Many people think that the history of birth control pills began with this gentleman, Russell Mark. He is an unusual American pharmacist. He thinks it is uneconomical to get progesterone from animals, because it takes 2500 pregnant pigs' ovaries to get 1 mg progesterone. At that time, it was known that Australian sheep eating grass in a certain place was not easy to get pregnant, which was related to a plant clover. In addition, Dutch women who ate tulip stems in World War II were not easy to get pregnant. According to the above experience, Russel Marker began to look for a steroid hormone that can be extracted from plants. In 1930s, he finally discovered a Mexican plant used by women to relieve dysmenorrhea. The root of this plant contains a high concentration of steroid sapogenin. When he extracted progesterone from these steroid hormones in Mexico, it became a milestone in the contraceptive pill. Until today, it is still used as a raw material for the production of progesterone desogestrel. There are also many people who don't think Russel Marker is the father of contraceptives, but what is certain is that his work is very important to the development of contraceptives. Gregory pincus is a pioneer in the study of oral contraceptives. He is regarded by many as the real "father of birth control pills". In the late 1950s, he did a research in Puerto Rico. Because he knew that there was no risk of pregnancy in his experiment, the dosage of estrogen and progesterone in the contraceptive he used was very high. In fact, he finished his research and was not pregnant. 1960, the first oral contraceptive, enovidone, was introduced to the United States, and soon it went to Europe in 196 1 year. Although his first high-dose steroid hormone pill (containing 150 μg estrogen) had a high contraceptive effect, his research at that time did not find any side effects. There are two main trends in the history of contraceptives. On the one hand, the dosage of estrogen is reduced; On the other hand, more selective progestogen preparations were developed to reduce the dosage of progestogen, while maintaining its high efficiency and good cycle control, and the incidence of side effects was low. 1) Estrogen dose decreased. In order to reduce the side effects, the dose of estrogen in oral contraceptives is gradually reduced from the initial 150 μg to 20-35 μg, which is called low-dose contraceptives, and the latest one is only15μ g. The reasons are as follows: Does it suggest that the dose of estrogen is related to thrombosis? Studies have shown that the dose of estrogen is related to the degree of change of coagulation mechanism? Many minor but inconvenient side effects, such as nausea, breast pain and vomiting, are mainly caused by estrogen. 2) Develop progesterone with higher selectivity. When the dose of estrogen decreases, the dose of progesterone also decreases, which is achieved by producing effective progesterone. Studies have found that the dose of progesterone is related to the incidence of arterial diseases. Even at low doses, these older progesterone still adversely affect the balance of cholesterol LDL and HDL. The above reasons lead to more research and development of new progesterone to improve the effect of OC on lipid metabolism. It has been proved that the stronger the androgen effect of progesterone, the greater the adverse effect on lipid metabolism.