The ancient means of transportation are:
1, a mule car, also called a car, is a kind of car with a mule drive shaft. According to Mr. Chen Yucheng, mule carts were the main means of manned transportation in Beijing before the Revolution of 1911. Xiang has the reputation of "Beijing Auto". Mule car consists of four parts: car body, wheels and axles, car shell and kit. The car body consists of four parts: axle, front plate, carriage and rear end. The main body is the carriage. The carriage has a dome-shaped ceiling, doors and windows. The official mule has higher wheels and thinner spokes. The hub of the car is convex and the axle is slightly longer. Commonly known as "Shaanxi foot". The wheels of ordinary mule cars are commonly known as "stupid feet", and the wheels of sports cars are particularly heavy to avoid overturning. The axle (bearing) of Beijing mule car is very famous, which will trigger a very crisp and pleasant sound when driving. The car runs fast, which sounds like the drum board of Beijing opera. Only craftsmen in Beijing have the technology to make this kind of axle. Automobile outer shell can be divided into inner shell and outer shell. The periphery is made of blue cloth, which is rolled up about half a foot away from the chassis of the car. The rolled part is changed into variegated satin with black satin edge, which is called arm-in-arm. The inner circumference, with variegated satin and black border at the lower part, is called the sleeping cabin. The upper part and roof are mostly white or light blue. In summer, screens of different sizes are opened on both sides of the periphery. A piece of blue cloth is added on the screen window to shade the sun, and the blackened silk flies under the screen window, which is called a small curtain. There is also a sunshade in front of the car, called the big curtain. When the sun goes down or driving at night, the big curtain is no longer needed, so it is removed. In summer, in order to ventilate the carriage, the inner circumference was removed, leaving only the sleeper carriage and the roof, and curtains were placed around it to prevent sunlight. On rainy days, the car is covered with tarpaulin. In winter, cars are covered with gray or yellow snow tops. The harness includes saddle, splint, halter and reins. Mules are used when driving shafts. The bigger saddle is called the big saddle, which is mostly sat by princes and nobles and Manchu women. Three coachmen, two with shafts and one with mules, are walking. There is also a small saddle car, which has a wide range of uses and everyone can sit on it. In the late Qing Dynasty, some dude boys competed successfully in the production and decoration of saddle cars. Most mules used in mule carts in Beijing are from Shaanxi, and they are called "Xikou", especially mules with long neck, wide chest, thin waist and thin shin. On the other hand, satin black, pheasant red, chrysanthemum green, needle hidden ink and fragrant green are the best colors. Beijing's handlebar technology is superb. In the most prosperous Dashilan, only two cars are allowed to hit the hub on the road, and muleteers in Beijing can avoid people and cars, with few accidents. In the past, mule carts in Beijing were used for personal and commercial purposes. For personal use, needless to say; Business is dedicated to attracting guests. But there is only one stop. The so-called "station entrance" means that mule car operators wait for passengers to sit at a fixed alley entrance during the day. At first, I drove more cars, and when my income increased, I tied another one, so I could hire someone to drive.
2. Mule sedan chair is a kind of sedan chair driven by two mules. This kind of transportation is essentially a sedan chair, but this kind of sedan chair is not carried by two people, four people and eight people, but by mules carrying the sedan chair back and forth, so it is called mule carrying the sedan chair. This kind of car is a little bigger than the ordinary car, and it can seat two people. There are bedding in the car, so you can lie down. It is a means of transportation suitable for long-distance travel. You can usually walk hundreds of miles a day. There are two people driving mules on the road, one is walking and the other is riding a donkey.
3. The donkey cart is pulled by a donkey. In the past, there were many donkey carts in Beijing. Later, mule carts and horse-drawn carriages flourished, while donkey carts decreased day by day. Donkey carts are also divided into personal use and commercial use. Donkey carts for personal use, such as those provided by grain stores, are used for delivery. Farmers in the suburbs have their own donkey carts to pull dung into the city or sell agricultural products such as fruits and vegetables. Donkey carts are used to pull passengers. There are "standing by the mouth" and "running at the door". People who are "on standby" are like business mule cars, waiting to recruit a guest somewhere, or send a ride, or charter a car back and forth. "Running a trip" is also called "running the sea" or "running a car", that is, driving a donkey cart back and forth along a certain route to solicit customers. There used to be buses from Tianqiao to Yongdingmen, Dongsi to Chaoyangmen and Xizhimen to Haidian. There is a price for a train to go from one place to another. Because this kind of car is relatively simple and cheap. Passengers who arrive early grab the front seat, which is more comfortable. The latecomers sitting cross-legged in the carriage are even more miserable. The last person to get on the bus can only sit at the rear of the car, which is in danger of being knocked down. After the Republic of China, this donkey cart gradually disappeared.
4. Oxcart. In the past, ox carts in Beijing were mainly used by charity foundries to pick up baby corpses. There is a big wooden box on the ox cart with a hole in the back. There is a yellow cloth plaque hanging on the hole, which reads "The land is kind to navigation". Every day at dawn, someone drives an ox cart around in the nursery. When they meet the baby's body, they pick it up and put it into the big wooden box on the ox cart from the hole. Some picked-up babies have not expired, but they can still be rescued and adopted in nurseries.
The goat cart is a small and light convertible specially made by several people and driven by a goat. It can be used to drive one or two children out to play.
6. Riding donkeys, donkeys are domestic animals that are easy to raise and have tame endurance. Riding a donkey instead of walking is convenient and easy. Once upon a time, there were many people riding donkeys in Beijing. On the first day of May in the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), a strong wind blew in Beijing. Someone rode a donkey past Zhengyangmen. Tired of the wind, people and donkeys are safe when they fall in Chongwenmen. Some people in Beijing also keep donkeys and ask passengers to ride them. From Xinjiekou to Xizhimen, Jiaokou to Andingmen, Dongsi to Chaoyangmen, there are many such business donkeys. From Xuanwu Gate to Baiyunguan, there are more donkeys for people to go to Baiyunguan Temple Fair, make a pilgrimage or play. Therefore, today, the street around Donghe in Xuanwu Gate used to be called Ganlvcheng. Donkeys here seem to be more spiritual. After the hired guest paid for the ride, the donkey took the initiative to carry the hired guest and ran quickly to Baiyun Temple, waiting for the hired guest to come down. As early as Baiyunguan's partner, the donkey driver pulled the donkey in front of the guests and patted the donkey with his hand. The donkey consciously ran back to the donkey market. This is probably because this kind of donkey travels back and forth between Ganlu City and Baiyun Temple day after day and year after year, gaining experience. Donkeys can not only be ridden by people, but also carry goods.
7. Camels, docile by nature, bear hardships and stand hard work, and carry goods better than mules. There used to be many camel households living on camels in Shijingshan in the western suburbs of Beijing and Nanyuan in the southern suburbs. They raise several camels, or lift their feet, or run businesses to make a living. A backpacker is to deliver goods to others and earn money. Running a business is pulling a camel to transport goods to other places, which is both profitable and profitable. In the past, camel owners in Beijing mainly transported coal from Mentougou, camel ash from Dahui Factory and camel firewood from Xishan. , and shipped or sold in Beijing. Camels are pulled by the handle, with eight more and six less. Usually one person pulls one. In order to help each other on the road, they often go together. However, after the Republic of China, modern transportation developed gradually, and there were new restrictions on camel teams entering Beijing, only three were allowed. If there are six or eight, it will be 6,789 feet long before and after, which will affect the traffic in the city. Camels in Beijing used to be taken from their mouths. According to Mr. Qi Chen, his great-grandfather made a fortune selling camels through his mouth. However, camel pulling is mainly in spring, autumn and winter, especially in winter. In summer, drive camels to eat grass outside their mouths.
8. Rickshaw, also known as rickshaw or "rubber", was a kind of human-powered passenger car introduced to China from Japan in the late Qing Dynasty. The shape of this car has been seen in movies and TV. Two wheels support a semi-circular or square carriage. There are two long handles in front of the car. A person is sitting in the car, and a driver is pulling the car to run. The first rickshaw appeared in Beijing, named tin rickshaw (the wheels are made of iron, hence the name), which was given to Empress Dowager Cixi by the Japanese (now on display in the Summer Palace). Later, some people copied it in Beijing, so tin cars were more common on the streets of Beijing in the late Qing Dynasty. After the Republic of China, there have been many changes in the shape of cars, with iron sheets rotating into rubber wheels and semi-circular carriages. There are black, brown and yellow ones. At that time, Xifuxing on Hufang Bridge, Dongfuxing on Chongwai, Maoshun on Donghuamen Street, Huaxin on Xisi, Qishun, Shuangheshun and Yuelai were all well-known rickshaw manufacturers. Rich and powerful people and celebrities often buy their own rickshaws and hire special people to pull them. A large number of rickshaws belong to some car factories, and poor drivers rent cars to solicit customers; For example, the "Liu Ma" car factory on Chaoyangmen Street, the "Shengshi" car factory, and the "Five Blessingg Hall" car factory on the headline of Chongwai are all big, with 200 cars. Some car factories only have twenty or thirty cars. In old Beijing, rickshaws are the main means of transportation. At intersections and hutongs, there are often three or five or a dozen rickshaws waiting for seats. Especially in theaters, restaurants, bathhouses, Dongan market, Xidan shopping mall, hotels, railway stations, overpasses, parks, eight hutongs (brothels) and other places, there are more rickshaws waiting for guests. The rickshaw puller is divided into day shift and night shift, and there is also a difference between pulling a monthly car and pulling a seat car. The more famous rickshaw pullers also got nicknames such as "Yi Yaner", "Ilima" and "Hua Ku Yao". In the old society, rickshaw drivers in Beijing were extremely hard and miserable. They endure the cruel exploitation of car factory owners and are often blackmailed by some rogue police. Go out early and come back late every day, run all over the street and earn a few dollars to live. After the founding of New China, rickshaws were completely abolished.
9. Tricycles only appeared in the streets of Beijing in the late 1930s. According to Mr. Ren Youde's memory, the first tricycle in Beijing was given to the traitor Jiang Chaozong by the Japanese invaders. Later, tricycles gradually increased and became one of the important means of transportation in Beijing. The tricycle is ridden by the driver, which is more labor-saving than the rickshaw and can pull two people. There are still manned tricycles on the streets of Beijing. The tricycle carrying goods is flat, which is called a flat tricycle.
10, trolley, is a kind of unicycle. The wheels are under the car body and centered. Two handlebars are at the back, and a bow is tied at both ends of the handlebars. When a person pushes a cart, the back of the neck and the shoulder of the car are covered, and the handlebars are held in both hands to push the wheels forward. The axle was originally made of wood, which was heavy and laborious to push. When driving, the axle rubs against the ear and makes a creaking sound. The improved rubber-tyred bearing is labor-saving and noise-free. The trolley has a wide range of functions and can carry people and goods. In the old society, people who sold water, vegetables and dung in Beijing, as well as farmers who transported soil, dung, crops and grain, mostly used trolleys.
1 1, hi sedan, white sedan. In the past, people in Beijing used to ride in sedan chairs. Generally, the sedan chair used for wedding is called Xi sedan chair, and the sedan chair used for funeral is called Bai sedan chair. The wedding sedan chair is used by the bride when she gets married. Usually a red sedan chair, there are four bearers, two in front and two in the back. In some places, in addition to the red sedan chair, there are two green bridges used by the man's wife and the woman's wife to bid farewell. After the 1920s, new-style weddings became popular, and Beijingers gradually used carriages or cars to celebrate their marriage. White sedan chairs were used by wealthy families in the past when they were in mourning. It is a custom in old Beijing for the younger generation attending the funeral to ride in a white sedan chair. If a woman is married, an unmarried woman can't sit in a white sedan chair.
12, shoulder to shoulder. Shoulder pick, commonly known as "Wobo Er", is an industry in old Beijing. People in this line of work mainly move people or give dowry to others. Very few "walpole craftsmen" carry valuable furnishings for the royal family, and such "walpole craftsmen" belong to the rope warehouse of the palace hall. It takes some skill to nest the neck. Ordinary people don't "nest" those long, tall, heavy and fragile objects. Their "nest" method is to put the objects to be transported on a rectangular board with a length of one and a half feet and a width of one and a half feet, and bind them with soft ropes. Then they lifted it and put it on Wobonek's shoulder, with a cotton pad under it. Wobonek people hold this object in one hand, swing back and forth with one hand, look straight ahead and stride forward quickly. After arriving at the destination, it is still necessary for two people to pick up the shoulders. In addition to being able to carry it on your shoulders, a "wobo craftsman" also needs the skills of striding and disassembling all kinds of furniture. Fan Maogui, a famous "Wobo Er" in Beijing in the late Qing Dynasty, took only four days to "nest" a 60-kg bronze lion to the Empress Dowager Cixi mausoleum in Malanyu, Zunhua. Carrying is bad luck, even people carry it. At the end of the Qing dynasty, it rained heavily in Beijing, and the streets were full of water, so it was difficult for ordinary people to pass, so there were people who carried people across the street to earn a few pence. In the old society, those who sold vegetables, fish and shrimp, flowers, coal, ashes and restaurants were mostly responsible. Shoulder-to-shoulder, shoulder-to-shoulder and shoulder-to-shoulder are all modes of transportation based on manpower.
13. Ships are the main means of water transportation. Ancient ships are also varied. Needless to say, in the Ming Dynasty, there were yellow boats (for imperial use), horse boats (for transporting horses from Sichuan and Yunnan, and officials after Yongle moved its capital to Beijing), clippers (for naval warfare), seagoing boats (for western use), supply boats (for royal fishing), Houhu boats (for sightseeing in Nanjing Houhu) and warships. (2) In the Qing Dynasty, there were grain ships (used for water transportation), warships (different from offshore warships and inland warships), water mail ships (used for waterway post stations) and dispatch ships (including sand ships, convenience ships, yellow clippers, tiger-building ships, propaganda ships, river dispatch ships, etc.). , dispatched by the government at any time), lifeboats (specially used for emergency rescue of rivers and rapids) and floating boats. But all you can see in Beijing are yellow boats, grain boats, water mail boats and floating beam ferries. The yellow boat, in the "Royal Transportation" section above, once talked about the dragon boat, which belongs to the yellow boat and so on. "Ming Hui Dian" contains: "At the beginning of the country, yellow boats were built, the size of which was imperial. By the first year of Hongxi (1425), there were 37 animals; Eleven years and twenty-five years of orthodoxy (1446). Among them, 10 is often left under the Shi Jing River to listen. " (4) Yang Jizhai's collection of so-called "Pengdao Dragonfly" left in Taiye Pool, West Park of Beijing Imperial City in the Ming Dynasty is one of the yellow boats left in Shijing Lake in the Ming Dynasty? In the Summer Palace, there is a Zhou Shi carved in the 20th year of Qing Qianlong (1755), which was slightly rebuilt in the 19th year of Guangxu (1893) and renamed as Qing Banquet Boat. Although this stone boat is symbolic and has no practical value, we can imagine the appearance of the yellow boat in the Ming and Qing Dynasties through it. Ships in Nanjing Houhu (Xuanwu Lake) in the early Ming Dynasty may be similar to them.
14. The grain carrier is a ship specially used for water transportation. A grain carrier at sea is called a sheltered boat, and a grain carrier on the river is called a shallow boat or a stripping boat. As the imperial capital of the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing relied entirely on the southeast for food supply and financial resources. Therefore, in a sense, without large-scale grain transportation, there would be no historical position of Beijing as a Millennium imperial city. Because of this, there were many grain carriers in Beijing. At the beginning of Yongle, both ocean-sheltered ships transported by sea and shallow-water ships transported by canal could reach Tongzhou from zhi gu (now Tianjin). Later, only Jizhou's salary was transported by foreign-built ships, and the treasury grain in Beijing and Tongzhou was transported by shallow ships. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, 3.7 million stone rice grain was transported to Beijing and Tongcang by shallow boats, while only 240,000 stone grain was transported to Jizhou by covering the ocean. At the same time, there are 12 143 ships built in China, of which shallow ships account for more than 95%. According to the literature, a shallow boat made of 400 materials has a bottom length of 5 feet 2 feet, a head length of 9 feet 5 inches, a tip length of 9 feet 5 inches, a bottom width of 9 feet 5 inches, a bottom head width of 6 feet, a bottom tip width of 5 feet, a head lion width of 8 feet, a pointed lion width of 7 feet, 65,438+04 beams, a bottom plate thickness of 2 inches and a pallet thickness of 65,438+0. To build such a shallow boat, seven nanmu, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, 65,438+. For example, the grain ship built in the early years of Shunzhi was 5 feet 2 inches long at the bottom and 9 feet 5 inches wide in the middle. The width of the longkou beam and the wind beam is only 65,438+0 feet 4 feet, and the width of the cut-off beam is only 9 feet. The hull size is similar to that of shallow boats in Ming Dynasty. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi (1683), the style of grain ships in various provinces was changed to 7 feet long and 65438 feet wide, which was larger than before. After 50 years of Qianlong (1785), it was decided that Beihe officially set up 1500 stripping boats, each with a length of 5 feet and 8 feet, a middle width of 1 foot, a back width of 8 feet 1 inch and nine cabins.
15, Shui Yi ship is a special ship for waterway station. Do not record the style. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a water post in Tongzhou, and there must be a water post boat.
16, the floating beam ferry is a mode of transportation that uses a boat as a bridge to cross the river and wade. According to volume 939 of Qing Zhengdian, in the eighteenth year of Kangxi (1679), "there were 50 bridge boats in Tongzhou, Shuntian, and six river boats in Sanhe County." Since then, there are still 44 bridge boats in Tongzhou. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi (17 12), 22 years of ship dismantling of Tongzhou Bridge was the quota. Since then, there have been 22 bridge boats in Tongzhou. In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), "there were 4 ferries on the Luanhe River in Gubeikou, which were handed over to the flood control officer." After five years of Qianlong (1740), the title was approved: "The Gubeikou Ferry in Zhili is rotten, and there is no second crossing, and the bridge boat is added 14." As a floating beam ferry, it needs to be durable and does not need careful decoration, so this kind of boat, like carriages and mules, is simple in style and labor-saving in production.
Regardless of the yellow boat, grain boat, water mail boat and floating beam ferry, the boatman's pulling is the main means besides the hydraulic power when the water is smooth and the wind power when the wind is downwind. In other words, it is still a kind of water transportation based on manpower.
17, riding. In ancient times, horses were an important means of transportation. This paper mainly introduces horses.
In the post stations of past dynasties, there were many horses for people who delivered documents or past officials to ride. The horse runs so fast and far that soldiers can't get out without it. But in Beijing, civil and military ministers, except for a few senior officials, all ride horses.