1863 65438+1October 10, the whole line is open to traffic. This is the world's first underground railway system, Metropolitan Railway, which transported 9.5 million passengers in its first year of operation. At that time, the underground railway had to be pulled by steam locomotives because the electricity had not been popularized, and because the exhaust gas released by locomotives was harmful to human health, the designers at that time had their brains wide open, and the tunnels had ventilation slots connected with the ground at regular intervals.
1866, the City of London used the tunnel shield developed by Greathead to dig the "tubular" route. The tunnel is deep, so as to avoid conflict with the building foundation or municipal pipelines and affect street traffic. Originally planned to use cable operation, but later changed to electric traction.
1870, the first passenger-drilled subway was opened in London, which crossed the Thames near the Tower of London. However, this railway was not successful. After several months of operation, it was abandoned because the newly opened tower bridge in London replaced most of the passenger flow. The earliest existing subway was opened in 1890, also located in London, connecting the city center and the southern region. Initially, railway builders planned to use a cable car-like propulsion method, but in the end, electric locomotives were used to make it the first electric subway, and the subway opened in London in the early days was fully electrified at 1906. As far as other cities in Britain are concerned, the underground railway running through the city center and across mersey river was also opened in 1886, which was electrified for the first time before 1903. It is the first electrified underground railway in the world, but the underground railway has not yet become an independent urban subway in administration and operation management, but it still belongs to the Merseyside commuter railway of the British national railway network.
1890, the first 4.8km electric subway began to operate. 1900, more tubular subways were built in London, and the excavated and backfilled lines were electrified. During World War I and World War II, the subway stood up as an air defense bunker. Many other cities follow the example of London. The Scottish city of Glasgow opened the subway at the end of 1896.
1896, Budapest, Austria-Hungary opened the first subway in continental Europe, 5 kilometers, 1 1 station, which is still in use today. Because the steel beam is flat-topped, it is shallow and saves a lot of money.
1898, Paris began to build a subway with a length of 10 km, 1900, and the Paris subway was opened. Due to the improvement of excavation and backfilling methods by Fulgence Bienvenue engineers, the construction speed has been accelerated. The new method is to dig shafts at intervals along the line, and then dig tunnels from below the shafts, in which the foundation is made of bricks to support the wooden formwork close to the road surface. This method of building the top arch has little interference to the ground traffic. The original French name of Paris Metro is Chemin de Fer Métropolitain (French literal translation means "Metropolitan Railway"), which is directly translated from "Metropolitan Railway" and later abbreviated as "métro", so many urban rail systems are called subways. The Russian subway is also logical, but it is replaced by Cyrillic letters, called метро.
From 1895 to 1897, Boston built the first subway in the United States, with a total length of 2.4 kilometers. Trams and trolleybuses were used at first, and then electric trains were changed. 1904101On October 27th, the world's largest subway system was opened to traffic in new york. 19 13, Buenos Aires subway in South America was completed and opened to traffic. In the1930s, Moscow established a subway system. 1954, Toronto subway in Canada opened to traffic.
The second subway system was built in Montreal in the 1960 s, using Paris-style tire cars. In Asia, Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka and Nagoya have successively built subways at 1927, 193 1, 1933 and 1957.
1 965 July1day, the first phase of Beijing subway project officially started, which is the first subway line in China. 1 96910/October1completed and put into operation,196911October caused a fire (no casualties) due to the defect of power supply mode of this line. After the route transformation, it will continue to operate on 197 1 year 1 month 65438+5 days.
1976, the first automatic high-speed subway was built in the San Francisco Bay Area. In the same year, the subway with automatic control system in Washington, D.C. was officially opened. Due to the perfect design of track and carriage support system, the light aluminum carriage equipped with air conditioning equipment runs more smoothly and quickly. The underground station with beautiful architecture and passenger safety is also the characteristic of modern train and subway buildings.
At the beginning of 1990, Shanghai subway started construction, and 1993 opened the first line. By 20 17, it has become the largest subway network in the world.