, the development of national integration:
1. The ethnic integration of the Yuan Dynasty was further strengthened in history. From the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the national integration entered a new stage, after Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Liao, Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties to the Yuan Dynasty.
2. The development of ethnic integration in Yuan Dynasty is manifested in four aspects: ① the Han nationality developed the frontier; (2) All ethnic groups in the frontier moved to the mainland and lived together with the Han nationality; ③ The integration of the Khitan, Nuzhen and other nationalities with the Han nationality; ④ A new nationality-Hui nationality has been formed.
3. The unification of the Yuan Dynasty promoted ethnic integration, which in turn promoted the economic and cultural development of all ethnic groups.
Contribution of the Yuan Dynasty in the history of China: ① The unification of the Yuan Dynasty ended the coexistence of several regimes since the Northern Song Dynasty, and the territory of the Yuan Dynasty was wider than that of any previous dynasty. (2) The establishment of provincial system in Yuan Dynasty had a far-reaching impact on later generations. (3) The Yuan government established the Penghu Inspection Department to be in charge of Penghu and Ryukyu. The Yuan Dynasty appointed officials and stationed troops in Tibet, and Tibet became the official administrative region of the Yuan Dynasty. ⑤ The unification of Yuan Dynasty promoted the great national integration.
Brilliant Song and Yuan culture
I. Invention of science and technology
Category inventor dynasty achievements
Movable-type printing greatly promoted cultural exchange in Bi Sheng period of Northern Song Dynasty, which was economical and time-saving. About 400 years before Europe. (Compared with engraving printing in Sui and Tang Dynasties)
Compass During the Warring States Period, people made "Sina" according to the characteristics of indicating north and south at this time, which is the earliest guide in the world.
In the Song and Northern Song Dynasties, compasses were made and began to be used in navigation. During the Southern Song Dynasty, compasses were widely used in navigation.
Industry (introduced to Europe by Arabs)
Gunpowder In the late Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, gunpowder was widely used in war.
13 and 14 centuries were introduced to Arabia and Europe.
Printing, compass, gunpowder and papermaking are the "four great inventions" of the ancient people in China, and they are the great contributions of the Chinese nation to the development of world civilization.
Four great inventions of ancient china occupies an important position in the history of human civilization: the invention of papermaking provides economical and convenient writing materials for human beings, which is a revolution of human writing carrier; The appearance of printing accelerated the spread of culture and changed the situation that only the upper class in Europe could read. The application of compass in navigation provides important conditions for European navigators to travel around the world and discover America, and promotes the development of world trade. The use of gunpowder weapons changed the way of fighting, helped the European bourgeoisie destroy feudal fortresses and accelerated the historical process in Europe.
The scientific achievements of Shen Kuo, a scientist of the Northern Song Dynasty in China, include Meng Qian Bi Tan and Twelve Calendars. The scientific achievements of Guo Shoujing, a famous astronomer and water conservancy expert in Yuan Dynasty in China, are as follows: A year is 365.2425 days as measured in the in-service calendar, which is basically the same as the current Gregorian calendar, but it is about 300 years earlier than the current Gregorian calendar.
Second, history and literature:
1. Historiography: Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty was a famous historian in ancient China. His History as a Mirror is a magnum opus of general history, which records the history from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties. (Notes compared with historical records)
"Second Sima" in history
Narrative scope of historians' chronological works
Sima Qian's Historical Records of the Western Han Dynasty is a general history from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
A Chronological Example of Sima Guang's Zi Tong Zhi Jian in Northern Song Dynasty —— A General History from Warring States to Five Dynasties
2. Literature:
Representative figures of past dynasties represent the characteristics (or contents) of works.
Su Shi's Song Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty "Niannujiao? Chibi is nostalgic and heroic, vigorous and uninhibited.
In the early Song Dynasty, Li Qingzhao's The Sound Slow was euphemistic in style, sincere in feelings, good at using spoken English, fresh and natural. "elegant school"
Xin Qiji poured out his grief over the division of mountains and rivers in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Yuan Qu Yuan Qu Guan Hanqing's Dou Eyuan
The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan in Song Dynasty depicts the scenery and prosperity along the Bianhe River in Tokyo in Northern Song Dynasty.
Zhao Mengfu's Drinking Horses in Autumn Suburbs in Yuan Dynasty is called a "divine product".
3. Calligraphy:
Eastern Han Dynasty: Calligraphy gradually became an art.
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Calligraphy Art with Different Styles
Sui and Tang Dynasties: The Peak of Calligraphy Art
Song and Yuan Dynasties: The continued development of calligraphy became the common hobby of literati. Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are "Song Sijia".
Consolidate a unified multi-ethnic country and social crisis
Strengthen the monarchical power of the Ming Dynasty
First, measures to strengthen the monarchy in Ming Taizu:
1,1At the beginning of 368, Zhu Yuanzhang took Yingtian as the capital, renamed Nanjing, proclaimed himself emperor, and established the Ming Dynasty. This is Ming Taizu.
2. Measures to strengthen monarchical power: ① Local authorities: abolish the provincial government and set up three departments directly under the central government, which are responsible for civil affairs, criminal prisons and military and political affairs respectively. (2) Central Committee: Abolish the Prime Minister, abolish the province of Chinese books, and put the six departments of officials, households, ceremonies, soldiers, punishments and workers in charge of state affairs. (3) Set up a Royal Guards to monitor and investigate the subjects. (4) Reform the imperial examination system: Eight-part essay is used to select scholars, and the examination questions can only be within the scope of the Four Books and Five Classics. Candidates are not allowed to have their own opinions, which seriously restricts people's thinking.
Second, the battle of Jingnan and moving the capital to Beijing:
1, the prince of Beiping, Judy, fought against Wen Jian under the banner of "Jingnan", which was called "Jingnan Battle" in history. Judy proclaimed himself emperor, and he was Ming Chengzu.
2. Ming Chengzu strengthened his rule: ①142/kloc-0 moved the capital to Beijing in/to strengthen the central government's control over the north; (2) strengthening the imperial system and cutting vassals; (3) Set up a special organization-East Factory to strengthen the monitoring of subjects. The establishment of factories and health secret service is a manifestation of the strengthening of The Ming dynasty emperors's autocracy.
Sino-foreign exchanges and conflicts
First, Zheng He's voyages to the West:
1. Objective: In order to strengthen the contact with overseas countries, Ming Chengzu sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean.
2. Time: 1405—— 1433, Zheng He's seven voyages to the Western Ocean.
3. Arrival area: as far as the Red Sea coast and the east coast of Africa.
4. Significance: Zheng He was a great navigator in China and the world. Zheng He's voyages to the West promoted the economic exchanges between China and Asian and African countries, and strengthened the friendly relations between China and Asian and African countries.
Zheng he's voyages
Time 1405 ~ 1433 years
Seven times in a row.
The largest sea is 44 feet long and 0/8 feet wide.
There are only more than 200 large and small ships on each voyage.
The number of people going out to sea each time is 27,000 to 28,000.
Covering more than 30 countries and regions in Asia and Africa.
Character Zheng He Columbus? microgram
Put the "Western Ocean" to America and bypass the Cape of Good Hope to India.
Time1405 ~14331492 ~15041497 ~1498.
Multiply 7 times 4 times 1 times.
No.27800, 1000 ~ 1500, 160.
Number of ships: 63 large treasure ships (more than 100 in total), 17, 4 ships (say 3 ships).
The size of the ship is 44.4 feet long and 65,438+08 feet wide.
Equivalent to metric length 15 1.8m, width 6 1.6m flagship 100t, length.
24.5 meters, 6 meters wide,
The other two are 50 tons and 40 tons 120 tons 100 tons and 50 tons respectively.
Second, Qi Jiguang's anti-Japanese:
1. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Japanese samurai, businessmen and pirates often invaded the coastal areas of China, and coastal residents called them Japanese pirates.
2. Qi Jiguang was sent by the Ming Dynasty to resist the Japanese attack (Taizhou, Zhejiang), and Qi Jiguang was a famous national hero in China.
Third, Portugal seized the right of abode in Macao:
From 65438 to 0553, Portuguese colonists seized the right of residence in China, Guangdong and Macau. It was not until199965438+February 20th that Macao returned to the embrace of the motherland.
Strengthen the centralization of monarchy
First, the rise of Manchuria and the establishment of the Qing Dynasty.
1. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Nuerhachi, an outstanding leader of Jurchen, unified the ministries of Jurchen. 16 16 years, Nurhachi became Khan by himself, with the title of Jin, which was called Houjin in history. Moved the capital to Shenyang and later renamed Shengjing.
The history of the development of Manchuria
The founder of the epochal regime.
Bohai sea in Tang dynasty
1 1 15 Jurchen Yan Jinghong Yan Yan Yan Yan Akuta
16 16 nuzhen queen jinnurhachi
1636 Manchu Huang taiji
2. 1644, the Qing army entered Shanhaiguan and moved its capital to Beijing, gradually establishing national rule.
Second, the strengthening of centralized monarchy:
1. In order to strengthen the absolute monarchy, the Ministry of War was established, and the King's Conference existed in name only, which was cancelled during the Qianlong period. The establishment of the military department marked the further strengthening of the centralization of feudal monarchy in China.
2. Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties established a "literary prison" in Daxing, and strictly controlled intellectuals from the ideological field. The literary inquisition in Qing Dynasty caused social terror and destroyed talents. Many intellectuals are afraid to ask about politics, which imprisons their thoughts and seriously hinders the development and progress of China society.
Recover Taiwan Province Province and fight against Russia.
1. Recover Taiwan Province Province ("Kaijing Town chasing the Dutch Yi");
1. At the end of the Ming Dynasty (1624), Dutch colonists occupied the treasure island of Taiwan Province Province.
2. In 166 1 year, Zheng Chenggong led his troops into Taiwan Province Province. At the beginning of 1662, the Dutch colonists were forced to surrender, and Taiwan Province Province returned to the embrace of the motherland. Zheng Chenggong is a national hero in the history of our country.
3. 1683, the Qing army entered Taiwan Province province. 1684, the Qing dynasty established the Taiwan Province government, which was subordinate to Fujian province. The establishment of the Taiwan Province Municipal Government has strengthened the ties between Taiwan Province Province and the mainland of the motherland and consolidated the coastal defense in the southeast of the motherland.
Second, the war against Russia-JAXA:
1 and1In the middle of the 7th century, Russian forces invaded the Heilongjiang River valley in China and built castles in Jaksa and Nebuchadnezzar. Emperor Kangxi ordered the Qing army to go hand in hand with the land, killed Tolbuzin, the leader of the invading army, and Russia was forced to surrender.
2. During the period of1689, representatives of China and Russia held talks in Nebuchadnezzar Chu and signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu through equal consultation. This treaty legally affirmed that Heilongjiang and Wusuli river basins, including Sakhalin Island, are all the territory of China.
Location time event
Southeast (Taiwan Province Province) 1624
166 1 ~ 1662
1683
1684 Dutch colonists invaded Taiwan Province province.
Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan Province Province.
The Qing army entered Taiwan Province Province, and the descendants of Zheng surrendered to the Qing Dynasty.
The Qing Dynasty established the Taiwan Province government.
Northeast China (Heilongjiang Valley)1Mid-7th century
1689 tsarist Russia invaded Heilongjiang river basin in China.
Two wars in jaxa.
Sino-Russian treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu was signed.