The word "solar eclipse" comes from China's earliest poem Wei Yunheng. On July 22nd, there will be a once-in-a-century total solar eclipse. Do you know that the word "solar eclipse" originated from China's earliest collection of poems and songs? Over the next 2,000 years, scholars of past dynasties have written many times about astronomical phenomena such as solar eclipse and lunar eclipse in their poems. Solar eclipse observation has a long history in China. It is said that as early as nearly 4,000 years ago, during the Zhong Kang period of Xia Dynasty, there was the earliest solar eclipse record in the world. But the earliest word "solar eclipse" can be found in the Book of Songs at the turn of October. The first eight sentences of this 262-word poem read: "At the turn of October, when the moon is in the sky, there is food and ugliness every day. The moon is very small, and so is the day. Today's people are also mourning. " /kloc-There is a solar eclipse in Xinmao in October, which is very bad. There used to be a lunar eclipse, but now there is a solar eclipse. Poor people in the world. According to scholars' research, this poem was written in the first year of Zhou Youwang. Although the ancients could not scientifically explain that the solar eclipse was ominous, their observations and records were accurate. According to modern astronomers, the day written in this poem did have a solar eclipse. The reporter found that there are many works about solar eclipse and lunar eclipse in China's poems of past dynasties. For example, Meng Chi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in the book Jiuhua Mountain in the Shade: "For example, there is a solar eclipse in the sky, which makes me groggy and delirious. People can't save by knocking on the mirror. Time is a wolf star. " Another poet in the Tang Dynasty, Lu Tong, wrote the poem "Eclipse Poetry". There is a sentence in the poem "Look at the eclipse, the moonlight will be exhausted, and the moon will cover the day short". Yao Mian, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, wrote a long poem called Sin of Eclipse, which vividly described the scene of an eclipse in detail. Among them, "children suddenly report, and the Japanese wall has no rules." Pale busy looking up, flying moths at the beginning of the month. The sun has lost its luster, and jade is like a hidden glory. The sentence "The sky is full of tortoiseshell, and the night is blurred" makes readers feel immersive. When a solar eclipse occurs, Lang Lang Gan Kun suddenly turns to dusk or even night, which often causes mental fear and anxiety of the ancients. In fact, at this time, the ground weather is indeed undergoing abnormal or even drastic changes. However, this kind of ground weather change astronomy has not been studied, and it does not belong to the normal business scope of meteorological departments, so there are few research reports in history. Fortunately, there was a solar eclipse in Asia on June 20th, 1955. Although the total solar eclipse area is located in the latitude of Xisha and Zhongsha sea areas in China, the food intake in the area south of 30 north latitude in China is above 50%, and the food intake in South China and Southwest China south of the Tropic of Cancer is above 75% (100% during the total solar eclipse). In addition, the solar eclipse not only occurs near the summer solstice, when the sun is the highest all year round, but also occurs around noon, so it is an extremely rare observation opportunity. At that time, central weather bureau (now China Meteorological Bureau) asked the Southern Meteorological Observatory to observe the solar eclipse. The fly in the ointment is that the southern part of China has entered the rainy season on June 20, and it rained in many places. Only Guangdong Province and Hainan Province have good meteorological conditions, so the meteorological change of solar eclipse is also the most significant, which is manifested in the following characteristics: 1. The temperature dropped sharply. Looking up the reports of the Southern Meteorological Observatory in China at that time, it was found that dozens of meteorological stations had meteorological observation records of solar eclipse. The temperature change is most significant in sunny Shenzhen. Four minutes before the solar eclipse, that is, 10: 32, the temperature in Shenzhen was 30.2℃. With the increase of food fraction, the temperature changed abnormally from rising to falling, and it dropped to 26.3℃ during the extreme eclipse (12: 08+0 1: 00), that is, it dropped by 3.9℃. After a full meal, the temperature rose again, and reached 29.2℃ at the last contact (13: 29), which still did not reach the temperature before the solar eclipse. 2. The ground temperature changes more than the air temperature. This is because the temperature rises during the day and the cold and heat sources for the temperature drop at night are all on the ground. Unfortunately, there is no observation report on the surface soil temperature in Shenzhen, so take Dan County in Hainan as an example. The temperature in xian county was 32.4℃ during the first solar eclipse, and 30.2℃ during the worst solar eclipse. That is, because there were clouds in the sky, the temperature only dropped by 2.2℃ during the solar eclipse. However, the ground temperature dropped sharply from 42.9℃ to 32.5℃ (after the last contact rose to 5 1.4℃), that is, it dropped sharply 10.4℃! It is estimated that the change of ground temperature in Shenzhen at that time was greater than that in Danxian. 3. The temperature change of solar eclipse is only slightly deeper than 10 cm. It is commendable that the qionghai city Meteorological Observatory observed the temperature every four minutes during the eclipse, which made us know that the lowest temperature in the eclipse did not occur during the eclipse, but occurred about half an hour after the eclipse, although the temperature was only 0.2℃ lower than that during the eclipse. The underground temperature observation in Qionghai every 4 minutes also reveals that the surface inversion caused by solar eclipse generally only affects the place slightly deeper than 10 cm, because soil is a poor conductor of heat. At the depth of underground 15 cm, the temperature will not drop during the eclipse. 4. The relative humidity of air has obviously increased. During the solar eclipse, the relative humidity of the ground atmosphere also changed dramatically. Originally, under the normal circumstances without solar eclipse, the highest temperature appeared before the afternoon (about 14), and the relative humidity kept decreasing regularly (because the temperature kept rising), but during the solar eclipse, the relative humidity increased due to the decrease of inverse temperature. Shenzhen, for example, rose from 7 1% in the initial deficit to 88% in the grain shortage. After overeating, it returned to normal, and the last contact dropped to 78%, but it was still higher than before. The eclipse turned noon into dusk and moonlit night. It is interesting to describe the changes in the sky during the solar eclipse. For example, the Guangzhou Meteorological Observatory recorded: "When the food is heavy, the brightness of the sun is very weak, about 80% weaker than usual, and the sun shines on people without the usual feeling of heat. The whole sky is like a moonlit night. " Guangxi Baise reported that "the ground is yellow-brown". Nanning, Guangxi and Beihai describe the sky with "yellow and gloomy" and "the sun is as weak as dusk" respectively. Lijiang, Yunnan, recorded the change of cloud color, saying that the altocumulus is translucent, "the cloud color is light black and uneven". The most interesting thing is that the observation group of Lhasa Meteorological Observatory in Tibet recorded that the rooster crowed twice during the solar eclipse, and crowed several times the second time-it can be seen that even the rooster was cheated by the solar eclipse. The solar eclipse, commonly known as "Tiangou eats the sun", is due to the fact that when the moon runs between the earth and the sun and the three are in a straight line, the solar eclipse area on the earth blocks the sun in the sky. Because the moon seen by people on the earth is its dark side, the moon does not shine, so the "Tiangou" is black. The picture shows the principle of solar eclipse formation. Profile picture solar eclipse legend: Tiangou or Python eclipse day? Couples chase each other? The temperature of the total solar eclipse in He Hui, Xiao and Changjiang Business Daily dropped by 65438 0.5℃ in a few minutes. The original radiant sun suddenly disappeared together, and then the gap became wider and wider. It was not until the whole sun completely disappeared that the red sun became a "black sun". The sun was eaten? Has the day turned into night? ..... In ancient times, due to the lack of scientific knowledge, when the solar eclipse appeared, both in China and abroad, it was regarded as an ominous sign, and there were countless myths and legends. Before the total solar eclipse on July 22, Gao Buxi, vice chairman of Hubei Astronomical Society, told readers about the experience of human exploration of solar eclipse. Gao Buxi said that the solar eclipse is a phenomenon that the circular surface of the sun is covered by the moon. Because the distance between the sun and the earth changes slightly, the shadow cast by the moon on the earth is slightly longer, and the resulting solar eclipses are also divided into total solar eclipse, annular solar eclipse and partial solar eclipse. The process of partial eclipse and annular eclipse is almost the same as that of total eclipse, but there are no two key links: solar eclipse and light production, only the first loss, lunar eclipse and the last contact, so the appreciation of partial eclipse and annular eclipse can not be compared with total eclipse. According to the data, from 190 1 to 1999, there were 228 eclipses in the world. Among them, there were 78 partial eclipses, 73 annular eclipses, 7 total eclipses1time and 6 mixed eclipses. The probability of three major eclipses is similar, and the mixed eclipse is obviously the rarest. During the eclipse, the movement of the moon plays an important role in the change of the relative position between the sun and the moon. Every eclipse, the moon always enters from the western edge of the sun's visual plane, gradually blocks the sun, and finally moves out from the east. Gao Buxi said: "Within a few minutes of the total solar eclipse, the temperature will drop 15℃~ 20℃, the air pressure will also change, and the wind will increase, which will have an impact on aerial work." How many years is the coming total solar eclipse on July 22nd? Gao Buxi said: "For a fixed point, the total solar eclipse usually occurs once every 300 to 400 years, and the time span in different places is not the same." According to Gao Buxi, the total solar eclipse covers more than 230 kilometers. To the east of the Yangtze River, Chengdu, Chongqing, Wuhan, Hefei, Hangzhou, Shanghai and many other big cities are in the total solar eclipse zone. Partial solar eclipse can be seen in most parts of China. "From a global perspective, total solar eclipse is not uncommon. But the problem is that when the solar eclipse occurs, only people on a long and narrow' food belt' on the earth can see it, unlike when the solar eclipse occurs, nearly half of the people on the earth can see it at a glance. " Gao Buxi explained that the total solar eclipse is "once every 300 years on average", and a qualifier needs to be added, that is, "for a certain place". Gao Buxi said that no matter how many years the total solar eclipse occurs, it is certain that it is a very spectacular astronomical spectacle. For most Wuhan people, it may be this once in a lifetime, and it is worth stopping for. According to the legend of solar eclipse, one of Sakyamuni's ten disciples was named Mulian, who was very filial to his mother, but Mulian's mother was violent by nature. When the Jade Emperor in the sky knew about it, he sent Manglietia's mother to eighteen levels of hell and turned her into a vicious dog, which could never be reborn. Mulian practiced day and night and became a Tibetan bodhisattva. In order to save his mother, he opened the door of hell with Zhang Xi, and Mu Lian's mother and all the evil spirits escaped from hell. After escaping from hell, Mulian's mother turned into a vicious dog and fled to heaven to settle accounts with the Jade Emperor. She couldn't find the jade emperor in the sky, so she chased the sun and the moon, trying to swallow them and turn heaven and earth into a dark world. Folks call it "Tengu eats the sun" and "Tengu eats the moon". Legend of solar eclipse Scandinavians all over the world believe that the cause of the solar eclipse is that two Sirius named "Skol" and "Heidi" are chasing each other. In Indian mythology, people blamed the sudden disappearance of the sun on a devil named Lahu, who thought it bit the sun and caused the solar eclipse. The Incas believe that there is a cat named Ccoa or K'owa in the myth, and it can call the shots by wagging its tail. Solar eclipse (locally called Inti Jiwana) and lunar eclipse are expressions of Ccoa's anger. Sun worshippers in ancient Egypt believed that a python Apep ate the sun (referring to the sun god Ra). In addition, some Egyptian legends record that the solar eclipse occurred because a vulture trying to dominate heaven tried to take away the light of the sun god. Some ethnic groups in Africa believe that the sun and the moon are lovers, and an eclipse occurred when they chased each other. With the development of human science and technology, human beings have gradually discovered the law of solar eclipse and learned to record the whole process of solar eclipse in words. In the first recorded solar eclipse in 196 1 BC, there was a story in Shang Zhang: a "tengu ate the sun" in the Zhong Kang era of Xia Dynasty. At this time, cheongwan should report to the imperial court and ask Tian Zi to lead ministers to set up altars in front of the temple, burn incense and pray, and contribute coins to heaven to recall the sun. However, Tianguan He did not observe this phenomenon at the first time and reported it to the court, which angered the emperor and he was beheaded. This record has long been certified as a solar eclipse record, and it is the earliest record in China (and probably the earliest record in the world). Known as "book erosion" and "Zhong Kang erosion", it may occur in BC 196 1 year, 65438+1October 26th. China, the basic forecast of solar and lunar eclipses in Han Dynasty and the astronomy and calendar science in Tang Dynasty have made great progress. Li is a strange man, proficient in astronomy, calendar and yin-yang theory. Li thought that there were many mistakes in the popular Wuyin Yuanli in the Tang Dynasty, so he compiled a brand-new calendar and dedicated it to the court. One year, according to Li's own calendar, there will be a solar eclipse on the first day of every month. However, there was no solar eclipse in the almanac issued by the court according to the old calendar, so he reported the exact time of the occurrence and end of the solar eclipse to the court, which proved that Li's calendar prediction was correct. In the second year of Linde (AD 665), the court decided to use Li's calendar as the calendar and named it Linde calendar. 1868, human beings found helium in the total solar eclipse+August 0868 18, a total solar eclipse occurred near Bangladesh. When observing the total solar eclipse, French astronomer Ransang saw a strange yellow line in the prominence spectrum. This yellow line is similar to the sodium line, but it is not sodium, but an unknown element. Later, scientists named it Helium (Helium), which originated from ancient Greek, meaning "solar element". 19 19, the most famous total solar eclipse in the history of science is 180 1. According to Newton's theory, German astronomer Soldler predicted that when light passes near the sun, it will be deflected by gravity. The most famous total solar eclipse observation in the history of science was1965438+May 29th, 2009, which was conducted in Eddington, England to verify the general theory of relativity. At that time, the stars near the sun during the total solar eclipse were photographed, and compared with the positions of the stars on the same day taken during the non-total solar eclipse, and the starlight deflection caused by the sun's gravity was measured. 1997 the last total solar eclipse in China in the 20th century1997 On March 9th, the last total solar eclipse in China in the 20th century was seen in Mohe, the "Arctic" in China, and it appeared in the sky together with comet hale-bopp, who only returned once in 2500. The occurrence and appearance of two special astronomical phenomena, total solar eclipse and bright comet, are very rare. ◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇1941September 2 1 day 12, lasting 3 minutes 05. It started at 9: 23 am on July 22, 2009 and lasted for about 5 minutes and a half. In contrast, the total solar eclipse, which started at 9: 23 am on July 22 this year, lasted the longest, reaching 5 minutes 15 seconds. According to historical records, the last total solar eclipse with such good observation conditions was in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty more than 400 years ago.