[Keywords:] Personality Jinnong Zheng Xie
In the mid-Qing Dynasty, there were a group of very individual painters active in Yangzhou, who were called "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou". According to Li's "An Overview of Ou Ti Luo Shi Calligraphy and Painting" in the late Qing Dynasty, the "Eight Eccentrics" refer to Jin Nong, Huang Shen, Zheng Xie and Shan Li? Li, Wang, Gao Xianghe. Since then, some people have put Gao and Hua Yan? , Chen Zhuan, Min Zhen, Li Mian, Bian Shoumin, etc. , is also among the "eight eccentrics". According to Yangzhou people, "eight eccentrics" is a strange meaning, which has little to do with the number "eight". They are all painters living in Yangzhou, or "Yangzhou School of Painting". These painters are all good at flowers, birds, plum and bamboo, and they all play a very unique original spirit, which is famous in the north and south of the country, and each has made contributions to the history of painting.
In this group of painters, there are some professional painters, who have never been an official all their lives, come from poor families and make a living by selling paintings, such as Huang Shen, Wang, and so on. Some once had the ambition of running the country with peace and prosperity, worked as small officials for several years, then dismissed from office and sold paintings in Yangzhou, such as Zheng Xie and Li. They have similar life experiences and thoughts and feelings. They abhor the corruption in officialdom, have a better understanding of the sufferings of the people and have a deep understanding of the cold world. Because of this, he also developed an arrogant and unruly character, looked down on powerful people, acted wildly and eccentrically, and often expressed injustice through painting. In art, they pay attention to expressing individuality and don't stick to the ancient law. Strive for innovation and give the image a strong personality and subjective feeling. Their works all have profound thoughts, distinctive and unique personalities, intriguing pen and ink tastes and fresh and wild artistic styles, which formed a powerful painting school in the middle of Qing Dynasty. The art of "Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou" has a far-reaching influence on the development of freehand brushwork in ink painting in later generations and contemporary times. In this group, two painters, Jin Nong and Zheng Xie, are particularly prominent.
Jin Nong (A.D. 1687- 1764), whose real name is Shoumen, whose real name is Mr. Dong Xin, etc. A native of Qiantang (Hangzhou), Zhejiang Province, has lived in Yangzhou for a long time. Extensive knowledge, poetry, long calligraphy. In the 13th year of Yongzheng (AD 1735), the subject of erudition and poetry was set up, which was recommended by Ai Qiusiqin (Lu Qing). He should have been selected in the second year, but he was not selected, so he was depressed and lost. He lamented this in a painting of a horse: "Today, painting a horse is desolate, and there is a state of self-pity. How hard is it to trudge? " There is no Bole in the world, but if you meet someone, it will be cloudy and dusk! I don't want to seek knowledge in the wilderness. "It serves to show his sense of incompetence. Jin Nong traveled all over the world, successively to Qi, Shandong, Yan, Zhao, Qin, Jin, Chu and Guangdong, and settled in Yangzhou in his later years to make a living by selling paintings. Because of his personal life experience and personality, he also laid his personalized artistic style.
Jinnong is good at painting landscapes, flowers and birds, especially ink painting and plums. The plum blossoms in his works are full of vitality, often painted in light ink, branched in thick ink, and surrounded by flowers, with clear black and white. Jinnong's calligraphy skills are profound, and regular script has a golden stone flavor. He calls himself "lacquer book". In his paintings, Gu Zhuo's stone brushwork has been reflected, forming a simple and ancient personality style. Just like his "Snow Cross Plum Blossom Book", branches and leaves are intertwined and thick ink blends, flowers are circled with simple lines, and the core is decorated with thick ink; The layout is complicated and orderly, sparse but not scattered, and the charm is quiet, giving people a unique and personalized feeling of pen and ink. On the other hand, he is good at writing poems, such as Mo Mei, which he painted in the early spring at the age of 72 (the 23rd year of Qianlong). On the poem, he said, "Yesterday, the Shu monk wrote to Japan, asking about plum blossoms first, then cranes. The wild plum crane is safe and sound, only the old man is sick in his waist and feet. The waist and feet are not good to taste the door, and the door is closed in Luofu Village. On the moonlit night, I drew a plum crane beside me, and the crane danced the soul of Qing people and painted plum blossoms to beg for food to find worldly things. Flowers flow high to send jade, but I am hungry and take cranes to sleep in plum blossoms. " Both poetry and painting have entrusted his thoughts and feelings, and the artistic exchange of poetry and painting highlights his unique personality and has a strong artistic appeal.
Jinnong learned painting late. According to literature, Jin Nong "began to paint" at the age of 50. Maybe that's when I started selling paintings for a living, instead of never painting before. Although Jin Nong officially painted very late, he eventually became a generation of famous artists because of his profound knowledge, numerous places of interest and profound calligraphy skills. Jin Nong's unique painting art had a great influence at that time. Luo Pin, one of the Eight Eccentrics, is his disciple.
Zheng Xie (A.D. 1693- 1765) occupies a prominent position in Yangzhou School of Painting, and is the most respected painter among the Eight Eccentrics. He was born in Xinghua, Jiangsu. I was poor when I was a child. I lost my mother when I was a child and had the experience of starvation. In the first year of Qianlong, he served as a scholar in Fanxian County and Weixian County of Shandong Province, 10 years. History records his various policies of being able to be an official, which won the hearts of the people. He is called "honest official" (meaning good official and honest official). His boss asked the governor for a photo. He drew a bamboo and handed it to the governor. There is a famous poem on the title of this painting: "Yazhai lies listening to Xiao, and it is suspected that it is the voice of the people's sufferings. Some small officials in Caozhou County always care about their feelings. "This poem is sincere and moving, both to persuade officials and to encourage them to be human. His official fortune is not good. When he became an official, there was a famine. He was falsely accused of being a corrupt official because he opened a warehouse for disaster relief. He was just an official. It is said that when he left his job, there were only three donkeys, one riding by himself, one carrying his books and Ruan Qin, and the other being ridden by a servant. It's really clean, so it has the reputation of "three unique poems and paintings, one official returns". After that, I sold paintings in Yangzhou for a living.
It is said that Zheng Banqiao has "three unique skills"-poetry, books and paintings. His poetry sympathizes with the sufferings of the people, hates feudal officials and has a tendency of democratic thought. Such as "Escape from Famine" and "Going Home", "Harsh Officials" and "lynching evil". His Taoist feelings are also well-known masterpieces. These poems established his position in the literary history of the Qing Dynasty. His calligraphy achievements are also very high. His original fonts, based on Han Li, regular script and Han Li, are beautiful, generous and strong, and are called Banqiao style. He called it "six and a half books".
The most outstanding of Zheng Banqiao's "Three Musts" is painting. He specializes in painting orchids, bamboos, stones, thorns and other flowers and plants, and may not have painted figures and landscapes. His ink bamboo paintings are especially wonderful. Bamboo in his works is often matched with poetry, which supports his thoughts and emotions. His poems on paintings are as straightforward as his personality, revealing obstacles in his chest and never moaning without illness, just like his poems on paintings on bamboo: "The autumn wind spent the last night in Xiaoxiang, and he was always crazy when he touched the stone and went through the forest;" Only bamboo branches are not afraid, but there are thousands of fights. "By writing bamboo, the author expressed his personality characteristics of" muddy but not afraid "and" tough "against the harsh environment. The bamboo in the painting is swaying in the strong wind, but it still has its inherent strong character. This picture with poems reflects Zheng Banqiao's stubborn temperament. He achieved fame and became an official, but he was dissatisfied with social reality. His thoughts and emotions are often vented in his artistic works. He said that he "hasn't written for three days and wants a piece of paper to relieve boredom. "He also has another kind of painting bamboo, showing another kind of artistic beauty, that is, he reveals indifference and seclusion, and even reveals a negative recluse ideological tendency. When he returned from his post in wei county, he painted a painting of ink bamboo, which reflected this state of mind: "If you throw away the black veil, you will not be an official, and your pockets will be rustling and your sleeves will be cold;" "Write a thin bamboo and use it as a fishing rod on the autumn wind river." The orchids in his works are not only natural beauty, for example, the orchids in an empty valley are metaphors. They have a quiet character far from the world and are intended to express his mind, which is his unique personality.
Zheng Banqiao studied Xu Wei, Shi Tao and the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and inherited the traditional ideas of "learning seven and keeping three" and "learning from others". With the theme of painting bamboo, he vividly summarized the artistic creation process into three stages: having bamboo in mind, having bamboo in mind and having bamboo in hand. Zheng Banqiao keeps company with bamboo all the year round. Green new handkerchiefs, swaying bamboo shadows and various natural bamboos aroused his imagination. Decades of social life experience has enriched his understanding of bamboo in aesthetic comprehension. His "bamboo in the eyes" is the objective and external biological form of bamboo perceived by the painter's visual organs. "Bamboo in the chest" is an artistic image in which biological forms are reflected in the painter's mind through eyes, which combines the painter's aesthetic analysis and judgment and forms a combination of subjectivity and objectivity. Through the painter's pen and ink expression and creation, it becomes a visual artistic image. "Bamboo in the hand" is the result of materialization of "bamboo in the chest". There are both connections and differences among them. Zheng Banqiao particularly emphasized the expression of "true temperament" and "true spirit". Bamboo in his works is often tall and straight, with a kind of aloof, tall and straight and "stubborn and unruly spirit". Its ink is dry and light, the brushwork is thin and powerful, and the layout is alternating between density and density, with less winning more, which means "elegance". His works further develop the characteristics of literati painting, which not only has profound ideological content, but also produces intriguing artistic interest.
The artistic achievements of Jin Nong and Zheng Xie are enormous, and they are bright pearls in the long history of China's fine arts. Their unique artistic style has been favored by future generations, and the display of their personality has given today's artists unlimited development inspiration. Editor in Charge: Liu Xiaohong