What is the first and twenty-fourth histories?
Twenty-four histories are the general name of twenty-four historical books written by China in ancient times. Because the writing style of Historical Records has been accepted as a formal historical writing method in all previous dynasties, a historical book written in the form of biography like Historical Records will be called? Official history? . It started from the legendary Yellow Emperor (about 2550 years ago) and ended in the seventeenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1644), with a total of 32 13 volumes and 40 million words. It is written in a biographical style that combines biography and biography. 192 1 year, President Xu Shichang of the Republic of China ordered the New Yuan History to be included in the official history, calling it? Twenty-five histories and? Twenty-four histories However, most places do not include? New yuan history? But will it? Draft of Qing history? Listed as? Twenty-five history one. If these two books are included in the official history, then? Twenty-six histories of its formation. Twenty-four histories are the general name of 24 biographical history books in ancient China. According to the order of dynasties recorded in history, they are Historical Records, Hanshu, Houhanshu, History of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Jin, Book of Song, Book of Nanqi, Liang Shu, Book of Chen, Book of Wei, Book of Beiqi, Book of Zhou, and Book of Song. There are 3,265,438+07 volumes in the Twenty-four History (Han Shu, Hou Hanshu, Shu Wei and Tang Shu have more than two volumes, actually 3,300 volumes), with about 47 million words (according to statistics of Zhonghua Book Company). From the legendary Yellow Emperor to Emperor Chongzhen in the late Ming Dynasty, the narrative covers the politics, economy, military, ideology, culture, astronomy, geography and other aspects in ancient China. Biographical history books represented by Twenty-four Histories occupy an extremely important position in the history of China civilization. "Twenty-four History" criss-crosses, interlocking in the form of biographies, biographies and notes, and records the historical overview of each dynasty. At the same time, based on the rise and fall of Chinese dynasties, it reflects the complicated historical process of China, making China and the Chinese nation the only countries and nations in the world with a coherent and complete historical record of nearly 4,000 years. This is a precious historical and cultural heritage that the Chinese nation is proud of and deserves further development.
Second, why is there no history in Xixia?
Some people describe Xixia as rising like an eagle and disappearing like an eagle. ? Xixia is like a mysterious comet passing by. Not only the whereabouts of Xixia is a mystery, but also the history of Xixia is blank. It is extremely rare in the history of the world to disappear so quickly and completely. There are Liao, Jin and Song Dynasties in the twenty-four histories, but there is no Xixia. China has a tradition of making history for thousands of years. Why didn't the Yuan Dynasty compile the history of Xixia? Xixia was not a random small country, but an important force on the political map at that time! In 982, Li, the founder of Xixia Dynasty? Betrayal of the Song Dynasty became a reality? Independent kingdom? . 1038, Li Yuanhao proclaimed himself emperor and established Xixia dynasty. By the time/kloc-0 was destroyed in 227, it had been in service for more than 200 years, longer than the Northern Song Dynasty and Liao and Jin Dynasties. In the heyday of Xixia, there was the Yellow River in the east, Yumen in the west, Xiaoguan in the south and desert in the north? . Its territory includes today's Ningxia, northwest Gansu, northeast Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and northwest Shaanxi, with an area of? More than 20 thousand square kilometers? . Xixia was very belligerent, and fought frequently with neighboring countries for more than 200 years: 15 wars with Song Dynasty, 2 wars with Liao State, about 25 wars with Jin State, and at least 8 wars with Mongolia (20 years before its demise). The Xixia standing army is about 700,000. However, due to the Qing army system in Xixia, during the war? Do you bring your own bow and arrow armor if you are under 60 years old and over 15 years old every year? So experts estimate that the population of Xixia exceeds 3 million. On this issue, one of the most widely circulated rumors is that the death of Genghis Khan is related to Xixia people. Mongolian soldiers slaughtered Xixia people for revenge. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, this hatred naturally continued, and Xixia had no history. 1227, Genghis Khan led an army to besiege Xingqing Prefecture, the capital of Xixia. Six months later, there was no food in the city at all, and Emperor Li Sui of Xixia had to surrender. But at this time, Genghis Khan was critically ill and soon died in Liupanshan. Before his death, he left three regrets: first, he appointed Vakutai's successor; The second is to order people to conceal his death and let the Xixia nobles surrender and be eliminated; The third is to put forward the strategy of destroying Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. After Li Sui, the last emperor of Xixia, surrendered, all the Xixia people and ministers who followed him were executed. However, the Mongolian side soon extended the massacre in Xingqing Prefecture to three days and three nights, killing all the people in the city. Not only did Xingqing government, but the massacre soon spread to Xixia. Because the Mongols blamed the death of Genghis Khan on Xixia people, they refused to repair the history of Xixia people after the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, and wanted to completely destroy Xixia to comfort Genghis Khan's spirit in heaven. However, this statement is a bit naive, completely obliterating Kublai Khan's heroism and talent. Mongolian Khan died in front of the fishing boat. Kublai Khan did not kill the city for revenge. Later, he was relatively tolerant of surrender to the Southern Song Dynasty (compared with the Jin Dynasty). Mongolia and Xu Jin hate each other even more. There have been many wars between them, and they have sworn enemies. During the Song and Jin Dynasties, the Yuan Dynasty edited the History of Song Dynasty and the History of Jin Dynasty.
Third, why didn't the Yuan Dynasty compile history books for Xixia?
In fact, the Yuan Dynasty did not create history for Xixia for these three reasons. First of all, the Mongolian massacre of Xixia led to the death of a large number of nobles who knew Xixia characters. A large number of official documents were destroyed (Mongols burned, killed and plundered, but they didn't collect documents as Xiao He did). Only the surnames of the surviving Tangut nobles were buried, and the Tangut people mysteriously disappeared. Second, 1227 destroyed Xixia, 1260 Kublai Khan came to power, and127/0 established the Yuan Dynasty. China has been separated for half a century. Before Mongolia's policy of eliminating Xixia, Kublai Khan could not find anyone who knew the history of Xixia and enough historical materials of Xixia. Third, Xixia does not use Chinese, but only Xixia language. The structure of Xixia characters is based on Chinese characters, but the strokes are very complicated and unfriendly, which determines that only a few Xixia people can master them. By the time the Yuan Dynasty was established, almost no one could read the limited Xixia archives. In this way, how to repair history? Of course, there may be other problems, such as Xixia itself has no tradition of recording history. As mentioned earlier, Xixia was belligerent, and the history of this country can be summarized as war, war or war in one sentence. A belligerent country itself may despise historical records. It is naturally difficult for future generations to find enough historical materials if they want to repair history.
It is normal that Xixia has no history. Northern nationalities usually have no tradition of recording history. What is the detailed history of Xiongnu and Turkey? Most of the history was recorded by the Central Plains Dynasty. For example, even if the Liao and Jin dynasties were all localized, did they have it from the beginning? Review of national history? . The Jin State is similar to the Liao State, and eventually a large amount of materials are preserved (Liao and Jin archives often have Chinese versions). Later Liao history and Jin history were the same as those of Xixia.