During the Opium War, while fighting back against foreign aggression, Lin Zexu and other enlightened people of the landlord class began to explore the "long skills" of the West, which contributed to the germination of the new trend of thought of "learning from the West". Its guiding ideology is "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". The emphasis is mainly on advanced western science and technology (mainly military science and technology) and introducing western historical and geographical knowledge and some political things. The new trend of thought opened the prelude for China to explore the truth of saving the nation in modern times. However, the purpose of these advanced figures advocating new knowledge is to maintain feudal rule, and their understanding of capitalist countries is still superficial and vague, and some of them are even distorted. What they learned from the west basically belongs to the fur of western civilization, and their thoughts have basically not been implemented.

The Westernization Movement is a "self-improvement" movement launched by the Westernization Group in the Qing Dynasty to save the rule of the Qing Dynasty. It focuses on military affairs, diplomacy, machine manufacturing technology and some cultural and educational undertakings directly related to them. They have made progress than their predecessors in understanding the western social and political system. However, due to the instinct of the feudal ruling class, they put forward the idea of "taking middle school as the body and western learning as the use", trying to combine modern western technology-use with China's feudal autocratic system-use to make use serve the body. The contradiction between their aims and means determines that they can't make China rich and strong. However, it introduced the modern mode of production in western countries, trained a number of modern scientific and technological talents, stimulated the emergence of capitalism in China, and also played a role in resisting foreign economic forces.

2. Peasant class: Through the analysis of the slogans of "China's land system" and "Help the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries", it can be reflected that it is unreasonable and unscientific to solve social problems simply from the perspective of peasant class. However, we should also pay attention to a unique phenomenon in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement: in order to revitalize the internal affairs of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Hong Rengan wrote the famous Book of History, expressing his desire to learn from western capitalism in politics, economy, culture, education and diplomacy. This plan came into being in the historical process that China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The advanced things of foreign capitalism have begun to appear in China, so its appearance is inevitable. At the same time, because China at that time had not yet produced new economic components and class forces, the emergence of the program largely depended on Hong Rengan's personal practice, which was far from the practice of the peasant revolution in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, so it was accidental. At that time, China lacked the social conditions and class foundation to implement this plan, and its idea could not be implemented.

3. The national bourgeoisie:

① Early reformists: With the introduction of western capitalist ideas and the rise of Westernization Movement, as well as the rise of the national bourgeoisie in China, the early reformist ideas came into being. A group of progressives, represented by Feng Guifen, Wang Tao and Zheng, split from the Westernization School and advocated revitalizing industry and commerce, setting up schools, learning western natural science knowledge and implementing constitutional monarchy politically. The early reformists only put forward their own opinions on specific issues, without a complete theoretical system or action.

② Bourgeois reformists:19In the 1990s, with the initial development of Chinese national capitalism, the national bourgeoisie in China began to enter the political arena. However, among the growing national bourgeoisie, there are differences in political inclination. Reformists and revolutionaries appeared almost at the same time, when the activities of reformists were more favorable.

Stimulated by the serious national crisis, the reform thought has made new progress. The bourgeois reformers, represented by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Yan Fu, comprehensively and systematically developed the ideas of the early reformers, combined the resistance to aggression, saving peril, implementing constitutional monarchy and developing capitalist economy with the traditional culture of China, and demonstrated the rationality of the reform with the help of Confucius' authority, thus laying a theoretical foundation for the reform movement and also containing the strategic intention of reducing the resistance to reform. Combining the political theory of western capitalism with traditional Confucianism is a new feature of the reform trend of thought in the 1990s, but it also exposes the political weakness and immature theory of the bourgeois reformists. They launched a debate with the die-hards, pushing the ideological trend of reform and reform into a huge political movement. 1898, Emperor Guangxu appointed reformists to carry out the Reform Movement of 1898, and carried out bourgeois reforms in politics, military affairs, economy and culture. However, because the modern national bourgeoisie in China still relied on foreign capitalism and its own feudal forces, it was doomed to the weak compromise of the reformists in the political movement: there was no anti-imperialist demand; Anti-feudalism was not thorough and did not touch the foundation of feudal rule; Severely divorced from the masses, placing their hopes entirely on the emperor who has no real power. In the end, I can't get rid of the tragic fate of "intentional killing thieves, unable to return to heaven."

(2) Bourgeois revolutionaries: The bourgeois revolutionaries, represented by Sun Yat-sen, put forward revolutionary demands to overthrow the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty in order to save the national crisis and open up the road of independent development of national capitalism, with the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China fully formed and the Qing government completely became a tool for foreign powers to invade China, in an attempt to transform China with the plan of the bourgeois republic. They put forward the theory of the Three People's Principles with the western bourgeois' natural human rights, freedom and equality theory as their ideological weapon, the American and French democratic systems as their political ideals, and combined with China's national conditions, and drew a clear line with them through the debate with the royalists to guide the practice of the Revolution of 1911.

④ Radical bourgeois democrats: At the beginning of the 20th century, with the further development of capitalism in China, radical bourgeois democrats called for "democracy" and "science" and launched a massive ideological emancipation movement-the New Culture Movement, in response to the retro countercurrent initiated by Beiyang warlords at that time. This movement greatly shook the dominant position of feudal orthodoxy and had a great social impact. The October Socialist Revolution in Russia injected new contents into the New Culture Movement in China, and Li Dazhao and others began to introduce and publicize Marxism in China. This not only pushed the New Culture Movement to a new stage, but also found a real way out for China.

4. The proletariat: marked by the May 4th Movement, the modern history of China entered the period of new-democratic revolution, the proletariat of China stepped onto the historical stage, and China, the vanguard of the working class in China, undertook the task of leading the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China, and completed the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal task in the form of the communist movement in China. China people objectively chose the socialist road on behalf of the people, and dialectically divided it into two stages: the new-democratic revolution and the socialist revolution, which is the necessity of historical development. The greatest feature of China's national conditions in the 20th century is that China must take the socialist road to realize modernization, and China is the core force leading China's revolution and construction.