Since 1950s, through the close cooperation of three generations of ancient ceramics researchers and cultural relics archaeologists in China, comprehensive archaeological investigation and key excavation, as well as scientific detection of collected Ru Ci specimens, the entrance of Ruguanyao was discovered in Qingliangsi Village, Baofeng County, Henan Province on 1987, which unveiled the mysterious veil of Ruguanyao. After comprehensive drilling, the total area of kiln site is 165438+ 10,000 square meters. After excavation and intensive drilling, it is located within 4800 square meters of Qingliangsi Village. It is a professional firing area of Ruguan Kiln, which specializes in firing Ru Ci imperial products. The fragment specimens unearthed in this area are completely consistent with the existing Ru kiln handed down from the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Forbidden City in Taipei, which proves the exact location of the entrance of Ru kiln, thus officially solving the historical mystery of Ru kiln for nearly a thousand years.
Ruins of Ruguan Kiln in Liang Qing Temple, Baofeng (Inner)
At the same time, we have also done a lot of research and focused excavation on the celadon collected and scattered in various museums in Ruyao, and studied and explored the firing history and product characteristics of different kiln mouths and the differences between them and Ruguan kiln.
In addition to Baofeng Liang Qing Temple, Ru Kiln ranks first among the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty and is favored by the court. Ruyao folk kiln also has similarities and unique styles because of its rich modeling, exquisite craftsmanship, smooth glaze and rich decoration. According to the existing physical specimens and archaeological data, it can be roughly divided into five different types: Dianyao, Linru, Ruzhou Miao Wen, Zhanggongxiang and Donggou kilns.
1. Lushan Dian kiln: located in Diancun, northeast of Lushan County. According to archaeological investigation, the kiln site is about 500,000 square meters, the cultural layer is 2-3 meters thick and the maximum thickness is 4-5 meters. It has a long burning history, rich products, long duration and enduring, among which Ru Ci is more distinctive. The successful firing of tea powder glaze in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties had a great influence on the firing of Ru Ci in the Song Dynasty. The appearance of flat-edge folded belly plate of bean green glaze in the early Northern Song Dynasty laid a good foundation for the development and skill of Ru Ci later. Due to the variety of Duandian kilns, it is a precedent for the all-round development of Ru Ci. Its main characteristics are: diverse shapes, exquisite craftsmanship, dual-purpose support firing and pad firing, smooth glaze layer, gray carcass, some with poor heat, light glaze color, and some with commemorative money engraved on the bottom. The bubbles under glaze are fuzzy, which is obviously different from other kiln mouths.
2. Linru Kiln: In addition to being spread all over Ruzhou's four townships, it is also fired everywhere near Ruzhou, and spread to Anyang, Hebi and other places in northern Henan. Kilns are also built in surrounding towns such as Dayaodian, Baofeng, Yuzhou, Xuchang, Yiyang and Xin 'an to fire similar products with the same style as Linru Kiln: exquisite in shape, well-made, rich in products and strong in decoration. Carved flowers, smooth lines, durable, beautiful and generous. Some bowls and plates were engraved with signboards or auspicious words with surnames to attract customers, which met the different needs of society at that time to the greatest extent. Their works are spread all over the country and handed down from generation to generation, leaving us a valuable cultural wealth.
Ruzhou Wenmiaoyao Site
3. Ruzhou Confucian Temple Kiln: It is also one of the important discoveries of Henan ceramic archaeology in recent years. It is located in the center of Ruzhou, near the site of the original temple. According to drilling, the kiln site is not large. In order to cooperate with the capital construction project, a small-scale archaeological excavation was carried out. From the excavation of unearthed fragments, combined with the official collection of local museums and the products handed down from the people, it can be said that the shape is exquisite, the craft is fine, the glaze color is uniform, and the tire quality is solid and dense. Its plastic arts and technological characteristics are similar to those of the Confucius Kiln in Liang Qing Temple in Baofeng, and obviously come down in one continuous line with the Confucius Kiln. However, its carcass structure, glaze formula and firing method are obviously different from those of Liang Qing Temple, and there is no agate glaze, which is different from other kilns and has its own unique style.
4. Zhanggong Lane kiln site: the intersection of Zhongzhe Street and Zhanggong Lane in Ruzhou City. After preliminary exploration, the central area of the kiln site is 3,600 square meters. The kiln site was discovered in 2000, and Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology has carried out three small-scale excavations. In addition to finding all kinds of important relics, a large number of complete utensils and repairable porcelain and kiln furniture have been unearthed. Its characteristics still belong to Ruyao series, and the fetal quality is gray, white, white and a little light gray. The fetal quality is fine, the fetal glaze is thin, the glazed glass has a strong texture, and the glaze layer is fine. The glaze colors are light blue, turquoise, gray blue, egg blue and rare azure, but the most typical one is pea green. This is very different from the kiln mouth above. Rich in modeling, fine in craftsmanship, a few flat-bottomed, mostly straight-circle feet, with millet-shaped Zhi Ding burn marks at the bottom, and small and dense underglaze bubbles, which have a unique style.
Northern Song Dynasty Ruyao Fenghua Paper Hammer Bottle
As for the attributes and positioning of the kiln mouth, there are different opinions: First, the Bianjing official kiln series in the Northern Song Dynasty. Judging from the existing unearthed specimens, it is indeed different from the official kiln of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty, with solemn shape, thick glaze layer, purple iron foot, large and sparse opening, and the glaze color is white and blue, which is far from the geographical location and more difficult to confirm; One is the Ru kiln series, which is another important kiln mouth after the Ruguan kiln of Baofeng Liang Qing Temple stopped burning. In a word, the excavation area is not large at present, and the data is insufficient. Even the digger can't give more evidence to judge whether it is official or not, which needs further discussion.
5. Donggou Kiln: Located in the east of Jiliao Village, Ruzhou City, the kiln site is small, belonging to the kiln site in the late Northern Song Dynasty-Jin and Yuan Dynasties. There are bowls, plates, statues, bottles, triangular ovens, dishwashing, baby pillows, aromatherapy ovens and so on. It has been said in academic circles that the two kilns are geographically adjacent and belong to celadon series, and the tire material and kiln type are similar in structure, and there are many similarities in manufacturing technology. Combining the porcelain specimens obtained in the previous excavation with the products handed down by the people, its main characteristics are: diverse shapes, exquisite craftsmanship, full glaze on porcelain, and baking on cakes. The glaze color is mainly bean green, pink green, azure and moonlight white, with a small amount of bean green. His works not only have the characteristics of delicate glaze layer of Ru porcelain, but also have the characteristics of sauce-colored tire-protecting glaze commonly used in Jun porcelain. The underglaze bubbles are small and dense, which is obviously different from Jun porcelain Ru Ci. It has the "Rujun" style of Donggou kiln in Ruzhou, thus providing us with an important variety. The archaeological excavation and discovery of Donggou kiln has cracked the truth of the mysterious legend "You Jun is hard to distinguish" for us, and found the exact kiln mouth and origin of you Jun.