After returning to China, she taught mathematics and philosophy. Apollonius's conic curve theory was annotated in detail, and these studies did not attract the attention of mathematicians again until the17th century. In addition, Hipatia also designed a celestial observatory, a hydrometer and a pressure tester. 4 15 years, brutally killed by religion. Such a mathematician who has made outstanding contributions to the spread and development of mathematics, although her life is short, her achievements and the light of her noble thoughts illuminate the way forward for the latecomers.
2. Emily Breteuil (1706- 1749) is a French mathematician. She was born in high society, and her father was the secretary of King Louis XIV. /kloc-By the time she was 0/2 years old, Emily had mastered Latin, Italian, Greek and German. Since then, she has received a comprehensive education in science and literature. 1733, Emily met Voltaire. In the process of love, Voltaire conveyed the scientific thoughts of Descartes, Leibniz and Newton to Emily. They cooperated in translating Newton's philosophical foundation and introduced Newton's theory to readers without advanced mathematics foundation for the first time. During this period, Emily also transformed a room into a laboratory to carry out physical experiments. Soon after, she took part in the scientific paper competition of "Natural Properties of Fire" organized by the Academy of Sciences, in which she first put forward the theory of infrared radiation. When Emily's scientific achievements began to surpass Voltaire, their relationship went downhill. Soon after, she published "Research on Physics", and she made a summary combining the scientific theories of Descartes, Leibniz and Newton. After leaving Voltaire, Emily translated Newton's Principles of Mathematics from Latin into French, and the translated version was also the most authoritative version at that time.
Corresponding to her great scientific achievements is social discrimination. Women in French upper class are jealous that Emily won Voltaire's love. They often describe her as an ugly and rude woman. In the last year of her life, that is, the year of translating Principles of Mathematics, she died in childbirth. In a life of ridicule and misunderstanding, Emily won the understanding and respect of the scientific community by relying on her independence and great courage to pursue truth and happiness.
3. agnesi (17 18— 1799): Italian mathematician. She was regarded as a genius since she was a child. In her family gatherings, she always talks about a wide range of topics such as logic, machinery, chemistry, botany, zoology, mineralogy and analytic geometry. 1 1 years old, she is proficient in various languages. Hannuzet is modest and introverted, diligent and dedicated. He joined the monastery in 1738, and for the next fourteen years, Hannuzet has been focusing on the field of mathematics and has written some admirable works, which has opened a fresh window for the whole world of philosophy and science. Her most famous mathematical work, Lectures on Analysis, is considered to be the first complete calculus textbook. Pope benedikt XIV also awarded her a gold medal in recognition of her outstanding contribution in mathematics.
1750, Agnez was appointed as the head of the department of mathematics and natural philosophy at the University of Bologna, but she only accepted the honorary title awarded by them. 175 1 year, Agnes was at the peak of her mathematics career, but she suddenly stopped all research in mathematics and science. She took care of her father until his death, and then assumed the responsibility of caring for and educating her twenty brothers and sisters. After that, she lived an isolated life and devoted the rest of her life to the poor and needy.
4. Marie sophie germain (1776— 183 1) is a French mathematician and physicist. Germain was born in a wealthy businessman's family. He loved mathematics since childhood, but he didn't get encouragement from his family. As a woman, she was rejected by the Paris Institute of Technology. Considering the general prejudice against female scientists at that time, she often had to communicate with other mathematicians (such as Lagrange and Gauss) under pseudonyms. Germain's story about reading reflects the difficulty and inferiority of women's reading at that time. Through unremitting efforts, she has made outstanding achievements in acoustics, elastic mathematics theory and number theory.
18 16, 1 month, germain became famous for his excellent thesis on "elastic surface theory" challenging the Laplacian school for the first time. Gauss insisted on recommending her to the faculty of G? ttingen and asked for an honorary doctorate. Unfortunately, Sophie died of breast cancer at 183 1.
5. August Ada? British mathematician Augusta Ada Lovlace (1815-1852) is the daughter of Byron, a famous poet. Although ada? Lovelace's name is not common in books on the history of mathematics, but she still goes down in history as the earliest computer programmer in the world. People use her name ADA as the name of a computer language in memory of this clever mathematician.
Ada had a strong interest and enthusiasm for mathematics when she was very young. Byron likes to call her "Princess parallelogram". 10 years old, Ada? Lovelace first met C. Barberg, when she visited his laboratory with a group of adults, those amazing machines have become an attraction of London society. Ida left a deep impression on Babberg, because she was one of the few visitors who could ask rational and thoughtful questions about his machine and his work. At the age of 2 1, she wrote to Barberg, encouraging him to work as an analytical machine, and asked him to be her tutor. A year later, she undertook the task of translating a paper "On Babberg Analytical Machine". Her job is not only translation, but also notes three times the length of the paper. She made a detailed mathematical analysis of the machine, described its components and listed its possible uses. She described a computer that doesn't exist yet. In the annotation, she even wrote a computer program to calculate Bernoulli number for this imaginary machine. More importantly, she devoted all her enthusiasm to Barberg's career. Unfortunately, he got cancer in 1852 and died young at the age of 36.
6. Kovalevskaya? Sophia (1850— 189 1) is the first female mathematician in Russian history. Kaya was born in a noble family in Moscow, and her nature was quiet and gentle. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, he mastered calculus under the guidance of a naval school teacher in Petersburg. 1870, she went to Berlin to study, but Berlin University refused to accept girls at that time, so she had to go to see the famous mathematician Wilstras, who decided to teach her alone for four years. In view of her outstanding work, the University of G? ttingen awarded her a doctorate without a reply, making her the first female doctor of mathematics in history.
At the age of 38, Kaya was praised by the French Academy of Sciences and the Swedish Academy of Sciences for his research on the rotation of rigid bodies around fixed points. The problem of rigid body rotation has been stagnant for a long time since Euler and Lagrange, and the French Academy of Sciences has issued three awards to solve it. Kovalevskaya's award became the newspaper news at that time, which caused a sensation in Paris. 1889, Kovalevskaya was elected as an academician by the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, so the rule of not accepting female academicians was specially revised. An important contribution of Kaya is to give a more general result of the existence and uniqueness of solutions of partial differential equations, which is now called Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem. Unfortunately, more than a year later, she died of pneumonia in Sweden at the age of 4 1.
7. Amy emmy noether (1882- 1935), a German mathematician, is known as the mother of abstract algebra. Nott was born in a Jewish family in Germany, and her road to success was more difficult and tortuous than others. Young Nott is versatile and can sing and dance well. At the age of 25, she successfully obtained a doctorate under the guidance of Professor Gordan, and soon gained a reputation for her mathematics. 1965438+In June 2009, he was qualified as a teacher at the University of G? ttingen. Under the recommendation of great mathematicians Hilbert, David and others, she finally won the title of professor at the University of G? ttingen, an all-male world, and Nott embarked on the road of completely independent mathematics.
192 1 year, her classic paper "Idealism on the Ring" was published, which marked the beginning of the modernization of abstract algebra. In physics, she derived a very critical and beautiful result, called Nott Theorem. After Hitler came to power, the persecution of Jews intensified. 1929, Nott was kicked out of his apartment. 1933 In April, the fascist authorities deprived Nott of his teaching rights and expelled a group of Jewish professors from the campus. Later, Nott sailed to the United States and died in a surgical operation on April 4, 1935 at the age of 53. Einstein praised Nott as "the most outstanding and creative mathematical genius since women began to receive higher education", and Nott's name has also become a symbol of hundreds of millions of women's dedication to science.
8. Mary? Mary Cartwright (1900-1998), a versatile British mathematician, is known as the founder of chaos theory. Her father is a priest, and she was sent to school when she was 1 1. Mary? Cartwright worked very hard in middle school and made up his mind to engage in mathematics research for life before graduating from middle school. 19 19 10 Mary successfully entered Oxford to study mathematics. At that time, there were only five girls studying mathematics in the whole school. In her sophomore year, she attended a math meeting and discussed math problems with mathematicians every night. After graduating from college, she taught for four years. 1930. Under the guidance of Hardy, an expert in number theory, she obtained a doctorate from Oxford University. 1935, she was invited to teach mathematics at Cambridge University until she retired. Mary? Cartwright was the first female mathematician to be elected as a member of the Royal Society, and later served as the president of the London Mathematical Society. Mary? Cartwright also published many books on mathematical analysis and complex function during his teaching and research.
9. Julia Robinson (1918-1985), born in St. Louis, USA, is the first female president of the American Mathematical Society. 1936 entered the university of San Diego, and 1939 entered the university of California, Berkeley, where he received his doctorate. 1975, she became a professor. Julia's husband was her early professor of number theory, which helped her lay a very solid foundation in number theory. Julia began to study Hilbert's tenth question from 1948. 196 1 year, Julia published a paper with Davis and Putnan, which made a key breakthrough on this issue. 1982, she was selected as Noether lecturer. Like other female mathematicians, she encountered many setbacks in the process of pursuing academics in her life. Julia suffered from many diseases in her childhood, which made her weak and infertile. This once made her fall into extreme pain, and finally it was the power of mathematics that made her gradually get rid of the shadow of pain.
10. Sha Fei? Shafi Goldwasser (1958-) is an Israeli cryptographer. Shafi? Goldwasser was born in new york. 1979 received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Carnegie Mellon University, and 1983 received a doctorate in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley. He is currently teaching at MIT. Goldwasser won the Godel Prize twice. 200 1 Elected Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Shafi in 2002? Goldwasser attended the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Beijing and gave a special 1 hour math report at the conference. Goldwasser's research fields include complexity theory, cryptography and computational number theory. In 2007, he was elected as a researcher of the International Cryptography Research Association.