First, turn soil into flow:

1, Introduction:

Changing the land into the stream refers to changing the chieftain system into the stream official system. Also known as the change of Tusi into wasteland, it began in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, referring to the abolition of Tusi who once ruled ethnic minorities and was appointed as a floating official by the central government of the imperial court.

Chiefs are the leaders of the original nationalities, and officials are appointed by the central government. Returning home is conducive to eliminating the backwardness of the chieftain system and strengthening the central government's rule over some ethnic minority areas in southwest China.

2. Explain in detail:

The chieftain system was developed on the basis of Jimi county system in Tang and Song Dynasties. Its essence is "governing local people with local officials", recognizing the hereditary leader status of ethnic minorities and giving them official titles for indirect rule. In fact, the imperial edict of the central government has not really been implemented.

Some local officials abuse and kill people arbitrarily because of the hereditary reasons of the people, in order to suffer the border. "Han people were destroyed by them, and foreigners were poisoned by them." . Even within the toast family, there have been fights or wars. In the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi (1699), the Lushi family of Dongchuan Yi people killed each other for the inheritance of the Tusi government.

In order to solve the long-standing disadvantages of the chieftain's separatist regime, the emperors of Ming and Qing dynasties have begun to brew to solve this problem. Generally speaking, there are two ways to change the soil into the stream: "First, from top to bottom, change the mud house first, and then change the soil state. The second is to seize all favorable opportunities. If some local officials have no heirs, successors, or clan struggles, they will send floating officials to take over; After the local officials killed each other and were pacified, they sent Liu Guan to take over; Some local officials committed crimes, or after the anti-DPRK was suppressed, they were dismissed for their crimes and replaced by floating officials. Some people applied to the feudal dynasty to "change the soil into the stream", and the dynasty changed the hereditary local officials into the stream officials in the meaning of obeying the people. In short, the feudal dynasty changed its course as soon as it had the opportunity. (Excerpted from Huang Xianfan's General History of Zhuang Nationality)

Second, about Tan Dingru:

1, Introduction:

It is a tax system that the Qing government brought Ding Yin, who has been in contact for generations, into the land tax collection.

2. Detailed

The "land equalization system" is beneficial to the poor and not to the landlords, which is a major reform in China's tax history. It eased social contradictions, strengthened feudal rule, and promoted economic development and slight improvement of people's lives, which has certain positive significance. The policy of "spreading land into mu" did not properly handle the problem of equal distribution of taxes, thus affecting the interests of wealthy households and people of all walks of life in the world.

Judging from the general trend of social development, the policy of dividing land into mu has obvious limitations. Instead of eliminating it, it strengthened feudal land ownership, and it was impossible to eliminate class contradictions in society. Fundamentally speaking, it is to protect the interests of the ruling class-the interests of long-term rule and firm rule. It strengthened feudal rule. In fact, it can be implemented to a certain extent, first of all, because of the fierce struggle of millions of working people against uneven taxation; Although nominally implemented in various provinces one after another, it is impossible to implement it in a lasting and serious way.

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