People can't help asking: What happened later? How hot is it?
The ever-present high temperature weather
The earliest accurate record of high temperature in modern China was in Beijing in June 1942. At that time, the high temperature of 42.6℃ appeared, but the temperature in Qianlong for eight years far exceeded 42.6℃.
According to Zhang Del, director of Paleoclimate Research Office of National Climate Center of China Meteorological Bureau:
On July 20-25, 1743, the temperature was the highest, with an average higher than 40℃. On the 25th, the temperature was the highest, reaching a horrible 44.4℃, and the surface temperature was almost 65℃. Eight years of Qianlong, also known as the hottest summer in China's history.
What is the concept of 44.4℃?
Taklimakan is the largest desert in China, with the highest annual temperature of 39 degrees, and the average annual temperature in tropical Thailand is 22℃~32℃.
Maybe people don't really feel the numerical temperature. Take 39℃ in the former Taklimakan Desert as an example. If a person's temperature exceeds 39, he can be diagnosed with a high fever and need to go to the hospital for emergency treatment.
Take Thailand, a tropical country, as an example. The annual average temperature is 22℃~32℃. Every store you see in Thailand has a freezer with a power supply to store ice cubes and provide ice water with ice cubes (ice cubes account for about half a cup). There is no so-called thermos cup, and it can't be found anywhere in the supermarket. On the contrary, you can see all kinds of electric fans sold along the road.
Qing dynasty Qianlong cloisonne refrigerator
Secondly, the extremely hot weather has lasted for quite a long time. The hot weather in Qianlong for eight years lasted for eleven months from June of that year to May of the following year. In May, there were signs of drought in many parts of North China, and trees were burned.
Hot weather
Extreme hot weather is not the injustice of keeping you indoors in modern society, but the invisible killer who takes away people's lives. As high as 40 degrees, it is not only trees that are killed, but the test that human beings have to face is even more severe.
Even in modern science and technology society, there are many cases of death caused by high temperature weather, and most of them have protective tools and awareness, while farmers in China 1743 do not.
As we all know, the ground can store heat. This has stored a steady stream of energy for the living things on the earth and allowed the biosphere to develop naturally. But everything has a limit, and once it exceeds a certain limit, it will bring disastrous consequences.
Above 37℃, the energy and water consumed by human body will increase unprecedentedly. Accordingly, the small-scale peasant economy based on agricultural production, under the attack of drought, can not have enough output to catch up with consumption.
"Summer is rustic and steamy enough, and one's back burns to the sky" is a sentence of sympathy for farmers in ancient poetry, but it is a true portrayal of the horror scene in 1743.
The whole disaster area has become a melting pot in the high temperature, and the accumulated heat from morning till night will continuously increase its salary. People are not only exposed to strong direct sunlight, but also the rolling heat wave on the ground is unbearable.
According to the records, in July, only 14~25 days, there were 1 1400 people died of extreme heat in the suburbs and urban areas of Beijing.
According to the statistics of the imperial court at that time, nearly a thousand people died every day on average, and this was only in Beijing. According to the situation at that time, if officials were not dealt with in time, their jobs would definitely be lost, so this statistic must have a lot of water, and the real data even made people think very carefully.
These people, not including those who lost their livelihood because of the high temperature, began to flood into nearby areas in order to survive. This has brought a huge crisis to other regions. The basic necessities of the victims have begun to greatly affect the people in these areas. There are 265,438+million victims in Zhili alone, and countless others.
Effective disaster relief in Gan Long
The definition of high temperature heat wave is a weather disaster that causes people, animals and plants to be unable to adapt to the environment. This shows how horrible the summer is after eight years 1 1 month.
According to the regulations of China Meteorological Bureau, the highest daily temperature ≥35℃ is a high-temperature day, and the high-temperature weather for more than 3 consecutive days is called high-temperature heat wave.
After eight years of Qianlong, the high-temperature heat wave, which lasted from June to May of the following year, can be said to be "the hottest summer in China's history", with extremely hot weather, unprecedented and unprecedented.
However, under the disposal of Qianlong, the extreme high temperature loss of Qianlong for eight years was minimized, which mainly benefited from the following two points:
First, Qianlong pays attention to the disaster and deals with it in time. Long before the Sulu envoys were arranged, Ganlong had recognized the seriousness of the disaster and attached great importance to its management. In June, the disaster appeared at the beginning, and in order to achieve the disaster relief effect, Qianlong asked for disaster relief preparations.
On the 25th of that month, the imperial edict said, "In this case, it would be embarrassing for the poor to take precautions first and make remedies in the near future."
In July, in preparation for disaster relief, Qianlong ordered the allocation of food from all over the country and prepared sufficient relief materials. Ordered the grain delivery officer to "allocate another 400,000 stones, and then come back after the current allocation of 100,000 stones is completed".
1 1 month, the disaster relief officially began, starting from 1 1 month and ending in March next year. Among them, the poor, relief for five months; The second poverty, relief for four months.
At the same time, the Ministry of Punishment, the Ministry of Official Affairs, the Ministry of Industry and the Ministry of Household Affairs also received imperial edicts: Qianlong asked the Ministry of Punishment to speed up the handling of cases, streamline the number of prisoners, and prepare "mats" and "ice soup bait" for prisoners;
Ask the official department to suspend the examination and selection of officials and spare no effort in disaster relief;
The Ministry of War rewarded and distributed the money to the people in Beijing to "prepare ice water medicine to prevent diseases";
Inform the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development to guide local disaster relief work and allocate relevant resources and manpower.
Second, the local government responded well and effectively provided disaster relief assistance. Good policies and guidelines need specific local operations and implementation, and eight years of disaster relief work is no exception.
At the beginning of the disaster, Zhili officials in the affected areas held a meeting to discuss the deployment of drought relief work, and formed the meeting resolution "Fourteen Articles on Relief".
Local officials first went to the disaster area according to Article 14 of Social Relief to investigate the disaster situation and establish a database system, making it extremely poor and sub-poor. It laid the foundation for the targeted disaster relief work in the future.
Secondly, at the instigation of Qianlong, combined with local conditions, the central government has allocated more relief rice to local governments for many times, reduced or exempted the grain funds payable in the affected areas, and even allowed local governments to act cheaply and call the previously collected grain funds for disaster relief.
Finally, dig water storage facilities in the local area, provide borrowed seedlings, and promptly promote farmers to replant; Repatriating refugees from all over the country, actively rebuilding the disaster area, gathering population, focusing on disaster relief, and narrowing the disaster area to the local area.
To sum up, the reason why this natural disaster did not develop into a tragedy of exposing corpses thousands of miles away came from the orderly cooperation and support of the central and local governments. Not only attaches importance to the disaster situation, but also forms a systematic disaster relief arrangement, and has made remarkable achievements in grain adjustment, disaster relief and reconstruction.
References:
The records of the Qing dynasty, relief for discipline.