Since ancient times, the pace of China immigrants has never stopped, especially in Kunming, the center of Yunnan. First, because the Qiang people in the northwest entered Yunnan in ancient times, Chu will "enter Yunnan" during the Warring States Period, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty moved the Qin Jin nobles to Tunbian, Yunnan. Especially after the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and even during the Republic of China, as the southwest rear of the Anti-Japanese War, a large number of immigrants from the Central Plains, Jiangsu and Zhejiang entered Yunnan and settled in Kunming.
Today's Kunming people (with a permanent population of about 7 million) are a group including Han, Yi, Hui, Bai and Miao nationalities.
First, the earliest immigrants in Kunming should be the ancestors of the Yi people. Yi nationality is the sixth largest minority in China, and its ancestors can be traced back to the ancient Qiang nationality. At that time, the Qiang people crossed the Jinsha River from Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and other places, entered the Dianchi Lake area, and merged with the local ordinary people to form the ancient Dian people. Although the ancient Dian kingdom perished during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the ancient Dian nationality had reached nearly one million at that time, and only tens of thousands of Han people moved in. Even the so-called "Nanzhong surname" has gradually been assimilated, and it is in the whole process that today's Yi people are formed.
From the Jin Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, cuan clan (the most popular name in South China) ruled South China and formed a separatist regime against the Central Plains dynasty. Cuan clan's ruling scope is divided into two parts: Dongcuan Wuman and Xicuan Baiman. Dongcuan Wuman is the ancestor of today's Yi people. Kunming is within the range of Dongcong barbarians. The Nanzhao Kingdom, which rose later, was also established by the Yi people. Ge Luofeng (King Nanzhao) ordered his eldest son Feng Jiayi to build Tuodong City in today's Kunming, which also marked the official beginning of Kunming's urban construction history.
Second, the immigrants from the Central Plains and the Han Dynasty in the Mainland entered Kunming, which began in the pre-Qin and Warring States periods. For example, "Zhuang Jian (the first historical figure in Chinese mainland to develop Yunnan's frontier) opened Yunnan", and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty moved the Qin Jin Haozu to Yizhou for land reclamation. During Nanzhao and Dali periods, Han immigrants entered Yunnan in various ways. For example, during the Tianbao period of Emperor Taizong, Tang Jun's 200,000 troops were conquered by Nanzhao, and most of them were captured or fled and survived. Another example is Nanzhao attacking Sichuan and plundering a large number of craftsmen from Chengdu and other places to Nanzhao. However, before the Ming Dynasty, most of the Han people who entered Yunnan had "changed their clothes and walked"-integrated into the local ethnic groups (mainly Yi and Bai). Up to now, there are still a considerable number of ancient Chinese words in Bai language, which may be one of the evidences.
The large-scale entry of Han immigrants into Kunming began in the early Ming Dynasty, and a large number of them entered Yunnan in the form of military, civilian, commercial and official demotion. According to the historical records such as Ming History, in the fourteenth year of Hongwu (138 1), more than 300,000 soldiers from the South Expedition stayed in Yunnan with their families because Mu Ying stayed in the town. Later, the imperial court dispatched140,000 people from Liangzhou Health Center to Yunnan, and dispatched10,000 people from Anhui, Sichuan and Hunan for three times to open up wasteland in Yunnan. Up to now, there are a large number of place names such as "X Wei Ying" and "X Suo" in Kunming, which are the traces left by the implementation of the Wei Suo system in the Ming Dynasty.
There are more folk villages. During the Hongwu period, there were more than 3 million immigrants in Mintun. In the twenty-second year of Hongwu, Mu Ying led more than 2.5 million people from Jiangnan and Jiangxi into Yunnan, the largest scale. In addition, merchants raised people to settle in Yunnan to produce grain in exchange for the "salt introduction" of the court, which was called Shangtun, and therefore a large number of mainland Chinese migrated. Yang Shen, a great writer, came to Kunming as a "big gift" and was demoted to Kunming by Emperor Jiaqing.
Because many immigrants started from Liu Shu Bay in Gaoshikan, Nanjing at that time, the ancestral home of many Kunming people is still Liu Shu Bay in Yingtianfu, Nanjing.
During the Ming Dynasty, the population proportion of Han nationality and other nationalities in Kunming changed fundamentally, and the number of Han nationality jumped to the top of all nationalities. In Kunming, it has become the main ethnic group. The present Kunming dialect is a unique Chinese dialect based on Jianghuai dialect, which absorbs some elements of North China dialect and is influenced by other dialects.
The Bai people in Kunming come from Erhai area.
Before Dali established its capital and occupied it, Nanzhao State "expanded its eastern city" and designated it as Tokyo. A large number of Bai people moved into Kunming from Erhai Lake area. But by the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, most of these Bai people had integrated into the local ethnic groups. The Annals of Kunming pointed out: "The Bai people living in Kunming are basically Bai soldiers who moved in after the Yuan Dynasty. This is also the source of Bai people who live in Wuhua District, Xishan District and Anning City of Kunming today.
The Hui nationality in Kunming was formed in the Yuan Dynasty.
In the third year of Yuan Xianzong (1253), Mongolian Marshal Uriyangqatai led a hundred thousand troops and entered Yunnan with his ancestor Kublai Khan, which was the beginning of more Hui immigrants to Kunming. After that, a large number of Hui people entered Kunming in three times. Zheng He, who made seven voyages to the West, was also a Muslim in Kunming, whose real name was Ma.
The Miao people in Kunming come from Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and Guizhou.
First, it migrated from Xiangxi, eastern Guizhou and southern Sichuan to northwest Guizhou and northeast Yunnan in the late Tang Dynasty and early Song Dynasty. During Xianfeng period in Qing Dynasty, Miao people in northwest Guizhou migrated to Qujing area and Songming, Fumin, Luquan and Yiliang areas in Kunming. During the Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty, some Miao people in Wuding migrated to Luquan, Fumin and Songming. Later, some Miao people in northwest Guizhou and Wenshan and Honghe areas of Yunnan gradually moved to Anning, Xishan (now part of them have been included in Wuhua District), Guandu, Yiliang and Shilin.
In addition, during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Kunming became the rear area of the Anti-Japanese War, with thousands of students, teachers, businessmen, workers, military and political personnel and their families, and the newly added foreign population once exceeded the original local population. 1949, the total population of Kunming increased from 1937 to more than 140000, reaching 3 10000.
After the founding of New China, a large number of southern cadres and their families came to Kunming. During the period of supporting the third-line construction, a large number of cadres and technicians from the mainland (mainly from Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai) stayed in Kunming. The administrative division of Kunming has been expanded many times, and the population has naturally increased, so the number of Kunming people has reached nearly 7 million today.
The long-term immigrant culture has gradually formed the spirit of being fearless, pioneering and pioneering, and being the first, as well as the excellent qualities of diligence, kindness, unity and harmony, generosity and tolerance, non-exclusion, good at learning and accepting new things.
Love Kunming and Dianchi Lake!