Due to the different materials, materials and attributes of musical instruments, they are divided into four categories.

Strings: Strings, plucked instruments, percussion instruments.

woodwind instrument

brass instruments

Percussion instrument: fixed pitch, no fixed pitch

stringed instrument

Rubbing a stringed instrument: rubbing the strings with a bow to make a sound.

violin

viola

cello

Bass cello

Plucked instrument: produced by vibrating strings.

guitar

harp

String instrument: to make a sound by striking a string with a mallet-piano

String polishing instrument

String wipers in orchestral music include all instruments that wipe strings with bows and make sounds due to vibration. Pitch is produced by pressing the strings on the fingerboard with the fingers of the left hand. In order to make the timbre or resonance good, and to match the different attributes of each part, different wood materials must be selected. String group is the largest of the four categories of orchestral music, and it is often the most important part of music when playing.

Q: The relationship between pitch and the length and thickness of strings.

The structure of violin

On the surface, the violin is an angular gourd-shaped wooden box with a pair of F-shaped holes. Everything is the same except that the viola is a little bigger than the violin. They all have chin rests, so that they can hold the piano with their cheeks when playing. The cello is about two and a half times bigger than the violin, but it

The edge is about four times higher than the violin, and there is no chin rest. But there is a prop that can be taken down or retracted into the belly of the piano when not in use.

Play a violin bow

Bows are tools for making stringed instruments sound. The shape of the bow evolved from the bow used in ancient hunting. The bow is slightly curved, generally with a white ponytail as the bow hair. Apply hard rosin to your hair, and then rub it with the strings to make a sound.

The quality of the bow also determines the timbre played. The bow is about 75 cm long, and the bow hair made of ponytail is tightly tied at both ends of the wooden bow rod. The number of rounds required for a bow is about 130 ~ 250, and players can express rich timbre through the use of different playing techniques.

How to play stringed instruments?

String instruments are usually played with bows. When playing, it's like holding a bow and sawing an instrument. Holding a bow in one hand and rubbing the strings back and forth with bow hair will make a sound. At this time, the bow and strings on the instrument are close to the vertical angle. In addition to the basic principle of playing, the methods of holding musical instruments are different. Violin and viola are relatively small, so they are directly sandwiched between the left jaw and the left shoulder when playing, whether standing or sitting. Cello can only be played sitting, between the open feet. Because the double bass is so big, no matter sitting (high chair) or standing, the player always plays with his left hand pressing the strings behind the instrument and his right hand pulling the bow.

String instruments can also be played with fingers like plucked instruments, such as guitars, and the sound produced is very different from that played with bows, but this playing method is not commonly used. This technology is called pizza.

String cleaner: violin

The violin is one of the most important orchestral instruments, with a total length of about 60 cm. Violin can show perfect sound quality, whether it is slender sound or brilliant sound, it can be emitted at will. This gentle instrument has always been loved by many composers. The four strings of the violin are adjusted to the heights of G, D, A and E at a height interval. G string can make the deepest sound, and E string can make a loud and brilliant sound. The bow is about 75 cm long.

In orchestral music, violins are divided into two groups: the first group and the second group, and each group has its own part to play. No matter which group of parts it is, it plays an important role in the overall sound of orchestra. The first violin is on the left of the conductor, and the most right front of the violin is the "chief performer". He often serves as an assistant to the conductor, is also responsible for playing the violin solo part of the orchestra, and is also the chief of the violin group.

String Cleaner: Viola

In the violin family, the viola appeared first. The viola is slightly larger than the violin, with a total length of about 66 cm. The four strings are all tuned five degrees lower than the violin, and the timbre is quiet and stuffy, like a nasal sound. In the17th century, the viola was only used occasionally, either to set off and emphasize the bass or to fill the harmony. It was not until the18th century that it gradually began to be used as a solo instrument. Its four-string pitch is CGDA, and its playing skills are the same as those of the violin. Because of the low range, the pitch activity of the left hand on the fingerboard is greater. The bow of the viola is almost as long as the violin, but the bow of the viola is heavier.

String Cleaner: Cello

The cello piano is about twice as long as the violin, and its total length is about 120 cm. When you play, you are sandwiched between your legs, and the lower end is supported by a foot stick. It has a wide range, can play a deeper sound than the viola, and can emit a very brilliant and beautiful high note. The strings are thick, about twice as long as the violin. The bow is very short and weighs about 73 cm, which is not as beautiful as the violin bow. The strings are tuned to C, G, D and A, which is eight octaves lower than the viola. The cello is not as bright as the violin, but the sound quality is quite soft and beautiful, which just provides a very low range for the orchestra. Among stringed instruments, apart from violin, cello has the best chance to become a soloist.

String Cleaner: Bass Cello

The double bass is the lowest and largest instrument in the violin family, with a total length of about 200 cm. The performer must stand and play, and the four strings are EADG, with solemn and deep tone, and the bow is about 68~70 cm long. Due to the limitation of musical instrument structure, the playing technique is not as flexible as other bowstring instruments. Solo with double bass is a bit monotonous, but once it is added to the ensemble, it will make the whole ensemble exude rich sound and three-dimensional sense, thus becoming the basis of orchestral music, chamber music, jazz and other ensembles.

Plucked instrument: guitar.

Guitar is commonly known as the lyre, and the pitch of the six strings is EADGBE. Guitar's fingerboard has fixed grades 18-20 squares, and each grade is separated by half a note. When playing, put the guitar between the right knee and the left thigh, pluck the strings with the fingers of the right hand, or pluck the strings with a pick (classical guitars are rarely used). Guitar has a soft and lively tone and is easy to carry. Deeply loved by modern young people, it has become an indispensable instrument in pop music.

Plucked instrument: harp.

The harp is one of the oldest musical instruments in history, and its pronunciation is produced by plucking the strings with your fingers. Today, the two-pedal harp is standard, usually 47 strings. All the C strings in the strings are red, while the F strings are blue. The piano platform is equipped with seven pedals, which can play semitone. By using seven pedals and strings, performers can play beautiful, smooth and dreamy tones. In solo, you can express lyrical or gorgeous characteristics; But in the ensemble, it is mostly used as decorative sound.

String instrument: piano

The piano is a stringed instrument. Piano can play harmony and polyphony music, and is loved by people as solo, ensemble and concerto, so it is known as "the king of musical instruments". This piano has 88 keys and is tuned according to the standard twelve-average law. The piano is made by striking the strings with a hammer wrapped in felt. When playing the piano, press the keys with your fingers, and the other end of the keys will jack up the corresponding parts of the string striking machine, so that the piano can make a sound by hammering the strings. When the finger is raised, the stop key on the string striking machine will stop sounding.

piano pedal

Right:

The sustain pedal allows the sound to continue to sound after the key bounces.

In the middle:

The sound holding pedal can prolong a specific sound.

Left side:

Soft pedals make the sound weaker and less loud.

woodwind instrument

A tubular wind instrument made of wood, called a woodwind instrument, sounds through the vibration of an air column formed in a pipe. The improved metal or other materials may not be limited to wood, but can be divided into three categories according to the number of reeds in its structure ~

One: there is no spring (flute, piccolo)

Two: single spring (clarinet, saxophone)

Three: Double reed (oboe, bassoon)

Q: The relationship between pitch and the length and thickness of the pipe.

Reed-free woodwind instruments: flute and piccolo

Flute is a very elegant instrument. Nowadays, most flutes are made of metal, but wooden musical instruments are rarely used. The flute is silvery white, and the whole pipe is divided into three parts: mouthpiece pipe, body pipe and tail pipe. When playing, the hand is held horizontally, and the air is blown from the mouthpiece, so that the air column in the tube cavity vibrates freely, and the flute emits soft, bright and clear timbre without any reeds. Besides controlling breathing, the change of timbre can also be enhanced by tongue sounds and overtones. Its range is about three octaves. The piccolo is similar to the flute in structure, only half as long as the flute, with an octave higher pronunciation and the same playing skills.

Single reed woodwind instrument: clarinet

Clarinet, also known as clarinet, commonly known as clarinet. The mouthpiece is clamped with a reed. When air is blown into the mouthpiece, the reed will make the air column in the lumen vibrate and make a sound.

Single reed woodwind instrument: saxophone

The saxophone made of metal has a conical interior, and the opening at the end is enlarged into a trumpet shape and bent upward, but its structure is changed from a vertical bass, so it is still classified as a woodwind instrument. The structure is divided into blowhole, blowhole and main body. Saxophone is lazy, full and vigorous, between woodwind and brass instruments, and is widely used in military bands and jazz music.

Double reed woodwind instrument: oboe

The shape of oboe is very similar to that of clarinet, which is conical and has three parts; The upper tube, the lower tube and the bell mouth have two reeds directly inserted into the tube body at the upper end. Players must learn how to control their breathing effectively, which is the most difficult instrument to change the rhythm of woodwind instruments. Its timbre is sweet, slightly sharp and meticulous. Although it is not as light as a flute, its nasal sound has the unique characteristics of pastoral flavor.

Double reed woodwind instrument: bassoon

Bassoon, commonly known as bassoon, is a conical double-reed instrument with a total length of 2.6 meters. However, because it is a tube bundle composed of two sections, its total length is only1.4m.. The player needs to hang the instrument around his neck to play, which is similar to the oboe, but the tone is deeper, so some people call the bassoon the cello in woodwind instruments; Its colorful and humorous timbre also won it the title of "clown in symphony orchestra".

brass instruments

As the name implies, it is a musical instrument made of copper. It does not use reeds, but uses lips to vibrate air to make sound. Musical instrument consists of mouthpiece, sound tube and trumpet tube. They all have some common characteristics, that is, using the length of the tube and the change of overtones to produce different pitches. And the volume changes greatly.

In the symphony orchestra, there are mainly trumpet, French horn, trombone and bass horn.

Brass instrument: trumpet

A trumpet, also called a trumpet, is a thin cylindrical tube made of metal, which expands into a bell mouth at the quarter of the tail end. It has three piston devices. When playing, press the piston with the index finger, middle finger and ring finger of the right hand, and the left hand helps to support the instrument. Its timbre is magnificent and loud, and it can be regarded as a soprano in brass instruments. It is an important instrument of symphony orchestra and military band, and is good at the main melody part of ensemble. Trumpet is favored by pop music and jazz in modern times because of its changeable timbre.

Brass instrument: French horn

Horn is a tenor brass instrument, which is round with a long tube and a funnel-shaped bell mouth at the end. Its range is lower than the trumpet, and it has the widest range among brass instruments. The French horn is gentle, honest and elegant. The French horn has three ailerons. When playing, press the beat with the index finger, middle finger and ring finger of the left hand, and the right hand helps to support the instrument.

Brass instrument: trombone

It is the only brass instrument that plays back and forth with telescopic pipes without pressing keys, so it is also called telescopic trombone or telescopic horn. When playing, pull the sound tube back and forth with your right hand, and then control the sound by air. Slippery is one of the colors of trombone, which can add many colors to the ensemble. The trombone is about twice as long as the trumpet, and its timbre is wider and more solemn, like a tenor in a male voice.

Brass instrument: bass horn

Bass horn, also called tuba, is the lowest brass instrument and the largest in shape. The bass horn is conical with a big trumpet-shaped opening at the bottom. Pronunciation is very long, pronunciation is a bit slow, playing is very gas-consuming. As the lowest voice in playing music, it combines with trombone to form a solid bass, which is an indispensable role of the orchestra, and its timbre is full and stable.

percussion instrument

Percussion instrument is a general term for instruments that make sound by tapping. Percussion instruments can be divided into two categories:

Fixed pitch percussion instrument:

Timpani, xylophone and lyre.

Percussion instruments without fixed pitch:

Drum and tambourine triangle

Fixed pitch percussion instrument: timpani

The timpani consists of a hemispherical drum body and a drum skin. The leather surface is fixed with a wooden ring and then covered with a metal ring. The tightness of the leather surface can be adjusted with several screws, so that the player can adjust the pitch of the timpani. Modern timpani uses pedals to control pitch, and even can use pedals to create sliding sound effects. Timpani is usually played by two or more people. Use two wooden drum sticks wrapped in felt when playing. The common basic ways of playing are solo and rolling.

Fixed pitch percussion instruments: xylophone and lyre.

These two musical instruments are multi-musical instruments composed of wood chips and metal pieces with different lengths, which are arranged in the same way as the keyboard of a piano. There is a resonance tube under each key, and the range ranges from three octaves to five octaves. It is played with a winding cane and an iron piano with pedals to prolong or stop the sound. The xylophone has a mild tone. When playing, tap with a wire-wound hammer. The timbre will vary with the material of the hammer, including wood, rubber and felt, and the timbre is beautiful and strange. Qin Tie has a clear voice.

Non-fixed pitch percussion instrument: drum

Drum, also known as Dajun Drum, is the largest bass drum in orchestral music, ranging in diameter from 55 cm to 80 cm. Drum has two kinds of wood and metal (hollow roller), and the top is tied tightly with animal skin. Playing methods include single beat and rolling (the drum needs to be tilted when rolling). Usually played with a single hammer, the timbre of the drum is low, so it becomes an instrument with bass background rhythm in the band. In addition, it is often used to create musical effects, such as happy and excited sounds or to simulate thunder and gunfire. The reverberation of the drum is very long, and the player needs to control the length of the sound effect according to the needs of music.

A percussion instrument with no fixed pitch: snare drum Jr.

The small drum, also called Little snare drum, is similar in structure to the big drum. The drum body is barrel-shaped, the drum surface is also made of animal skin, and the bottom of the drum is equipped with a set of springs with adjustable timbre. If the clockwork is tightened, the timbre is crisp; If the spring is relaxed, the timbre becomes dull and dull; There is also a way to change the timbre, that is, tie a bell on the other side of the drum, and hit the other side with a wooden stick to make a special rustling sound. Make its timbre slightly rustle and become hazy. When playing, two hardwood drumsticks are usually used. In the rhythm of dance music, steel hammers are often used instead to strengthen the rhythm effect. Small drums, like big drums, are often used to create effects. The tambourine is characterized by loud and penetrating timbre, and is a conventional instrument for orchestras and military bands.

A percussion instrument with no fixed pitch: tambourine

Tambourine, the drum frame is made of wood, and there are many single-sided drums with small pieces of metal attached to the drum frame, which can be played directly by hand. The timbre is crisp and varied. The most common thing is to hold the tambourine in your left hand and tap the drum surface with your right hand.

Non-fixed pitch percussion instrument: triangle iron

Triangle iron, mainly made of a steel bar folded into a triangle, has two sizes: big sound is slightly dull and small pitch is crisp. When playing, you can hit the triangle with a metal hammer to make a sound.

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